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4 views3 pages

Untitled Document

Uploaded by

Hazel Ymas De Guzman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Strength of materials, also called Mechanics applied force or system of forces that tends to

of materials, is a subject which deals with the deform a body.


behavior of solid objects subject to stresses
and strains.

The study of strength of materials often refers


to various methods of calculating the stresses
and strains in structural members, such as
beams, columns, and shafts
Types of Stress
A rigid body is defined as a body on which the The stress developed in a body depends upon
distance between two points never changes how the external forces are applied over it. On
whatever be the force applied on it. this basis, there are two types of stress,
1. Normal Stress
• Practically, there is no rigid body 2. Tangential/Shear Stress

A deformable body is defined as a body on Normal Stress - Is a stress that occurs when
which the distance between two points the surface of the body is loaded by an axial
changes under action of some forces when force.
applied on it.

The study of the property of this body is called


Elasticity

Elasticity -The property of a body by virtue of


which it tends to regain its original shape and
size when deforming force is removed .
All solids show the property of elasticity.
Normal stress is of two types;
1. Tensile stress
2. Compressive Stress

Tensile Stress - Is the stress state leading to


expansion; that is, the length of a material
tends to increase in the tensile direction.
Ductile Behavior - Ductility is a solid material's
ability to deform under tensile stress.
Compressive Stress - A force attempts to
squeeze or compress a material.
Tangential/Shear Stress - A force acting in a
Types of Forces generally horizontal direction; especially : a
Normal Force – a type of force applied force that produces mountain folding and over.
perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the
body. Shear Force – a type of force applied
parallel to the cross-sectional area of the body.
Twisting Moment/Torque – tends to twist or
rotate the cross-sectional area of the body.
Bending Moment/Flexure - Tend to bend the
body.

Stress
(σ): is Brittle behavior- A material is brittle if, when
the subjected to stress, it breaks without
insignificant deformation.
Elasticity - is the tendency of solid materials
to return to their original shape after forces are
applied on them.
• When the forces are removed, the object will
return to its initial shape and size if the material
is elastic.
• In other words, The deformation disappears
Malleability - It is the ability of a substance to
completely, after removal of external forces.
be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
• Steel cables, rubber bands, springs are the
Strain (ε) - Is the change in the size or shape example of the elastic materials.
of a body due to the deforming force. Type Elastic Limit - Is the maximum stress from
equation here. which an elastic body will recover its original
state after the removal of the deforming force.
• It differs widely for different materials.
• It is very high for a substance like steel and
low for a substance like lead

Types of Strain Limit of proportionality - If a tensile force


Since the deforming force produce three of applied to a uniform bar of mild steel is
deformation in a body, there are three types of gradually increased and the corresponding
strain extension of the bar is measured, then
1. Longitudinal Strain provided the applied force is not too large, a
2. Volumetric Strain graph depicting these results is likely to be as
3. Shearing Strain shown in Figure.
Longitudinal Strain - Is when the deforming
force produces changes in length. Since the graph is a straight line, extension is
Volumetric Strain - Is when the deforming directly proportional to the applied force.
force (Hooke’s Law)

The point on the graph where extension is no


longer proportional to the applied force is
known as the limit of proportionality.

produces changes in the volume.

Shearing Strain - Is when the deforming force


produces change in the shape of the body.
Limits of elasticity - As mentioned, limits of
It is measured by the angle (in radian) through proportionality … Just beyond this point the
which a line originally perpendicular to the fixed material can behave in a non-linear elastic
face is turned due to the application of the manner, until the elastic limit is reached.
tangential force.
•If the applied force is large, it is found that the
material becomes plastic and no longer returns
to its original length when the force is removed.

In short, The value of force up to and within


which, the deformation entirely disappears on
removal of the force is called limit of elasticity
Yield Limit - When specimen is stressed
beyond elastic limit, strain increases more
rapidly than the stress. Because, sudden
elongation of the specimen takes place, without
appreciable increase in the stress. This
phenomena is known as yielding of material.

• The stress corresponding to point of upper


yield point is called yield stress.

• The portion between upper yield point and


lower yield point is called yield stage
Ultimate Stress
•Because of the plastic deforms, the material
strain hardens and further strain beyond lower
yield point requires an increase in stress.

•The maximum stress reached at point E is


called ultimate stress.

•In other words, Stress corresponding to the


maximum load taken by the specimen is called
ultimate stress.

Strain Hardening - The phenomenon of


increase in stress from D to E is known as
strain hardening.

•During strain hardening, the extension of the


specimen is quite large. Also if the specimen
has mill scale or rust, it will be flaked of.

Modulus of Elasticity - Young's modulus, also


known as the tensile modulus or elastic
modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an
elastic material.

• Named after a British Scientist THOMAS


YOUNG

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