CHAPTER 3

EXISTING METHOD

3.1 CNN

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are incredibly effective tools for

classifying driver distraction by processing visual data, such as images captured
by in-vehicle cameras. They operate by automatically learning hierarchical
representations of features directly from the raw image data. This ability to learn
complex features makes them particularly suited to tasks like identifying
various forms of driver distraction. At the core of CNNs are convolutional
layers, which are responsible for extracting features from the input images.
These layers consist of filters, also known as kernels, that slide (or "convolve")
across the input image, capturing different patterns such as edges, textures, and
shapes. Each filter learns to detect a specific feature, and the output of this
convolutional operation is a set of feature maps. Following the convolutional
layers, nonlinear activation functions like ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) are
applied to introduce nonlinearity into the network, enabling it to capture
complex relationships between features in the data. Pooling layers come next,
which serve to reduce the spatial dimensions of the feature maps while retaining
the most important information. Max pooling, for instance, selects the
maximum value from each local region of the feature map, effectively down-
sampling the data. Once the data has been processed through the convolutional
and pooling layers, it is fed into fully connected layers. These layers perform
classification based on the features extracted earlier in the network. The final
layer typically utilizes a SoftMax activation function to produce class
probabilities, indicating the likelihood of the input image belonging to each
class of distraction (e.g., texting, eating, adjusting the radio, drinking, turning
back, hair and makeup, safe driving).
3.1.1 Advantages of CNN

 CNNs automatically learn hierarchical representations of features,

starting from simple features like edges and gradually progressing to
more complex ones like object parts and textures.
 CNNs are inherently translation invariant, meaning they can recognize
objects regardless of their position or orientation in the image. This
property makes them robust to variations in driver behavior and camera
placement.
 CNNs use parameter sharing, where the same set of weights is applied
across different parts of the input image. This dramatically reduces the
number of parameters in the network, making it more computationally
efficient.
 CNNs have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of
computer vision tasks, including image classification, object detection,
and segmentation.

3.1.2 Disadvantages of CNN

 Training deep CNNs can be computationally intensive, requiring

substantial computational resources and time, especially for large-scale
datasets.
 CNNs typically require large amounts of labeled data for training to
generalize well to unseen examples. The process of gathering, curating,
and annotating such datasets can be labor-intensive, time-consuming, and
expensive.
 CNNs are susceptible to overfitting, especially when the training data is
limited or noisy. Techniques like dropout and data augmentation are often
employed to mitigate this issue.
3.2 DEEP LEARNING

Deep learning indeed represents a powerful paradigm within artificial

intelligence, particularly within the realm of machine learning. At its core, deep
learning utilizes sophisticated neural network architectures to tackle a wide
array of tasks, ranging from image recognition and natural language processing
to speech recognition and autonomous driving. The distinguishing characteristic
of deep learning is its ability to automatically learn hierarchical representations
of data directly from raw inputs. Traditional machine learning methods often
require handcrafted feature engineering, where domain experts manually design
features that are then fed into the learning algorithm. However, in deep learning,
this manual feature engineering step is largely bypassed. Instead, deep learning
models are constructed with multiple layers of interconnected nodes, or
neurons, organized into a hierarchical fashion. Each layer of neurons transforms
the data in some way, extracting increasingly abstract and complex features as
information flows through the network. This hierarchical representation learning
is what distinguishes deep learning from shallow learning approaches.
For example, in image recognition tasks, the first layer of a deep neural
network might learn basic features like edges and textures, while subsequent
layers might learn more complex features like shapes and object parts,
ultimately leading to high-level representations of entire objects or scenes.
Similarly, in natural language processing tasks, lower layers might learn basic
linguistic features like word patterns and syntax, while higher layers might learn
semantic concepts and contextual relationships between words.
This hierarchical feature learning enables deep learning models to
automatically discover and extract meaningful features from raw data, without
the need for manual intervention. This is particularly advantageous in domains
where handcrafted features are difficult to define or where the underlying data
distributions are highly complex and nonlinear. Moreover, deep learning models
are capable of automatically adapting their internal representations in response
to changes in the input data distribution, making them highly flexible and
adaptable to a wide range of tasks and environments.

Fig 3.1 Deep Learning Architecture

3.2.1 Advantages of Deep Learning

 The method effectively integrates advanced deep learning models such as

PCN, DSST, and YOLOV3, leveraging their respective strengths for
different stages of distraction behavior detection.
 Experimental results demonstrate the method's ability to achieve high
detection rates and accuracy for various distracting behaviors, indicating
its effectiveness in identifying potential safety hazards.
 The method exhibits strong robustness, implying its capability to perform
well under diverse environmental conditions and against potential sources
of noise or interference.
 Deep learning models can learn end-to-end mappings from raw input to
output, without the need for intermediate processing stages. This can
 simplify the design of complex systems and reduce the reliance on
handcrafted components.

3.1.2 Disadvantages of Deep Learning

 There is a risk of false positives, particularly in scenarios where objects

similar in shape to smoke appear near the mouth, which may lead to
incorrect identification of distraction behaviors.
 The integration of multiple deep learning models and stages adds
complexity to the system, potentially impacting computational resources,
implementation, and maintenance.
 Introducing posture estimation to address specific detection challenges
adds complexity and may require additional resources and efforts for data
annotation, model training, and validation.

3.3 VGG-16

This architecture, proposed for detecting driver distraction postures,

represents a sophisticated fusion of two powerful deep learning techniques:
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and stacked Bidirectional Long Short-
Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks. This architecture is meticulously designed
to address the challenges inherent in accurately identifying distracted driving
behaviors from visual data.
In the initial stage, the utilization of a pre-trained Inception-V3 CNN
model underscores a strategic decision aimed at maximizing the efficiency of
the posture detection process. Leveraging a pre-trained CNN alleviates the need
for extensive labeled datasets and computational resources typically required for
training deep neural networks from scratch. Inception-V3, renowned for its
prowess in image classification tasks, is chosen for its ability to efficiently
extract spatial features from posture images. By focusing training efforts on the
final layers of the Inception-V3 model, which are responsible for capturing
detailed spatial information, the architecture effectively tailors the network to
the specific requirements of posture detection. This approach not only
streamlines the training process but also enhances the adaptability of the model
to the nuances of distracted driving scenarios.
Following the spatial feature extraction stage, the architecture seamlessly
transitions to the utilization of stacked BiLSTMs for learning spectral
correlations among the extracted features. This stage represents a crucial
component of the architecture, as it delves deeper into the intricacies of posture
representation by capturing temporal dependencies across different channels of
the feature maps. The bidirectional nature of the BiLSTMs enables the
simultaneous exploration of forward and backward temporal contexts,
facilitating a comprehensive understanding of posture dynamics. By employing
multiple hidden states within the BiLSTMs, the architecture ensures robust
feature representation across varying spatial scales, thereby enhancing the
discriminative power of the posture detection model.
The integration of CNNs and stacked BiLSTMs within the C-SLSTM
architecture epitomizes a holistic approach to posture detection, wherein spatial
and spectral aspects of posture representation are meticulously captured and
integrated. This two-stage methodology not only enables end-to-end training of
the model but also fosters a synergistic relationship between the constituent
neural networks, thereby amplifying the overall performance of the architecture.
Through the strategic amalgamation of transfer learning, spatial feature
extraction, and spectral correlation learning, the C-SLSTM architecture emerges
as a formidable solution to the complex challenges associated with detecting
driver distraction postures, promising high accuracy and robustness in real-
world applications. Additionally, its adaptability to dynamic environments
ensures that the model can seamlessly adjust to changes in lighting conditions,
road conditions, and vehicle dynamics, enhancing its reliability across varying
driving scenarios.

Fig 3.2 Block Diagram of VGG-16

3.3.1 Advantages of VGG-16

 VGG-16 is a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that

has been proven to perform well in image classification tasks. When
combined with GoogleNet and ensemble techniques, VGG-16 contributes
to achieving competitive results, as evidenced by the top 12% ranking on
Kaggle's leaderboard with a log loss score of 0.28554.
 VGG-16 has a relatively simple and uniform architecture, consisting of
16 convolutional layers with small 3x3 filters and max-pooling layers.
This uniformity can contribute to the robustness of the model, making it
less sensitive to variations in input data and enhancing its generalization
capability.
 VGG-16 is pre-trained on large-scale datasets such as ImageNet, which
enables efficient transfer learning for specific tasks like driver distraction
detection. Leveraging pre-trained VGG-16 models and fine-tuning them
on task-specific datasets can expedite the training process and improve
model performance.

3.3.2 Disadvantages of VGG-16

  VGG-16 has a relatively large number of parameters compared to newer
CNN architectures like MobileNet or EfficientNet, leading to higher
computational requirements during training and inference. This increased
complexity may limit its scalability and suitability for resource-
constrained environments or real-time applications.
 Despite its strong performance, VGG-16 may be prone to overfitting,
especially when trained on smaller datasets or when ensemble techniques
are applied. To mitigate this risk, extensive parameter tuning and
regularization techniques may be required, increasing the complexity of
the training process.
 While VGG-16 is effective for image classification tasks, its fixed
architecture may limit its ability to learn more complex hierarchical
features and patterns in the data. This limitation could potentially affect
its performance in tasks requiring nuanced understanding, such as
detecting subtle driver distractions or variations in driving behavior.

3.4 OpenCV

This method’s objective is to enhance road safety by developing an

advanced system capable of detecting distracted driving behaviors and promptly
alerting the driver. To achieve this, the system focuses on identifying cognitive
distractions, such as talking to passengers or using a phone while driving. This
emphasis is crucial, as cognitive distractions can significantly impair driving
performance and increase the risk of accidents.
At the core of the system lies a predictive model based on Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNN), specifically leveraging the VGG16 architecture with
transfer learning. Transfer learning allows the model to leverage knowledge
gained from training on a large dataset (e.g., ImageNet) and adapt it to the task
of distracted driving detection. By fine-tuning VGG16, the model learns to
recognize various distracted driving behaviors based on posture images
captured by an in-vehicle camera.
The system's architecture comprises five key steps: Image acquisition,
Feature extraction, Transfer learning on VGG16, Image classification, and Alert
system activation. Initially, posture images are captured in real-time using an in-
vehicle camera. These images undergo preprocessing and feature extraction,
where relevant features are extracted to represent the posture effectively. The
preprocessed images are then input into the VGG16 model, which has been
trained to classify distracted driving behaviors based on learned features.
Upon classification, the system activates the alert mechanism in real-time
upon detecting signs of distraction. This alert system plays a critical role in
ensuring driver attention is promptly redirected to the road, mitigating potential
safety risks associated with distracted driving. Additionally, the system allows
for the upload of captured images to cloud storage, enabling continuous
improvement of the model's accuracy over time through further training and
refinement.
Key features of the system include its ability to track persistent
distractions and provide proactive warnings to the driver before situations
escalate. This proactive approach enhances the system's effectiveness in
preventing accidents caused by distracted driving. Furthermore, the system acts
as a recommendation system for road safety, promoting safer driving practices
and contributing to overall transportation safety.
 Fig 3.3 Architecture of OpenCV

3.4.1 Advantages OF OpenCV

 The use of a pre-trained VGG16 network enables the model to achieve an

impressive accuracy of over 99% on test data, indicating robust
performance in detecting driver distractions.
 The proposed model addresses both driver distraction and drowsiness,
covering a wide range of potential safety hazards on the road. This
comprehensive approach enhances the system's effectiveness in reducing
accidents and fatalities.
 The development of a user-friendly software tool makes the system
accessible and easy to use for both drivers and law enforcement
personnel. Alerts are issued promptly to warn drivers of distractions or
drowsiness, contributing to improved road safety.

3.4.2 Disadvantages of OpenCV:

 The effectiveness of the model heavily relies on the quality and diversity
of the State Farm Distraction Dataset for training and testing. Limited or
biased data may impact the generalizability and reliability of the model in
real-world scenarios.
 Like any machine learning model, there is a possibility of false positives
(incorrectly identifying distractions) or false negatives (missing actual
distractions). These errors can undermine the trustworthiness of the
system and may lead to unnecessary alerts or missed warnings. Moreover,
achieving a balance between minimizing false positives and negatives is
critical for system reliability.
 Deploying a real-time detection system using wireless techniques and
integrating it with existing infrastructure, such as radar and cameras, may
 pose technical challenges and require significant investment in terms of
time, resources, and infrastructure.

3.5 MobileNetV2

The proposed methodology begins by training a frame-by-frame classifier

using the VGG16 architecture, a popular convolutional neural network (CNN)
pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset. This classifier is designed to analyse
individual frames extracted from video sequences depicting driver behaviour.
Through fine-tuning a labelled dataset containing various driver actions, the
VGG16 model learns to classify each frame independently, assigning it to a
specific driver action category, such as safe driving or distraction.
Once the frame-by-frame classification is performed, the next step
involves aggregating the predictions from sequential frames to improve the
model's performance in real-time scenarios. Several frame aggregation
techniques are explored, including the utilization of neural network
architectures such as a single-layer perceptron, a recurrent Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) network, and a Transformer network. These architectures are
chosen for their ability to capture temporal dependencies across sequential
frames and effectively integrate information from multiple frames.
In the real-time distraction detection phase, the system operates at a
predetermined speed, typically 5 frames per second. Each frame is
independently classified using the trained VGG16 model. To detect distractions
in real-time, the system considers the classification results of the last 10 frames.
If a significant majority, such as at least 8 out of the last 10 frames, indicate
non-safe driving actions (i.e., distraction), the system flags the current moment
as a distracted driving event. Conversely, if the majority of frames suggest safe
driving actions, the current moment is deemed as safe driving. By combining
the efficiency of VGG16 for frame-level classification with the temporal context
captured by the aggregation techniques, the proposed methodology enables
robust distraction detection in real-world scenarios. It leverages both the

detailed information extracted from individual frames and the contextual

understanding gained from analyzing sequential frames, thus enhancing the
accuracy and reliability of the distraction detection system.
Fig 3.4 Architecture 0f MobileNetV2

3.5.1 Advantages of MobileNetV2

 MobileNetV2 is specifically designed for mobile and embedded vision

applications, making it lightweight and computationally efficient. This
allows for real-time processing of video streams, making it suitable for
applications requiring low-latency responses.
 Leveraging a pre-trained MobileNetV2 model, fine-tuned on labeled
driver action datasets, enables rapid development and deployment of the
distraction detection system. Transfer learning reduces the need for large
annotated datasets and computational resources, accelerating model
training and implementation.
 Despite its compact size, MobileNetV2 can achieve competitive accuracy
in image classification tasks. By fine-tuning MobileNetV2 on driver
action classification, the methodology benefits from both the efficiency of
the architecture and the accuracy of the model.
  MobileNetV2's architecture employs depth wise separable convolutions,
reducing computational complexity while preserving expressive power,
thus striking a balance between efficiency and performance.

3.5.2 Disadvantages of MobileNetV2

 MobileNetV2's compact architecture sacrifices some capacity compared

to larger CNN models like VGG16. This may limit its ability to capture
intricate details and subtle nuances in driver actions, potentially leading
to lower classification accuracy, especially for complex or subtle
distractions.
 MobileNetV2 may offer less flexibility in terms of architectural
modifications compared to more traditional CNN architectures. This
limitation could restrict the exploration of alternative network structures
or advanced features, potentially limiting the model's overall
performance.
 While MobileNetV2 is efficient and effective for general image
classification tasks, its performance in specialized domains such as driver
action recognition may vary. Adapting MobileNetV2 to the specific
nuances and complexities of driver distraction detection may require
extensive fine-tuning and optimization to ensure robust performance
across diverse scenarios and environmental conditions.

3.6 AlexNet

AlexNet, a landmark convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture,

revolutionized the field of computer vision upon its introduction in 2012. Its
design, comprising eight layers, including five convolutional layers followed by
three fully connected layers, laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in
deep learning. One of the key innovations of AlexNet is its ability to process
high-resolution images efficiently, with inputs typically consisting of colour
images of 224x224 pixels. These images are represented as 3D arrays, with
three colour channels corresponding to red, green, and blue.

The convolutional layers of AlexNet play a crucial role in feature

extraction, applying learnable filters to the input images to detect patterns such
as edges, textures, and shapes. Each convolutional layer is followed by a
rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function, which introduces non-linearity
into the network and enables it to learn complex relationships within the data.
Additionally, max-pooling layers are interspersed between the convolutional
layers to down-sample the feature maps, reducing their spatial dimensions while
preserving the most salient information.
Following the convolutional layers, AlexNet includes three fully
connected layers, which process the flattened feature maps to make predictions.
Each fully connected layer is equipped with a ReLU activation function, except
for the final layer. Dropout regularization is employed in the fully connected
layers to prevent overfitting by randomly dropping neurons during training,
thereby encouraging the network to learn more robust and generalizable
features. At the output layer, a SoftMax activation function converts the
network's final predictions into probabilities, indicating the likelihood of each
class in the classification task. During training, backpropagation and stochastic
gradient descent (SGD) optimization are used to update the network's weights
iteratively, minimizing a predefined loss function such as cross-entropy loss.
 Fig 3.5 Architecture of AlexNet

3.6.1 Advantages of AlexNet

 AlexNet achieved significant success by winning the ImageNet Large

Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) in 2012, marking a
breakthrough in deep learning. Its superior performance demonstrated the
effectiveness of CNNs for image classification tasks and catalyzed the
development of more advanced architectures.
 With its deep architecture comprising multiple convolutional layers,
AlexNet excels at extracting hierarchical features from input images. This
capability enables it to learn complex patterns and representations
directly from raw pixel data, leading to robust and discriminative feature
representations.
 Despite its deep architecture, AlexNet can be trained efficiently using
modern hardware accelerators like GPUs. This scalability allows for
faster experimentation and model iteration, making it suitable for various
computer vision tasks beyond image classification, such as object
detection and segmentation.

3.6.2 Disadvantages of AlexNet

 Due to its large number of parameters and relatively shallow architecture

compared to later models, AlexNet may be prone to overfitting,
especially when trained on small datasets. This can lead to poor
generalization performance on unseen data, necessitating careful
regularization and hyperparameter tuning.
 While AlexNet can be trained efficiently with GPUs, it still requires
significant computational resources compared to more lightweight
architectures. This may limit its scalability and applicability in resource-
 constrained environments, particularly for real-time or embedded
applications.
 Compared to newer architectures with more sophisticated designs,
AlexNet has a relatively limited capacity for learning complex features
and patterns. This may restrict its performance in tasks requiring nuanced
understanding or handling of fine-grained details, such as fine-grained
object recognition or semantic segmentation.

3.7 Computer Vision

The existing methodology for computer vision in driver distraction

detection leverages supervised machine learning techniques, specifically
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Supervised learning involves training
a model with labelled data, allowing it to learn the relationships between
different classes of data. In this context, the dataset used for training comprises
2D dashboard camera images captured from drivers exhibiting responsible
driving behaviour or engaging in distracted activities. In computer vision, CNNs
play a crucial role in processing visual data and extracting meaningful features
for classification tasks. The CNN architecture is well-suited for analysing
images due to its ability to capture spatial hierarchies of features. By leveraging
convolutional layers with learned filters, CNNs can effectively extract relevant
patterns and structures from input images.
The CNN model utilized in the driver distraction detection system
consists of several layers, including convolutional layers, pooling layers, and
fully connected layers (FC). The convolutional layers perform feature extraction
by applying convolutional operations to the input images, detecting various
visual patterns such as edges, textures, and shapes. The subsequent pooling
layers reduce the spatial dimensions of the feature maps while retaining the
most important information. After feature extraction, the flattened feature
vectors are passed through fully connected layers, which learn to classify the
input images into different classes of distracted driving behaviours. Activation
functions, such as the rectified linear activation function, introduce non-linearity
to the model and enable it to learn complex relationships between features and
classes.
To prevent overfitting and improve the model's generalization ability, dropout
regularization is applied during training. This technique randomly deactivates a
fraction of neurons during each training iteration, preventing the model from
memorizing the training data and promoting better generalization to unseen
data. Finally, the output layer of the CNN consists of dense units, which utilize
a sigmoid activation function to produce probabilistic values between 0 and 1
for each class. These probabilities indicate the likelihood of the input image
belonging to each distracted driving behaviour class.

Fig 3.6 Architecture of Computer Vision

3.7.1 Advantages of Computer Vision

 CNNs are adept at automatically extracting hierarchical features from raw

image data. They can capture both low-level features like edges and
 textures and high-level features like shapes and objects, without the need
for manual feature engineering.
 CNN architectures are designed to preserve spatial hierarchies of features,
allowing them to understand the spatial relationships between different
parts of an image. This enables them to recognize complex patterns and
structures within images.
 CNNs can handle input images of varying sizes and resolutions, making
them suitable for processing images captured by different types of
cameras or devices. They can adapt to different input dimensions,
maintaining performance across different datasets.
 CNNs exhibit robustness to variations in illumination, orientation, and
scale, which are common in real-world scenarios. They can generalize
well to unseen data, making them suitable for practical applications like
driver distraction detection.
 CNN architectures can be scaled up or down depending on the
complexity of the task and the computational resources available. This
flexibility allows for the development of models tailored to specific
requirements and constraints.

3.7.2 Disadvantages of Computer Vision

 CNNs typically require large amounts of labelled training data to learn

meaningful representations effectively. Acquiring and annotating such
datasets can be time-consuming and expensive, especially for tasks like
driver distraction detection where obtaining labelled images may be
challenging.
 Training CNN models, especially deeper architectures, can be
computationally intensive and require substantial computational
resources, including GPUs. This may limit the feasibility of deploying
 CNN-based solutions on resource-constrained devices or in real-time
applications.
 While CNNs excel at feature learning and classification tasks, the inner
workings of these models can be difficult to interpret. Understanding why
a CNN makes a particular prediction can be challenging, leading to
concerns about model transparency and trustworthiness, especially in
safety-critical applications like driver distraction detection.
 CNNs are susceptible to overfitting, particularly when trained on small or
noisy datasets. Overfitting occurs when the model learns to memorize the
training data rather than capturing underlying patterns, leading to poor
generalization performance on unseen data.
 CNN architectures involve various hyperparameters, such as the number
of layers, filter sizes, and learning rates, which need to be carefully tuned
to achieve optimal performance. Finding the right combination of
hyperparameters can be a time-consuming process and may require
extensive experimentation.

3.8 MGMN Algorithm

The MGMN (Multi-Granularity Matching Network) algorithm is a

sophisticated approach used for detecting driver distraction in real-time. It
employs a combination of techniques to analyze data collected from various
sources within and around the vehicle.
To start, data is gathered from multiple sensors embedded within the
vehicle, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras. These sensors
capture a wide range of information, including the vehicle's movements, the
driver's actions (such as steering wheel movements and pedal usage), and even
external factors like traffic conditions and weather.Once the data is collected,
the algorithm proceeds to extract relevant features from it. This process involves
identifying key patterns and characteristics within the data that are indicative of
both normal driving behavior and potential distractions. For example, it might
look for sudden changes in steering patterns, prolonged periods of inactivity, or
irregularities in the driver's gaze.One of the key strengths of the MGMN
algorithm lies in its ability to understand data at multiple levels of granularity.
This means that it can analyze both fine-grained details, such as individual
sensor readings, and higher-level contextual information, such as the overall
driving environment. By considering data at multiple granularities, the
algorithm gains a more nuanced understanding of the situation, allowing it to
make more accurate assessments of driver behavior.

The heart of the algorithm lies in its ability to detect distraction events.
This is achieved through a process of pattern recognition, where the algorithm
compares the observed data against patterns learned during the training phase.
For example, if the algorithm detects a series of actions that closely resemble
those associated with distracted driving (such as frequent phone usage or erratic
steering), it may raise an alert to notify the driver or take corrective action to
prevent a potential accident.
 Fig 3.7 Architecture of MGMN Algorithm

3.8.1 Advantages of MGMN Algorithm

 MGMN can effectively handle input data at different levels of

granularity, allowing it to capture both fine-grained details and high-level
context.
 By incorporating contextual features such as traffic conditions and time
of day, MGMN can make more informed predictions about driver
distraction.
 MGMN is flexible and can accommodate various types of input data,
making it adaptable to different vehicle setups and driving environments.
 The model can operate in real-time, enabling immediate responses to
detected distraction events, thus potentially preventing accidents.
 MGMN can efficiently scale to handle large volumes of data, making it
suitable for deployment in systems with high throughput requirements,
such as traffic monitoring centers or fleet management systems.

3.8.2 Disadvantages of MGMN Algorithm

 MGMN relies heavily on the availability of labeled training data, which

can be challenging and expensive to collect, especially for rare events like
severe distractions.
 Building and training an effective MGMN model can be complex,
requiring expertise in machine learning, signal processing, and domain-
specific knowledge of driver behaviour.
 While MGMN may perform well in controlled environments or specific
driving conditions, its performance may degrade in novel or highly
dynamic situations.
 Continuous monitoring of driver behaviour raises privacy concerns, and
there may be resistance from drivers or regulatory challenges regarding
data collection and usage.
 MGMN models trained on data from one geographic region or
demographic may not generalize well to other regions or populations with
different driving behaviors and habits. This limits the model's
applicability in diverse contexts and necessitates additional training or
adaptation efforts.