SOLUTIONS

Concentration Methods
1. Define the following terms and write their formulas?
A) molarity 2)Mole fraction 3)Molality
2. State the main advantage of molality over molarity as the unit of concentration?
3. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/W) solution of H2SO4 if the density of the solution is 1.02 g mL–1. (Molar
mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol–1)
4. A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the molality of the
solution?
5. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C2H4(OH)2) and 200 g of water. Calculate
the molality of the solution. If the density of this solution be 1.072 g mL–1 what will be the molality of the
solution?
Solubility
6. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have
the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
7. State Henry’s law and mention its important applications.
8. Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water
9. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10–2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.0 × 10–2 g of ethane, then what will be the partial pressure of the gas?
Ideal and Non Ideal Solutions
10. State ‘Raoult’s law’ for a solution of volatile liquids. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s
law?
11. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the
composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also and the composition of the
vapour phase
12. Define the following term : a)Ideal solution b) Azeotrope
13. How is it that alcohol and water are miscible in all proportions ?
14. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of ∆mixH for
positive deviation?
15. What is meant by Negative deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of ∆ mixH for
Negative deviation?
16. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example
17. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example.
18. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
19. Explain why a solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
20. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane (ii) I2 and CCl4 (iii) NaClO4 and water (iv) methanol and acetone (v) acetonitrile
(CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
21. Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between vapour pressure and mole fractions of components in
a solution to represent negative deviation.
 Colligative Properties
22. Define the following term :
a) colligative properties?. b) Molal elevation constant (K b) c) osmosis d)Osmotic pressure e) Isotonic
solutions f) reverse osmosis
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

23. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
24. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH 2CONH2 ) is dissolved in 850 g of
water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
25. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol-1). Vapour pressure of the
solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?

Osmotic Pressure
26. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a
solution containing (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution? (ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
27. What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the
determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions?
28. The molecular masses of polymers are determined by osmotic pressure method and not by measuring other
colligative properties. Give two reasons.
29. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of
molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.
30. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of such a
solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
31. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25°
C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
32. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 × 10 –2 g of K2SO4 in 2 L of water at
25°C, assuming that it is completely dissociated. (R = 0.0821 L atm K –1 mol–1, molar mass of K2SO4 = 174 g
mol–1)

Elevation of Boiling Point

33. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than the pure solvent?
34. Why is elevation of boiling point a colligative property?
35. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that
it boils at 100°C.
36. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of
benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. K b for benzene is
2.53 K kg mol–1
37. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 , is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will water boil at
1.013 bar? Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1 .
38. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl2 to 200 g of water. (Kb for
water = 0.52 K kg mol–1, molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol–1)
39. Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.00 g of water. (Kb for
water = 0.512 K kg mol–1), (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g)
 Depression in Freezing Point
40. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its
melting point by 1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol-1 .
41. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40
K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. Find the molar mass of the solute
42. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 ) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point depression and
(b) the freezing point of the solution.
43. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of
water. Ka = 1.4 × 10–3 , Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 .
44. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to
1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1. What is the percentage association of acid if
it forms dimer in solution?
45. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr2 in 200 g of water. (Molar
mass of MgBr2 = 184 g mol–1 (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
46. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 31 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is dissolved in 500 g of
water. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
47. Some ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is added to your car’s cooling system along with 5 kg of water. If the
freezing point of water-glycol solution is –15.0°C, what is the boiling point of the solution? (Kb = 0.52 K kg
mol–1 and Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 for water)
48. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40
K. the freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. Find the molar mass of the solute.

Vant Hoff Factor

49. What is van’t Hofffactor? What types of values can it have if in forming the solution the solute molecules
undergo (i) Dissociation (ii) Association?