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Dna Replication

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Winieza Franches
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14 views3 pages

Dna Replication

Uploaded by

Winieza Franches
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA REPLICATION Pyrimidines

- Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)


- Have a single carbon-nitrogen ring
What is DNA REPLICATION?
Note: Replication relies on
- Duplication of DNA complementary base pairing, adenine (A)
- Semi-conservative will always pair with thymine (T) and
cytosine (C) will always pair with guanine
(G).

Structure of DNA
Antiparallel strands
- DNA molecules have
an antiparallel structure - that is, the
two strands of the helix run in
opposite directions of one
another. Each strand has a 5' end
and a 3' end.
- Nucleotides in the DNA backbone
are bonded from the phosphate
a) DNA consists of two molecules that group to the sugar between the
are arranged into a ladder-like direction (3’ and 5”) of
structure called a double helix that complementary strands.
is held together by hydrogen
bonds. Semi-conservative
b) A molecule of DNA is made up of
millions of tiny subunits called - Base paring allows each strand to
nucleotides, which are the serve as a template for a new
fundamental building blocks of strand.
nucleic acid. - New strand is ½ parent template and
½ new DNA.
Each nucleotide is composed of the
following:
Enzymes
1. Phosphate group (attached to 5’
carbon) - Needed for reactions to occur.
2. Deoxyribose sugar (5-carbon sugar)  DNA Helicase
3. Nitrogenous base (always attached  Primase
to the 1’ sugar)  DNA Polymerase (I and III)
 Exonuclease
Nitrogenous Bases  DNA ligase
Purine DNA Helicase
- Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) - It separates the two strands of DNA
- structures contain two fused carbon- by unzipping it, forming a
nitrogen rings replication fork.
- It also breaks the hydrogen bonds - It (polymerase) can only add a
that hold the double helix structure. nucleotide if the previous one was
placed correctly.
Primase
Backtracking
- This enzyme makes small pieces
of RNA called the primer. - It (polymerase) can go back and
- Marks the starting point of DNA remove the incorrect nucleotide and
synthesis. replace it with the correct one.
- A primer must be synthesized by an
enzyme called primase. KEY TERMS

DNA Polymerase III DNA REPLICATION- duplication or copying


of DNA
- Responsible for chromosomal DNA
replication, along with the helicase DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
and primase at the replication fork. HYDROGEN BONDS- connect bases.
- At the leading strand
- Continuous addition of PURINES- adenine and guanine
nitrogenous bases.
PYRIMIDINES- thymine and cytosine
DNA Polymerase I
DNA HELICASE- unzip the DNA strand
- Synthesizes short stretches during
PRIMASE- synthesis primer
DNA excision repair to remove RNA
primers and to fill the gaps DNA POLYMERASE III- add n bases
between Okazaki fragments.
- At lagging strand DNA POLYMERASE I- remove RNA
primers
Exonuclease
EXONUCLEASE- remove unusual DNA
- Act as proofreader during DNA
polymerization in DNA replication to DNA LIGASE- bind DNA fragments
remove unusual DNA in the primer. PROOFREADING- add nucleotides
DNA Ligase BACKTRACKING- can remove and replace
- Bind those DNA fragments incorrect nucleotides
together to form 2 new daughter PHOSPHODIESTER- The type of bond that
DNA strands. holds the phosphate group to the sugar in
DNA's backbone is called a phosphodiester
bond.
Process of DNA REPLICATION
LEADING STRAND- The leading strand of
Step 1. Double helix unwinds.
the DNA (5' to 3') is synthesized
Step 2. Nucleotides are added. continuously.

Checking for Errors LAGGING STRAND- The lagging strand (3'


to 5') is synthesized discontinuously and
Proofreading generates short sequences with breaks.
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS- Okazaki
fragments are small segments of DNA that
are formed when the lagging strand
undergoes discontinuous replication, as in
the case of a DNA strand break.

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