I Multiple C ho ic e T yp e Q st

ue io n s
1.1. If the peak valu~ of
a sine wav~ is 100 vo lts
, th en its rms va lu e w
· ill be
a) 70.7 V b) 63.6 V [WBUT 2007]
Answer: (a) c) 10 0 V, d) 88 V
1.2. The po w er fa ct or of
a purely in du ct iv e ci rc
a) ze ro ui t is [W BU T 2008, 2011, 2014
b) one · c)- in fin ity ]
Answer: (a ) d) 0.5
1.3. Fo r an in du ct iv e ci rc
ui t, cu rr en t
a) lags the voltage [WBUT 2008(EVEN)]
c) is in phase w ith the b) le ad s th e vo lta ge
voltage d) is in de pe nd en t of th
Answer: (a) e voltage phase
1.4. A resistance of 8.0
n and an in du ct iv e re ac
impedance of ta nc e of 6.0Q w ill
offer an
al 14 n . b) 10 n [WBUT 2009(EVEN)]
Answer: (b c) 11 n
) d) none of these

1.5. If e1 =Asinat ande =

2 B si n( a, t- ¢) , th en
· a) e, lags e2 b y; [WBUT 2009)
b) e2 lags e1 b y ; c) e2 le ad s e b y ; d) e,
Answer: (b) 1 is in phase with e 2
• .
1.6. The fo rm fa ct or of a wa
ve is 1. Its shape is
a) si nu so id al b) tri an gu la r [W BU T 2010, 2011, 2015
Answer: (a) . c) sq ua re )
d) sa w to ot h~ ~-
 BAS IC E L E C T
c ti "e re a c ta n R IC A L E N G I N
c e o f a c o il o E E RI N G
1, ) 62 - so
7. '" d u f in d u c ta n c e 0 .2 H a t
a
b) 628 5 0 H z is [W B U T 2 0 1 1
.._ns
: ,cr: la) a
c ) o .2 1
d) 20 0
· e le c tr ic a l c ir
1.e. 1ri an
c u it , if th e c
u rr e n t la g s th
e v o lt a g e b y
iS a) R _ C 6 0 0 th e c ir c u it n a tu
b) R - L ' re
w {W B U T 2 0 1 2
f,.OS
er: (b ) c ) L C 1
d ) n o n e o f th
ese
f E :::Asi n a x
1.9 . I I and E2 =As
in (m t- 0 ), th
a) £1 la g s E 2 en
{W B U T 2 0 1 2
c) £ a n d E 2 a b ) 1
1 re in p h a s e £ 2 la g s E,
~nswer: (b ) d ) n o n e o f th
ese

110 _T im e c o n s ta n t o f L R c
. a) U R ir c u it is g iv e
b ) R IL n by
Answer: (a ) . c ) 1 /L R (W B U T 2 0 1
3]
d) LR
1.11 . A s in u s o id a l v o
lt a g e is re p re
value o f th e v o s e n te d b y v
lt a g e , it s fr e = \ 4 1 .4 si n (3 \
q ue 4.181 - 9 0 °) . T
a) 1 4 1 .4 2 V , 3
1 4 .1 6 H z, 9 0 ° n c y a n d p h a s e a n g le a re re h e r .m .s .
c) 87 .92V, 6 0 H sp
z, 9 0 ° b )-1 0 0 V , 5 0 H z, e c ti v e ly (W B U T 2 0 1 3
1
Answer: (b ) -9
d ) 2 0 0 V , 5 6 H z, 0 °
-9 0 °
1.12. The a d m it
ta n c e o f a p a
a) in d u c ti v e ra ll e l c ir c u it
is O .S L -3 0 °
Answer: (a ) b ) c a p a c it iv e . T h e c ir c u it is
c ) re s is ti v e (W B U T 2 0 1
6]
d ) in re s o n a
1.13. In a th re e n c e
-p h a s e s ta r
the lin e v o lt a g e c o n n e c te d s
is y s te m , th e re
. la ti o n b e tw e
e n th e p h a s
a) V P = VL (W B U T 2 0 0 6 e and
b) VP= ✓ J VL , 2 0 0 8 (E V E N
)l
i\nswer: (c ) c ) V P = vi.;
v3 d ) v = VL
P 3
1.14. In a 3 p h a
s e s y s te m , th
a) 3 0 • a p a e e m fs a
Answer: (d ) rt b ) 6 0 ° a p a rt re (W B U T 2 0 0 7
c ) 9 0 ° a p a rt , 2 0 0 9 (O O D )]
t1 s T h f d ) 1 2 0 ° a p a rt
· • o rm fa c
to r o f a c u rr e
n t w a v e fo rm
~ a) •i n u a o id a I• 1 . T h e s h a
l p e o f th e w a
nswer: (c ) b ) tr ia n g u la r v e fo rm is
c ) s q u a re (W B U T 2 0 1
d ) s a w to o th 8 ]
 -POPULAR PUBLICATIO NS

1.16. Two alternating currents are represented by /1 = sin ( wt - 30°) and

l2 =sin(ax+J·oo) [WBUT2018 ]
a) I, leads /2 by 60° b) /1 Iags /2 by 60°
c) /2 leads I, by 30° d) /2 Iags /2 by 30°
Answer: (b)

1.17. The bandwidth of a series R-L-C circuit at resonance is given by [WBUT 2019]
C L . R C
a) - b) - c) - d) -
2al 2~R 2~L 2~R
Answer: (c)

1.18. Power factor for AC resistive circuit Is (WBUT 2019]

a) unity b) zero lagging c) zero leading d) none of these
Answer: (a)

1.19. One commercia l unit of electricity equals [WBUT 2019]

a) one watt-hour b) one watt-second
c) 1000 watt-secon d d) 1000 watt-hour
Answer: (d) ·

1.20. Form factor is the ratio of [WBUT 2019)

a) RMS value to maximum value b) Maximum value to RMS value
c) Average value to RMS value d) RMS value to Average value
Answer: (c)

I Short Answer Type Question s

.1. Derive an expression of [WBUT 2007]

a) average
b) r.m.a value of a half-wave rectified voltage wave
OR,
Derive the expression of (i) average (ii) R.M.S. value of a half-wave rectified voltage
wave. [WBUT 2009]
OR,
Deduce an expression of average and RMS value of a half wave rectified voltage
wave. [WBUT 2016]
Answer:
Mlllhematlca/ derivation: Average Value ·
v =_!_ f"v sinwtd({l)/) =_!_(-V.cos{l)t); = -V,,, (0-1-1) =..!..v., =0.3l9V,..
a,w 2,r .L "' 2,r 2,r . ,r

Similarly, /IIVf =_!_

,r
r l.,sin{l)/d({l)t)=0.3I91,,,
 _ ~ [ r,_,2 sin :? wtJ(<tJt) ::: J,' I
1 -· - 2,'f ' "' -4 [O - cos2 -
'11-;:r~~~- 11-::----~,r~ ~ <U/ } c/ (ro t )
J' - d(<ut) - - r
::; .. 4,,r 4;r cos 2wr d (<o t ) == V l I
::; i ~ '2 = 0. 5
I vm ,., 4 - i; [si n 2 (I) Ir
~1n1ilarY,
- ✓''1
1 / ,,,.s- 2;r
--=r-,------
1-•'l
'" sm· wtd ( <ut) == 0.5J
/ m

, 2- An alternating voltage is re pres t

,.. en ed by v - 62 35 .
, oetennine (a) the maximum value (b) - • sin 3231 .
. th• wave (e) form ·factor. r.m.a. value {c) average value (d) frequency of
ADS"·er: [WBUT 2008]
r:::6~.35 sin323t
ll) the maximum value= 62j5 v
_ maximum value 62 35
tb) r.m.s. value - ✓2 = v Ji = 44 _088 y .
I r..
(c) average value = ,r l:i v"'. sin (O{ d(wt) = ; [-cos ltJI J; = 2;m = 0.637 x 62.35V = 39.7
td) 2;r/=323
323
Frequency f =- - Hz = 51 .40 Hz
2 .tr

(e) Form factor = r.m.s. value = 44.088 = I. I 1

/ mean value 39.7

2.3. A.f ull wave rectified sinusoidal voltage is clipped at }i of Its maximum value..

Calculate the average and r.m.s. value of such a voltage waveform. Also calculate
the form factor and peak factor. (WBUT 2008(EVEN)]
Aoswer:
The average value of the rectified sinusoidal voltage

v =_!_ rK V"' sinud(ttN) = -~ }sinatd(at)

,,..If tr .l, V2 v 2 ,r o
_ v"' [- COSun
- ~
~-•I].O =-ri;;
- v"' [- 1- 1] = Jiv,,.
,r
= 0.4 SJ'.,
~2,r 2 ,r
The r.m.s value of the rectified waveform

== : j(v"' 1 ✓2)2 sin 2

{.t)td({.t)t)
0
 POPUL AR PUBLIC ATIONS

V I " V "
= - "'- - J 2 s i11
2
{ut d(w) = "', f(l -cos wt )d(wt)
2

.Ji; 2o 2v tr 0

V
= _m_ ( JZ"-0) + sin' oxj' = --!!!...
V = 0 .5V
2J; 2 0
2 m

r.m.s value 0.5 Vm = I.I I

Form factor = - - - - =
peak value 0.45Vm
c. / peak value Vm
Pea k ,iactor = - - - - = - - = 2
/,· r.m.s value 0.5 V,,,
sion for
2.4. Define R.M.S. value of alternating quantity & derive its expres
.......; sinuso idal curren t. - [WBUT 201 O(EVEN)]
Answe r:
Effecti ve value of AC is the amoun t of AC that produces the same heating effect as
an
equal amoun t of DC. In simple r terms, one-am pere effective value of AC will produce
The
the same amoun t of heat in a conduc tor, in a given time, as one ampere of DC.
e
heating effect of a given AC current is proportional to the square of the current. Effectiv
one
value of AC can be calcula ted by squarin g all the amplitudes of the sine wave over
period , taking the averag e of these values, and then taking the square root.
The effecti ve value, being the root of the me.an (averag e) square of the currents, is known
as the root-m ean-sq uare, or RMS value.

Explanation (RMS value) .

wave
To unders tand the concep t of effecti ve value let us consid er a sinusoi dal current (I)
.(Figur e I). · .·
The values of I are plotted on the upper curve, and the corresp onding values of
I2 are
plotted on the lower curve. The I~ curve has twice the frequen cy of I and varies above
and
below a new axis. The new axis is the averag e of the 12 values , and the square root
of that
value is the RMS, or effecti ve value, of current .
·-
i.

f
12

Fig: I Effective value of current t-+

 BA SIC ELE CT RIC AL E-:--:Gl ~tE
RI ~f; i
ix bas ic equ ati on s tha t are use d
ere are s . s list ed bel ow .
f~ r va\ue, a to co nv en a val ue of AC vo lta ge
othe o r c urr en t to
11
J values
f
O cur ren t (I) an d vo lta ge (E ) •h
rhe va\ues~ the re fiore , no su b scr ipt . . ~ at are nor ma lly enc ou nte red are
1s use d. ass um ed to be
~~15 eful val ue is the av era ge va lu
other us h f l l . r h •
.\fl Th e ma t em a 1ca . e O t e am pli tud e du rin g the
. c1e. re at1onsh1p bet we en po sit ive ha lf o f the
~ 1avg, 1ffl&.>t, an d h
·10\V · - 1rms ave b een d e du ct! d
tie hernatically,
~tat .:---~- ~ - - - - -
1
V = -
,,,,s r,r 2 2
2,c .b Vm sin mt d(m t) = Vm \ f "
,r .b (l- co s2w t) d(<t.>t)
4
l f"
4
r
= V"' 4 ,c .b d( mt )- l,r ~" co s2
wt d(w t)= V.., l
--- 1 [ sm
- 2 wt 1=-T
= Vm/✓2 = 0.707V,,. 2 8,r 0

Similarly, /,m s=
l r2x • .i
2
,c li Im 2 sm wt d( wt )= 0.7 07 I,,,
The average va lue of the_ am pli
tud e of a sin e wa ve is alw ays
p0sitive hal f of the cyc le, sm ce the cal cul ate d du rin g the
ave rag e val ue eva lua ted ov er a com
be zero. Th e ma the ma tic al rel ati
on shi p bet we en lava and lmu. hav e ple te cy cle wo uld
bee n ded uce d be low .
Mathematical der iva tfo n:
Average Va lue
V =-
av s,r
r .
l V,,
.sm wt d(c ot) =1- ( -V ,,.c osw t )., -V
=- m -(O -l- l) =-2V. =0 .63 7J:
1C • o ,r ,r
_
Similarly, /,av,=.!._
1C
l~
1,, ,-s inc otd (ro t)= 0.6 37 /,.
Hence, V •., ·= 0.6 37 V max= 0.9 0 V rms
lav = 0.6 37 lmax = 0.9 0 Inns
2.5. At t = 0, the ins tan tan eo
us va lue of a 50 Hz, sin us oid
Increases in ma gn itu de fur the al cu rre nt is 5 Am p an d
r. Its R.M .S. va lue Is 10 Am p.
a) Wr ite the ex pre ss ion
for its Ins tan tan eo us va lue
b) Find the cu rre nt at t = 0.0
1 an d t = 0.0 15 se c
c) Sk etc h the wa ve for m Ind
Answer: ica tin g the se val ue s.
(W BU T 20 1 O]
The R.M.S. val ue of the cur ren t is l 0
Am p.
Hence, the pea k val ue .= ✓ 2 x 10 A =14 .14 A
The exp res sio n of ins tan tan eou s val
ue of cur ren t i = I. sin ("" + 'P)
The Phase ang le is lea din g sin ce the val
ue of fun cti on (cu rre nt) is pos itiv
I,,.== 14. 14 A .
e at t = 0.
At t ==O
 rQE .V!J \R P VB L.lC A Tl ON S

I .=c J. Sill ¢ - ✓2 ~ IO !'>ill ~ - )

\lr, sin </> =, JI ..,- =<US

1
lir,¢ = sin 0.35 = 10.1°
tant anco w, Vi.I I uc of cw rent urn lic:
w, 111 1: 11 :, ::,
(a) I fenc e, the c ~pr cssi on of in:-.
i =14. l •hin (rt){ + 20. 1°)
(b) The value of cur rent at t = 0.01
sec can be computed as foll ow,;:
0
1
i= l 4.1 4sin ( 2JT x 50 x 0.0 l x ~ + 20.7 °) = 14 . 14 ~in 2()() .7" - - 5A

Val ue of cur ren t at t = 0.01 5 sec

l 3.2A
=i =14. 14 sin (21r x 50 x 0.015 x 180 /2 + 20.7" )A = -
wn belo w.
(c) The ske tch of the wav efo rm is dra

i 14. 14A

(l.f
I
I
I
t = 0.01.S,ll.f =3, r / 2
I
I

- SA - - - - - - - - - - - ~- -
-IJA

..
w = 2irf rad/sec = 2 x ,r x 50 rad/sec =J00,
r rad/sec
,
mathematical expression for r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal voltage
2,1. Derive a (WBUT 2011)
'- ~=V,., sin<'-'.
Answer:
Direction of Rotation

Fig: I Simple AC Gtnrrator

 .,•.,~en~ AC gene~tor (Fio" ~ I) t,-\Src ELFCTR!C.-\ L E'\Gl'-=FfRI '-=~
.
, ._ . ~ · ..
. I
I •

. ....•,tic ne j,. L",.. . t IS ~ro j u~~d bv

... ... , ... C" • ·
- \J .... : i l .'.
,,,' '-;.•
',!
..
. . an el " ro-
e-·t: :)~ 01 a con,fo~tor or k'0p of " ire in l
1
,. ··.,?i:tej to s P rmgs, a.1j thev are in
.,:-.,,.. . 1· fr • "' ·~· 3£net The l\, o enJs of th.! kx:-ip ar~
'
•~ . f"'.JC\etlC mes o 1orc e, firs t in on"' ct· . '' nh - b con t.let
t\\ o rush When the lvt'p r0tJt.:s 1t.
::.) ,., - .. irection lnJ t.'len the es. oiher.
t ,•efopme11t ~fa Sine-H 'are OutpUJ
D,, 1: At the instant the loop is in the verf _. .
S,~P.M . para llel . .
0 1 to the fi eld and do not teal ro_::iai_on (Figure ~ 0°). the coil sides ai:
r- ' _ - <-'e induced in the loop
.. ,,O1ta:, cut magneuc Imes of force. In this instant. there
· 1s
•·"' 1. As the coil rotates in a counter I k
SUP • 1. • .
tic mes of .'.1orce m •
opp osite d' · -c oc \\H e direction. the coil sid~ "ill
cut the
i.'. ?gne h d. • f irec .
nds on t e 1rectton o movement of th uon . The d1r~ tion of the indu ceJ voltJges
c~pe e co1·1. The potentia •
"ill cause a current to flow through it l Jrop across resi·stor R
Sttp3: The voltag~ ~d hence _current continues to
increase until it reaches a maximum
,·alue when the coil is perpendicular to the mag
netic
uttine the greatest number of magnetic lines of forc lines of force lfigure :!. 90°) and is
e.
~ttp/ As the coil continues to tum, the voltage
and current induced decrease until they
reach zero, where the coil is again in the horizon
tal position (Figure 2, l 80°). . .
Sttp5: In the other hal f re~·olution, an equal voltage
is produ~~ except tha~ the _pol~1ty 1s
it•.-ersed (Figure 2, 270°, .J60°). The current flow
through R 1s m the opposite d1~t1~n.
The periodic reversal of polarity r~ults in the ~en
eration ~fa voltage, as shO\rn m Figure
2. The rotation of the coil through .J60° results man
AC sme wave output.
0

Dcgrc-cs of
Routioo

OVolts
Ma.-< Volts
oVolts . s· e-\\'&\'C Voltage
Fig: 2 Developing a m
 . pedance to be purely resistive ~ ECTRlCAL ENGINEERIN_g
C101 ,
I
t·,r t' ,..J·R1r£ + jcl)L- .ja} LC --o
R~C - L + cii LC -== o
2 L-R 2C
Q) -== ---~
-
nt frequency, w, = ~ L C
~esooa ~~ ·
; two element series circuit consum
. il leading when energized bes 7OO V of pow
1 er and has power factor of
.o.7°\ \sin(314t + 30°) . Find out the circu•: a voltag~
1,::
4 1 e1eme source of waveform
nts. [WBUT 2013)
~ns"'er: . .
powrer consumed ma cm\ = Vmu IfflU cos"' Y'
· . l V
forthtS prob em, mu --v;v
_vpr uk 141
= ✓2 V:: l00V

As given, Vmu/mu cos; = 700

:: 700 A=7 ✓2A
l,as 100 x 0.707
.
Impedance of the coil= -v""1 = 141 1 141
~ x ~ n = -n = 10.04'1
/mu ·v2 7v2 14
The power factor of the coil is 0.707 leading which means
that the coil has a resistor and
acapacitor. The phasor diagram for the impedance is drawn belo
\~=10.040 w.
_ _ ___ . R
,=cos-' 0.707 = 4S 0

R= 10.04cos4S0 = 10.04 x 0.707 = 7. tn

' 1
Xr= -=1 0.0 4xs in4 S0 Cl =10.04x0.707 =7. tn
<£,
1 l l z
C= -= --- F= --F =0 .4 5m f -j/6>C
<JJ.Xc . 2,r/ x 7.1 314 x 7.1
So, the circuit elements are a 7.10 resistor and 0.45 mF capa
citor.
 rQrU LA~ r.VPLICAllON S

• Rl's1.H1,mt th·qul'11ry (/u.,) is tllL' IH·qu1·11<Y111 wl, i• It ,, ,,,,,,,,, ,. ,,, , .• _ ....

x, _ .\:, F'-lu,,ti1.ll\ bl'lllw jq tltr 11111tlw1111,1,, ,ii ,, 1111 • ,,1,, ,,,., t:,.
• I
lr~'-ll lCll~) '. f .:.. - -
JJ -
. Rt• 1... ,1 (, ,
. = resonant fn:qUl'lll:y ( 111)
"her e .I Ro
L == induc tam:c ( 11)
C = capacita11 cc (I)

Series Reso mmce

ln a series R-C-L circuit, as in the Figure below, ut rcr,on
an<..c lk: r,ct ,~.-.t:;.::(.,,. •.,
circuit is zero, and the impedance is equa l to the circuit rc.:•,i·,
tim<...c; thcrcf-,r~• •. '!·• •••'·•
output of a series resonant circuit is at a ma.xi mum value for
that ,in.uit ar,d i1 ~:-..:. : 71
by the value of the resistance. (Z = R)
· ·p.~
At resonJnce, the impedance of the circuit as observed
by the cor.:~:.t a.- :. _ ,
variable frequency sinusoidal forcin g function is minimum since
the rea(.-ti·,~ ~=:~• .;~
series inductance is nullified by the reactive effect of the
capaci;a::.ce. 1-:.;. ·_::~
impedance of the source is assumed to be infin ity.
--
The impedance of a network can be expressed as Z = R + j(t)l -
j / flC
At resonance, j (t)L = j / llC
I
if the resonance frequency is designated by m , then (t); = LC
0 = (t);
where m,, is the natural frequency of oscillation of the circuit.
So, it can be concluded that resonance occurs in a series RLC
circu it \\ ho :.to..: r...:-:;.
frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the network.
Since the nature .of the impedance at \esonance is purely resist ·
i\'e~ it shv~ J ~ ~-~
noted that at resonance the supply voltage and source current are
in phase.
Since /Z/=R; ;=0° ; III=~.
R
i.e., response or current assumes maximum value at
resonan,e lJJ\.""t
.. ,,·::i..".'t
magnification occurs across inductance and capacitance, whic
h however ~~ "tl ~t
other.
The expressions of Vi and Ve are as follows:

V,_=; ·a1,Lsin(OJ/ +90°)

since voltage across inductance leads the curnmt and thereby
th~ su,,,,t~ \\,It.,~ l', \\'~
V. = V,., -~s in(w t - 90°)
r R <4JC
since voltage ~cross capacitance lags the current ttml tht'l\'h)'
th,~ ~"l'l'I~ , ,,hAt:'' l', ~•·· _
The phasor d1agram during resonant condition'i with runrl\l
drawn a1, •~ 1rl,'"'"'"'° ,~'"'' ''' •'· ~
 \~\ \ = \l~.\ Ol rc sona nl
fr eq ue n cy

V on ab lc
fr eq ue nc y
so ur ce

,·.(
\' f'' fa c
, ous ~ •. fa cto r:
to r o f a S e n.
l)U t) e
Q fac to r o f a R L C s .R e s o n a n t C ir c u it
...: llh
n .
s e n e s c ,r .
,ne (i) lt m ay c u ,t c a n be
b e exp d e fi n e
re so n a n c e . D ~ e ss e d a s th e v o lt a g e m d in a n y o f th e fo ll o.w in
u rm g re s o n a a g ways.
V /R. n c e c u rr e n t a g n if ic a ti o n th a t th e c ir
s s u m e s m a x im c u i_t p ~ o d u c
V o lt a g e a c ro u m v a lu e , w es
s s in d u c ta n c h ic h 1 s e q u a a t
T h e re fo re , v o eo l to
lt a g e m a g n if r c a p a c it a n c e e q u a l to lm
= (lmax XL)/(lmaic a ti o n = lmax X L / V ax X L = lmax X
e.
x R)
or, Q fa c to r
= X L /R = co, U
a t re s o n a n c e R = \ / c o ,R C
Q0 = co, L / R
(ii) Q F a c to
= \ / co, R C
r o f a c o il is
a lt e rn a ti n g c th e m
u rr e n t. It is a e a s u re o f it s e n e rg y s to ra
fi g u re o f m e g
a s Q = 2 1 t (m
a x . e n e rg y s ri t o f th e c o il e c a p a b il it y w h e n it c a
Since e n e rg y c to . M a th e m a ti c a ll r r ie
resistor, Q m ig
a n b e s to re d re d / e n e
b y e it h e r th e rg y d is si p a te d p e r c y c le ) y , it is d e f in s
h t b e e x p re s in d u c to r o r th ed
of the re a c ti v e s e d in te rm s e c a p a c it o r a
e le m e n ts a n o
d th e a v e ra g f th e in st a n ta n e o u s e n e rg n d d is s ip a te d b y th e
e p o w e r d is s y a s s o c ia te d
Q = 2 ,r [ COL (t) + COc (t ) ] ip a te d in th e w it h e a c h
re s is to r
m ax
Pav•· T
where, P•vs is
th e a v e ra g e
frequency a t w p o w e r lo s t in
h ic h Q ·i s b e th e re si st o r a
in g e n d T is th e p
Consider th e c v a lu a te d . e ri o d o f th e
a s e o f s e ri e s s in u s o id a l
re s o n a n c e w
corresponding h e re th e fo rc
in g fu n c ti o n
re s p o n s e a t
re s o n a n c e is is v = V ... s in
CtJ t a n d
; = v . s in o ,t th e
En R .
ergy st o re d b .
y in d u c ta n c e
coL ( t) = 1 ~ 1 ( V 2
2
=
2
-L\ i s in 2 co t
0
 4 11

POPULAR PU0LICATIONS

The instJ.ntancous energy stored by the capac!tor is r,J, (r) - ~ C ,2

=2( '· ]2- -

'--['c/1(t)<_lt vmi cos 2r,JI = -1 -·V 2·LCcos·, ,,v -= ~vi . L coc, 2 ,.,,
· 2C R 2
wi 11
2 R C "' 21<2
1
'1

The total instantaneous energy = .]__£. J1 2 (sin 2 01 1+ cos 2 o, 1)

2 R2 m u u

energy dissipated in resistor = .! J2 R = .! V,; . R = .! V 2 /R

2 "' 2 R2 2 "'
Mult iplying with one period p T = _I_ V,; I
na 2fo /R

3.2. A resistance of 100 ohms is connected with an Inductance of 1.2 Henry and
capacitance of microfarad in series. The combination Is connected across 100
volts, 50 Hz supply.
Find. [WBUT 2007]
a) Current In the resistance
b) Voltage across the capacitance
c) Power consumed.
d) Draw phasor diagram. 1 2 1f
Answer: ---1 ,__

The circuit diagram is shown in the figure:

a) Current in the resistance = ~ sin ( M ± ¢)

Assuming·that I OOV is the r.m.s. value of supply voltage, 100 v. so Hz

V"' =v'2 x l00V = l41.4V

/z/=JR' +(wL - ~ )'

wl = 2,r x 50 x 1.2 !l = I20Jr !l
6 4
I I I I0 I0
-=--x-0=-!l=-n
oC 2,rxS0 10~ IOOJr Jr
2
/z/= (100)' +(12011'-~)'n =J(100) +(376.99-,-3183.l)'n
2
= ✓(100) +(2806. J1) !2= J10• + 78742S3.33O = 2807.89'1
2

.
The impedance d1agram . drawn: ""' =- tan - I 2806.11
1s
100
=-87•9530
Current through resistance = IOOx.Ji sin(mt +87.958°) = 0.050sin(tiJI + 87.958°)
2807.89
 !LASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEER~
,, ,•~· .i~·r,1:;s thi: capJcitlnce::: 0_05 . . .
•, ' ,,,,.1:- .\ <' sin (Cut +87. 95go - 900)
'' ::: Q 05
. x 3183.1 sin( fut - 2.0420)
: :::J59.155sin(w1-2.0420)
i
\ . r,''' ~ r
'
• , J _
~\..l[l!\Ull11.:U-
:?
/,.,S R= ( I00 )l
2807 .89 · IOO = 0.1268 W
1
.1 '
.r I : 376,990
: Jl

!
i
I R=IOOO
I
I
j I

.'
: I
I
•

Xc=3183.l

A resistance of 20'1, an Inductance of 0.2 H ·• nd ~ capacitance of 100 µf are

3
;~nected in series across 220 V, 50 Hz. Detennine the following
a) impedance b) Current
c) Voltage across R. L. C d) Power factor and angle of lag
e) power in Watts and VA. [WBUT 2008(EVEN))

.uswer: . . .
The circuit diagram for the given problem 1s drawn below:
200 0.2H
+
220V, SOHz ~ I001&f

(a) Impedance= R+ j(J}L- le = 20+ i[ 2,rxSOxO.l- 2,rxSOx~OOxlO""]

= 20+ j
[2ox-7 100] =20+ J·[20.tr- ~]
,,.

=20 + j20[11' - ;].= 20 + j20(1.SS)0 "20 + jJ10

Impedance = ,R20)' + (3 It tan-• ¥o =36·89LS7.17°0
voltage _ 220 L-57.J7°=S.96L-57.17°A
(b) Current - - - ~ - -
- Impedance 3~.89
 PO PU LA R PU BL IC
AT IO NS

(<) Voltage across re

sistance= ( 5.96 x :o) V lagging 1he supply vo
57 .17° == 119.:? V laggin ltage by
g the supply voltage b)
Voltage across inductan 57.17°
ce = 5. 96 x 0.2 x 2 L - 51
. I 7° + 90° x ,r x 50
== 374.-l8 V by 32.83°
Voltage across capacitanc l l 00
e =5.96 x
~
2.,7 x ~o x 1oo x Io V =5.96 x - V
_
,r
= 189.7 V lagging the
supply voltage by (57.17
° + 90°)
The phasor diagram is dr
aw
•
n below
,~ L
V = 220lQ'.'. •
V
• •
V L -V
I

•
• •
I= S.9 6! -5 7. 17° I
(The diagram is not draw
n to seal)
(d ) Power factor = co s(
57. 17°) la g= 0.542 lag
Angle of la g= 57. I 7• •
(e ) Power in watts == V,
VJ co s; = 220 x 5.96 x co
s 57.17° W == 710.67 W
Power in VA = 220 x 5. 96
VA = 1311.2 VA