DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF 2015 – 2023.

BY

TAJUDEEN MOSHOOD ABIOLA

MATRIC NO: 19/209POS/211

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc Hons) DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

JANUARY , 2024.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project is a product of an original research work conducted by me in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Political Science. It has bit been
presented for the award of any degree in any university. The ideas, observations, comments, except
quotation, which have been acknowledged in accordance with conventional academic tradition.

_________________________ ____________________

Tajudeen Moshood Abiola DATE

REG. NO : 19/209pos/211
CERTIFICATION

This project has been duly read and approved by the Department of Political Science and International
Relations, Faculty of Social Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Science degree in Political Science and International of relations.

…………………………….. ………………………………

Dr. Olagunju Olowu Date

Project Supervisor

……………………………… ………………………………

Assoc Prof. Sheriff Ghali Date

Head of Department

……………………………… ………………………………

External Examiner Date

 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project work to almighty Allah the giver and taker of life and my project supervisor Dr
olagunju James olowu
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I appreciate the God almighty, the author and finisher of all good works, for his unmeasured grace, favor
and protection showered on us throughout the course of study in the school.

My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Dr (Mr) olagunju James olowu for his constructive criticism
and diligent supervision of the the work, may God continue to bless and be with him.

It is worthwhile to appreciate the efforts, prayers, educational and financial support of my friends and
family members : Ibrahim, seun, husseini, Idris, abdulrahman, abdulquadree, Mustapha, okunola,
ruqoyah, zainab, Maryam, abdulateef, Ezekiel, attah, habeebah and others.

I would also like to heartily thank my big family (NAOSS). I want to thank you guys for the unconditional
love, care and support. I love you guys. Osun a Dara ooo Tun omoluabi re se

I am thankful getting consistent encouragement, support and supervision from all the lecturers of the
department.

To everyone whose direct and indirect effort has lead to this achievement, I say a very big thank you to
you all.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION PAGE

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Research questions

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.5 Research hypothesis or proposition

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Definition of terms

1.9 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO

CONCEPTUAL REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1The Concept of Democracy - - - - - - -

2.1.2 Rule of law - - - - -

2.1.3 Democracy and rule of law - - -

2.2 Theoretical framework - - - - - - -

CHAPTER THREE:

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design - - - - - - -

3.2 Method of Data Collection - - - - - -

3.3 Population of the Study - - - - - -

3.4 Sampling Techniques and size- - - - -

3.5 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - -

CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1Data Presentation - - - - - - -

4.2 Responses Democracy and Rule of law - - - - - -

4.3 Discussion of Findings- - - - - - -

4.4 Limitation of the study

CHAPTER FIVE:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1Summary - - - - - - - - -

5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - -

5.3Recommendations - - - - - - -

References - - - - - - - -

ABSTRACT
This case study scrutinizes the relationship between democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria from 2015
to 2023. The project meticulously analyzes this period, considering political events, legal reforms, and
societal dynamics that influenced the consolidation of democratic governance and the establishment of
a robust rule of law. By examining specific policies, constitutional amendments, and key judicial
decisions during this timeframe, the research aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the
challenges, achievements, and complexities Nigeria encountered in fostering a sustainable democratic
framework while upholding the rule of law.Focusing on the evolution of democratic institutions and
legal frameworks in the country, it delves into the challenges, successes, and ongoing dynamics affecting
the consolidation of democratic governance and the establishment of a robust rule of law. Through an
analysis of historical, political, and legal perspectives, the research aims to uncover the interplay
between democratic principles and the effectiveness of legal structures, shedding light on the
complexities inherent in Nigeria's pursuit of a resilient democratic system anchored in the rule of law.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1Background to the study

The study of democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria is of significant importance due to the country's
complex political history and the challenges it has faced in consolidating democratic governance. Nigeria
gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960 ushering in the First Republic and has since
struggled with political instability, military coups, and periods of authoritarian rule. However, political
corruption, regional and ethnic tensions, and weak institutions contributed to the collapse of democracy
and subsequent military coups. Military regimes suppressed civil liberties, curtailed political freedoms,
and undermined the rule of law.

Democracy is defined as a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it
directly or through elected representatives. It encompasses the principles of popular participation,
political equality, protection of individual rights and liberties, and the rule of law (Dahl, 1971; Diamond,
2002).

The rule of law refers to a principle that establishes the supremacy of law over arbitrary exercise of
power. It embodies a system in which laws are clear, predictable, and applied equally to all individuals,
regardless of their status or position. The rule of law ensures accountability, fairness, and protection of
fundamental rights (UNDP, 2004; World Justice Project, 2021).

The study of democracy in Nigeria often begins with the First Republic, which lasted from 1960 to 1966.
This period saw the adoption of a parliamentary system of government, with multiple political parties
vying for power. However, the First Republic was characterized by regional and ethnic tensions, political
corruption, and a weak institutional framework, ultimately leading to a series of military coups. The
military regimes that followed brought about a decline in democratic governance and the rule of law.
The country witnessed a succession of military coups and dictatorships, with the military ruling for most
of the period between 1966 and 1999. These regimes suppressed civil liberties, curtailed political
freedoms, and undermined the rule of law.

The transition back to democracy began in 1999 with the election of General Olusegun Obasanjo as the
President, which lead to the end of military rule in Nigeria . This marked a significant turning point in
Nigeria's political trajectory and initiated a renewed focus on the study of democracy and the rule of law
in the country. Since then, efforts have been made to strengthen democratic institutions, smooth
electoral procedures and promote the rule of law. However, challenges persist, including political
corruption, weak institutions, electoral irregularities,ethnic and religious differences, and insecurity such
as insurgency and terrorism. Since the restoration of democracy, Nigeria has made efforts to strengthen
its democratic institutions and promote the rule of law.

Studying democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria examine various aspects, including the constitutional
framework, electoral processes, political party dynamics, civil society engagement, judicial system,
human rights, and media's role in promoting democratic values. These studies contribute to the
understanding of Nigeria's democratic development and inform recommendations for reform.

The period from 2015 to 2023 in Nigeria has been important in terms of the study of democracy and the
rule of law. During this time, Nigeria experience vital political events, legal reforms, and hindrances that
influenced the understanding and practice of democracy and the rule of law in the country. Here are
some important aspects to consider:

In 2015, Nigeria held its general elections, which marked a significant transition in the country's
democratic process. Muhammadu Buhari, the candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), was
elected as the President, defeating the incumbent Goodluck ebele Jonathan. The peaceful transfer of
power was seen as a positive development for Nigeria's democracy. Majority of the citizens exercise
their civic duties and these uphold the existence and process of democracy

President Buhari's administration launched a major anti-corruption campaign, emphasizing the rule of
law and accountability. Various high-profile corruption cases were pursued, including investigations into
the misappropriation of public funds. This campaign aimed to strengthen transparency, accountability,
and the rule of law in Nigeria.

Several judicial reforms were initiated during this period to enhance the efficiency and independence of
the Nigerian judiciary. The National Judicial Council (NJC) took steps to address issues of corruption
within the judiciary, including the removal of judges found guilty of misconduct or involving in the
misappropriation of funds and giving false verdict. These reforms aimed to improve public trust in the
judicial system.

Efforts were made to improve the electoral process and ensure free, fair and credible elections. The
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) introduced different procedures to enhance the
credibility of elections, such as the introduction of the Permanent Voter Card (PVC) and the Smart Card
Reader (SCR) technology to verify voters identity.
Nigeria faced security challenges where lives and properties were lost during this period, particularly
the insurgency by Boko Haram in the northeastern part of the country. These security issues had
implications for the rule of law as individuals right were stamped and the functioning of democratic
institutions. Different measures were taken to address these challenges, including the establishment of
the Multinational Joint Task Force to combat terrorism and uphold rights of the citizen

Nigeria faced human rights concerns during this period, including issues related to police brutality, non
compliance to court ruling by government agencies, extrajudicial killings, and the freedom of expression
were limited and suppressed. These concerns prompted strong public protest and calls for reforms to
protect human rights and strengthen the rule of law.

There were ongoing discussions and debates about the need for constitutional reforms in Nigeria. Some
call support for amendments to address issues such as the structure of government, fiscal federalism,
and the sharing of powers to promote equity and popular participation in democracy

The study of democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria provides valuable insights into the challenges and
prospects for democratic governance in a diverse and complex society. It serves as a foundation for
formulating strategies to strengthen democratic institutions, address obstacles to democratic
consolidation, and promote the rule of law in Nigeria

1.2 Statement of the problem

The rule of law and judicial independence suffered significant setbacks in Nigeria from 2015 to 2023. The
judiciary faced allegations of political interference, corruption, and delays in dispensing justice. High-
profile cases involving politicians and public officials often experienced prolonged legal proceedings,
undermining public trust in the judicial system. Weak enforcement of court orders and a lack of
accountability further eroded confidence in the rule of law.

Press freedom faced constraints during this period, with reports of intimidation, harassment, and
censorship of journalists. The spread of disinformation and fake news exacerbated social divisions,
manipulated public opinion, and undermined the credibility of democratic institutions. The restriction of
media freedom stifled critical voices, limited the flow of information, and hindered public
accountability.The protection of human rights and civil liberties faced substantial challenges during this
period. Instances of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and torture by security forces were reported.
Freedom of expression, press freedom, and the right to peaceful assembly were also curtailed through
legislation, restrictions, and crackdowns on dissenting voices. These violations not only undermined
democratic principles but also hindered social cohesion and sustainable development.

Corruption remained a persistent problem, hindering effective governance and socioeconomic

development. Despite efforts to combat corruption, Nigeria continued to face significant challenges in
curbing embezzlement, bribery, and misappropriation of public funds. Weak institutional frameworks,
lack of transparency, and inadequate accountability mechanisms contributed to the persistence of
corruption, further eroding public trust in the government.Nigeria faced heightened security challenges
during this period, primarily related to the Boko Haram insurgency in the northeast and other forms of
criminal activities across the country. These security threats not only posed risks to human lives but also
undermined social cohesion, economic development, and democratic processes. Inadequate responses
and the failure to protect citizens resulted in a climate of fear and mistrust.

Electoral integrity, judicial independence, human rights, corruption, and security were major areas of
concern. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive reforms, strengthening of institutions,
enhanced accountability, and a commitment to upholding democratic values and principles. It is crucial
for Nigeria to foster an inclusive and participatory democracy, ensure the independence of the judiciary,
protect human rights, combat corruption, and prioritize security to promote political stability, social
cohesion, and sustainable development in the country.Addressing these problem requires concerted
efforts to strengthen democratic institutions, enhance civic education, promote social inclusivity, and
foster an environment that respects media freedom and promotes accurate information dissemination.
By tackling these challenges, Nigeria can work towards a more robust democratic system that upholds
the rule of law, protects human rights, and promotes inclusive and sustainable development.

1.3 Research questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:

i.How has the media's role in promoting transparency, accountability, and the rule of law in Nigeria
between 2015-2023?
ii.How have non governmental organizations contributed to upholding democracy and the rule of law in
Nigeria between 2015-2023?

iii. How have human rights been protected by human rights activist in Nigeria between 2015 and 2023?

1.4 Objectives of the study

The objective of this study is to critically analyze democracy and rule of law in Nigeria

I. To examine the media role in promoting transparency, accountability, and the rule of law in Nigeria
between 2015-2023?

II. To assess the contributions of non governmental organizations to upholding democracy and the rule
of law in Nigeria between 2015 - 2023?

III. To identify how human rights has been protected by human rights activist in Nigeria between 2015
and 2023?

1.5 Hypothesis of the study

In line with the above objectives, these hypothesis were formulated

Ho: There is a relationship /linage between non-governmental organization upholding democracy and
rule of law in Nigeria

Ho:There is no relationship /linkage between non-governmental organization upholding democracy and

rule of law in Nigeria

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is significant in that it is coming at a time when Nigeria is seriously facing challenges with
emphasis on human right violations and analyzing the state of democracy during this period helps assess
the progress made in consolidating democratic institutions and practices, identifying challenges, and
understanding the prospects for sustainable democratic governance. To sheds light on the level of
respect for human rights, including freedom of speech, assembly, and access to justice. This study will
also be of benefit to the student and also contribute to existing literature and will be a guide to students
who will also make more research on this study.

1.7 Scope of the study

The scope of the study is to ensure a focused and meaningful analysis of democracy and the rule of law
in Nigeria during the chosen timeframe. The protection and promotion of human rights, including
freedom of expression, assembly, association, and the rights of marginalized groups. The time period for
the study will covers 2015 - 2023. Furthermore, the study will be completed make use of literatures,
journals.

1.8 Definition of basic terms

Democracy: refers to a system of governance where power is vested in the people, either directly or
through elected representatives, allowing citizens to participate in decision-making processes, typically
through free and fair elections.

Rule of law : signifies a principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable to
the law, ensuring fairness, justice, and equal treatment under established legal frameworks.

Development : the level of function that a state or other political entity has reached. This is somewhat
comparable to economic development.

Democratic : is based on the idea that everyone should have equal rights and should be involved in
making important decisions.

Sit-tightism : this is the act of refusing to leave the reign of power by political leaders. It is the practice of
not wanting to leave political office after the expiration of the tenure of office
1.9 Organization of the study

The study is structured into five chapters, chapter one provides introduction by way of putting the
subject matter into proper perspective. Chapter two is the literature review and theoretical framework.
Chapter three entails methodology of the study. Chapter four on the other hand focused on the
analysing of data while chapter five present the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the
study.

The time period for the study will cover 2015 - 2023

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Conceptual Review

A conceptual review involves critically examining and synthesizing existing literature, theories, and
concepts related to a particular topic. It aims to clarify, analyze, and evaluate the foundational ideas,
models, or frameworks that shape understanding within a field of study, helping to identify gaps, trends,
and areas for further research or development. It serves as a stepping stone to identifying and choosing
a research topic so that the topic can be reduced to a manageable proportion (Meekya, 1992:12)

2.1.1 Democracy
Democracy is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general
population of a state.According to the United Nations, democracy "provides an environment that
respects human rights and fundamental freedoms, and in which the freely expressed will of people is
exercised

According to Robert Dahl in his seminal work 'Democracy and Its Critics,' democracy can be defined as a
system of government where political power is vested in the hands of the people, allowing for
participation, representation, and protection of individual rights. Democracy is a multifaceted system of
governance characterized by the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, either directly or
through elected representatives. This form of government, as described by Robert Dahl in 'Polyarchy:
Participation and Opposition,' emphasizes the principles of political equality, majority rule, protection of
minority rights, and the existence of a legal framework that safeguards individual liberties and ensures
accountability of those in power (Dahl, 1971). Moreover, 'The Spirit of Laws' by Montesquieu
underscores the significance of a system of checks and balances, separating governmental powers
among different branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—to prevent any one entity from
becoming too powerful (Montesquieu, 1748).

Democracy encompasses not only the electoral process but also the broader participation of citizens in
civic engagement, public discourse, and the protection of human rights. 'Democracy and Distrust' by
John Hart Ely emphasizes the role of the judiciary in interpreting and upholding the constitution, thereby
ensuring the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights (Ely, 1980).It involves a commitment
to fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and press, allowing for an informed
citizenry capable of contributing to the democratic process.Overall, democracy, as conceptualized by
various political theorists including Dahl, Montesquieu, and Ely, represents a system of government that
prioritizes the active involvement of citizens, protection of individual liberties, adherence to the rule of
law, and the distribution of power across multiple institutions to safeguard against tyranny and promote
the common good.

Democracy, as explored in various scholarly works, embodies a system of governance characterized by

the active participation of citizens in decision-making processes. According to Samuel P. Huntington's
'The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,' democracy has undergone waves of
transformation, marked by periods of expansion and regression globally (Huntington, 1991). This view
highlights the evolutionary nature of democratic systems, illustrating their adaptability and susceptibility
to internal and external factors.Furthermore, 'Democracy in America' by Alexis de Tocqueville
emphasizes the importance of a vibrant civil society and the role of voluntary associations in fostering
democratic values and maintaining social cohesion (de Tocqueville, 1835). Tocqueville's observations
underscore the significance of societal engagement beyond formal political structures in sustaining
democratic principles.A central tenet of democracy, elucidated by John Locke in 'Two Treatises of
Government,' is the concept of social contract theory, positing that governmental authority is derived
from the consent of the governed and that individuals have inherent rights that should be protected by
the state (Locke, 1689). This notion forms the basis for the protection of individual liberties within a
democratic framework.Moreover, 'On Liberty' by John Stuart Mill elucidates the importance of
safeguarding minority rights within a democratic society, advocating for the protection of dissenting
opinions and freedoms of thought and expression (Mill, 1859). Mill's arguments emphasize the need for
robust protections against majority tyranny in democratic systems.In sum, drawing from the insights of
Huntington, de Tocqueville, Locke, and Mill among others, democracy emerges as a dynamic system that
necessitates continuous engagement, protection of individual freedoms, cultivation of civil society, and
the fostering of inclusive political structures to ensure the flourishing of a participatory and just
society.democracy in the old era used conventional patterns in which it was quite difficult for people to
gain access to information related to government and state issues. Additionally, people found
communicating or expressing opinions challenging. This was because of the complexity of the systems in
democratic countries in the old era, which led to minimal public participation in activating democracy
(Dunan, 2020).Particularly, in regard to democracy, there are many advancements or modern patterns
caused by the rapid development of ICT. Communities and countries across the digital world can now
communicate with each other very easily and accessing information is no longer a complicated process
(Bastien et al., 2020).

Although it is very essential to have some of these conditions, elements and the features of
democracy, no political system could be said to have possessed all. The liberal democracy of the United
States may be rich in most of these qualities, it does not possess all.

2.1.2 Rule of law

. The executive and legislature are vital elements in the sustenance of democracy. This is because both
arms constitute the hub of public policy to ensure good governance and promotion of welfare
services for the people. It therefore follows that functional and constructive relations must exist
between them in order for democracy to work. Unfortunately, Nigeria‘s experience since 1999 only
depicts the legislature and executive as two arms holding each other in mutual suspicion. The story of
the National Assembly has however been peculiar. A critical examination of the relationship between
the legislature and the executive in Nigeria especially under the presidential system between 1979,
1983 and 1999 to date was highly conflictual with attendant implications on the entire democratic
process (Ukase, 2014). Whereas the legislative powers include law making, investigatory power,
financial power, confirmation and impeachment powers, the executive is exclusively responsible for
policy formulation, policy implementation, including the execution of the provision of the laws, and the
general administration of the country.

The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community
are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.[2][3] The term rule of law is closely
related to constitutionalism as well as Rechtsstaat. It refers to a political situation, not to any specific
legal rule. The rule of law is defined in the Encyclopedia Britannica as "the mechanism, process,
institution, practice, or norm that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a non
arbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power.
The idea of Rule of Law is often regarded as a modern iteration of the ideas of ancient Greek
philosophers who argued that the best form of government was rule by the best men. Plato advocated a
benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless
hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law
is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not
far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is
full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state.More than Plato
attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and
serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law.

It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same
principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be
appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws.

The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold
that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and
certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law.This
formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence
of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual
rights.

The rule of law has been considered one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good
governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as
"the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the
quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or
violence.Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate
measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map at right. Other
evaluations such as the World Justice Project Rule of Law Indexshow that adherence to rule of law fell in
61% of countries in 2022. Globally, this means that 4.4 billion people live in countries where rule of law
declined in 2021

This makes the issue of rule of law very important. With it the right of citizens can be assured in the
society.

2.1.3 Democracy and rule of law

. With the conclusion of the 2023 general election, it is time to review what has happened to our
democracy. Since 2015 we seem to be on a climb towards consolidating democracy. This sentiment is
supported by the fact that we have completed for the first time a ‘democratic’ transition from one party
to another. In Africa, democracy’s major challenge is for incumbents to be defeated and they go home
peacefully. Nigeria achieved that in 2015. This achievement is not a trifle. Joseph Schumpeter considers
it the essence of democracy. In his view, democracy is the reality that incumbents can be defeated, and
they willingly go home. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, the reality is that attempts to defeat
incumbents in elections have easily led to civil conflicts and the loss of democracy itself.

But this singular achievement, significant as it is, does not mask the fundamental flaws of Nigerian
democracy. The practice of democracy in Nigeria leads objective assessors to the conclusion that Nigeria
is not yet a democracy. If democracy is measured by free and fair elections that are grounded in
protection for fundamental human rights and impartial working of state institutions, then Nigeria is not
yet a democracy, in spite of the fact of party-to-party transition. Nigerian elections always fall far short
of democratic quotients. Robert Dahl lists six conditions of democracy: effective participation, equality in
voting, gaining enlightened understanding of public issues, exercising final control over the agenda and
inclusion of adults. For there to be equality of votes, you must guarantee to citizens opportunities to
freely form opinions, freely express those opinions and organize themselves publicly in defense of such
opinions. Where there are legal or illegal prohibitions of the right to organize or where state authorities
repress opponents of incumbents and confer advantages to incumbents, there is no free and fair
election and no equality of voting.

Dahl admits that there is no ideal democracy where there is complete political equality yet argues that
there must be sufficient institutionalization of these features in a polity to qualify as a democracy. To be
a democracy it is not enough to have laws that promise citizens fundamental rights, or laws that declare
equal citizenship. Those laws must be faithfully implemented. The reality of these rights and not their
mere articulation in sacred texts and constitutional documents is the measure of democracy in a society.

election. The construction of these institutions in a manner that promote political equality is the essence
of the rule of law.

After the shambolic 2007 presidential election, President Yar’Adua instituted a comprehensive review of
the electoral system. This resulted in the radical propositions in the Justice Uwais report. The report was
largely unimplemented. The proposals by Justice Uwais committee if fully and wisely implemented
would have transformed the legal institution of elections in Nigeria. Those reforms that changed the
legal relations in society are the heart of rule of law reform. As Professor Douglas North makes clear,
institutions include all rules, procedures and humanly designed constraints and enablers of action.
When we speak of the critical institutions of democracy, we mean those legal relationships in the society
that prevent certain actions and mandate others. If such legal relations are wise, effective and make
political equality a reality, then we are getting closers to democracy. If state governments can easily
mobilize state institutions to work for them, then there is no rule of law. If rules and norms constrain
them from so utilizing these institutions to terrorize their opponents, then that is a rule of law state that
promotes electoral democracy. Rule of law has the dimension of substantial justice because it aims at
the promoting civil and political as well as social economic rights of the people. If our laws do not
actually protect these rights, then we cannot get to electoral democracy.

This invariably means that being truly a rule of law state precedes being a democratic state. If we don’t
first ensure that our institutions work according to the principles of the rule of law, we cannot transition
to democracy.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This research work will be incomplete without a theoretical framework. A theoretical framework
establishes the foundational concepts, theories, or models used to analyze and interpret a specific
phenomenon or topic within a research study. It serves as a lens through which researchers can
approach their investigation, providing a structure for understanding and organizing ideas. The
researcher chose structural functionalism as the best theory to analyze this project.

Structural functionalism views society as a living organism with distinct structures and functions, each
serving a purpose to ensure the smooth operation and continuity of the whole. It emphasizes how
institutions, norms, and roles within a society contribute to its overall functionality and coherence.

Taking Easton system analysis as a starting point, Almond argue that the functions of political systems
contain both of the inputs and outputs.

Almond Structural-functional analysis

Structural functional theory is form of a systemic analysis which looks at political systems as coherent
wholes which influences and are influenced by their environment. In structural functionalism the
structures of the political system (such as political parties, interest groups, legislatures, executives,
bureaucracies and courts) are not clearly defined and properly patterned and yet inspite of this their
importance is immense. In the opinion of Stephen Wasby, “In structural-functional analysis, one
determines the important structures and then attempts to trace out the functions of these structures In
every political system there are certain structures and these cannot be confused with each other. So far
as the functions are concerned there is certain amount of overlapping among the function of the
structures. But this overlapping should not be over-emphasised.Durkheim elaborately analysed the basic
structure of society, their various parts, different social systems and he did this in an organismic outlook.
Society, according to Durkheim, is to be viewed as an entity. There are several parts of any society and
all of them are well-connected.The parts perform their allotted duties but the parts are not completely
independent on each other. He also viewed that the systems or the parts of the society are quite normal
divisions and the functions which they perform are also normal.The structural functionalism has also
been elaborated by Talcott Parsons who “was most probably the most dominant theorist of his time. It is
unlikely that any one theoretical approach will so dominate sociological theory again”. This assessment
of Turner about Parsons is not without any reason.Easton and Almond have borrowed the terms—input
and output from economics for the purpose of analysing the functions and behaviour of political
systems and their different structures. This approach helps comparison considerably.

The input functions are:

i. Political socialisation and recruitment.

ii. Interest articulation

iii. Interest aggregation

iv. Political communication.

The output functions are:

I. Rule making

ii. Rule adjudication

iii. Rule application.

If we focus our attention to these two types of functions performed by political systems we shall find
that the input functions are generally done by the nongovernmental organisations and agencies which
include pressure groups, interest groups, parties, educational institutions. The government has very little
part to play in the input functions.From the study of political system Almond has come to know that
socialisation may be latent and manifest. When the transmission of values, ideas, thoughts, feelings etc
takes place in a direct way, it may be called manifest socialisation. Latent political socialisation does not
take place directly.The values, thoughts, ideas, feelings of one system are influenced by those of other
systems. Both latent and manifest socialisation work simultaneously in any political system and both are
important. In order to revolutionise the people’s thought and outlook the latent method is resorted
to.Defining political recruitment Almond says: “Political recruitment function takes up where the general
political socialisation function leaves off. It recruits members of the society out of particular subcultures,
religious communities, statuses, classes, ethnic communities and the-like and inducts them into
specialised roles of the political system, trains them in approapriate skills, provides them with political
cognitive maps, values, expectations and affects.

The objective of both political socialisation and recruitment is to ensure the stability of the political
system. If any external force threatens the political system the citizens, on their part, can resist it and
socialisation makes it possible. Plato suggested a scheme of education for the ideal state whose purpose
was to train the citizens to make them suitable for ideal state. It is also socialisation.

This theory, however, drew its inspiration primarily from the ideas of Emile
Durkheirrr, Bronislaw Malinowski and Alfred Radc1iffe-Brown. Functionalism is
referred to as consensus structuralism because it emphasizes the central role that
agreement (consensus) between members of a society on morals plays in
maintaining social order (Wikipedia, 2011).

The central concern of structural-functionalism was a continuation of the

Durkheiman task of explaining the apparent stability and internal cohesion of
societies, which are necessary to ensure its continued existence over time societies
are seen as coherent, bounded and fundamentally relational constructs, who
functions like organization, with their various parts (social institutions) working
together to maintain and reproduce them.

The approach is based upon the View that a political system is components,
including interest groups, branches of government. In addition to structures, a
political system also consists of functions such as political socialization, political
culture, etc. It is summarized as:

All system have structures

These structures perform certain functions within the

system (Ujo, 2007:33).
Relevance of Structural Functionalism to Democracy and rule of law in
Nigeria

Structural-functionalism can be applied to this research work in sense that

just as it was mentioned earlier, rule of law constitutes the structure of
democratic governance in Africa and Nigeria. The observance of the principles
of rule of law has become structural parts of developing countries' democracies.
As said earlier in the review, the donor organizations have seen it as a guarantees
quality democracy in Africa and Nigeria

Not only the above, rule of law also leads to· enhanced standard of living
for the entire citizenry. When observed, it will not only lead to international
legitimacy, it will also increase the quality life lived by the people. If all the
quality or the characteristics of governance are on ground, democracy thrives.

However, it is pertinent to state here that it is effective utilization of

principles of good governance that makes democracy works. If otherwise, the
reverse will be the case. Just as it is argued through theory, when the structures
of the system are not functioning they are supposed, the whole system feels the
heat or negatively affected. This is applicable to democracy. If there is no good
governance or poor governance reigns supreme, democratic system suffers. This
is the main reasons why the research is focused on looking at the challenges of
good governance; for a structure of democracy in Africa in general and Nigeria
in particular, it is not functioning or inadequately functioning at best.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The research design refers to the standard procedure that is sequentially organized and systematically
followed in order to arrive at logical conclusion. It involves the method adopted, the strategy followed,
the structure and procedures employed to conduct scientific research, which involves identifying the
problems by gathering data that defines the goal and empirically testing the hypothesis to help interpret
and resolve the problem (Carriger, 2000)

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to
conduct a study. The design allows researchers to sharpen the research methods suitable for the subject
matter and set up their studies for success.A research design is a strategy for answering your research
question using empirical data. Creating a research design means making decisions about: Your overall
research objectives and approach. Whether you'll rely on primary research or secondary
research.Considering that the purpose of this study is to closely examine and describe the roles played
by various groups involved in the carrying out human rights at the local government level, the chosen
research design is a case study. This design will serve as a roadmap or framework for conducting the
present study. The questionnaire was designed by the researcher and administered to the respondents
after the consultation

3.2 Method of Data Collection

The researcher employed the use of both primary and secondary source to enable him collate the
needed information necessary for the analysis of the research questions. In the administration of the
questionnaires, the respondents were guided with the help of the research assistances in other to
ensure proper completion of the questionnaire. In the structured questionnaire , the respondents were
expected to fill any option that applied to them between four spaces allocated of strongly agree, agree,
neutral and disagree. The primary data for this study were obtained through the distribution of
questionnaires which were designed for the people of Abuja.

The principal sources of secondary data were textbooks on democracy and rule of law in Nigeria. Some
were also collected from unpublished materials, archival documents, journals and from the Internet .
The subjects were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.

3.3 Population of the Study

According to Derrick(2004)A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
According to (universe) population is the specific group of individuals or objects that researchers wish to
study and make inferences about.For the purpose of the study, the population consisted of all the
Nigerian national dailies. The population of Gwagwalada as projected in 2006 census has an area of
1,043km and a population of 157,770 at the 2006 census. It is projected to have a 6.26% growth
between 2020 and 2025, the largest increase on the African continent .Targeted Population of study for
this research consists of all the civil servant, Public servant, INEC staff, unemployed, students, artisans
and others within the area councils in Federal Capital Territory. The population of the people that the
researcher intends to use for this research is based on the estimated population, which is 475,000.
Moreover, the targeted population is registered voters in gwagwalada because they are mainly set of
people from eighteen (18) year old.

3.4 Sample Techniques and Size

A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is always less than
the total size of the population.Using Taro Yamane’s Yamane, (1973) formula which has 95% confidence
level, the calculated sample size is presented as follows:

n= 1/1+N (e)2

Where: n = sample size

N= number of people in the population

e = allowable error (0.05)%

n = 475,000

1+475,000 (0.05)2

= 475,000

1+475,000 (0.0025)

= 475,000

_____

1+1187.5

= 475,000

_____

1188.5
= 400

After calculated the sample size by substituting the numbers into the Yamane formula for each of the
two area councils the total sample size is therefore 400 persons. The sample size for this research is four
hundred . Sample of four hundred questionnaires were administered through both stratified sampling
and simple random sampling technique. This technique was adopted because it gives the respondents
equal chance of being selected (Kothari, 2011).

3.6 Method of Data Analysis

The process of analysis adopted for this study is a descriptive analysis using tables and percentages.
Tables and percentages are visual; they are simple, and easy to understand. However, the selection of
table depends mainly upon the characteristics of the data and the object of the study. Table on the
other hand are used to make analysis easy to interpret.
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1. Data Presentation

In this chapter, an attempt is made at the presentation and analysis of data collection from the
field, also tables and percs were used to illustrate and interpret the data. The first part of section (A) of
the data of the respondents include sex, age, marital status, educational qualification and professions.
While section (B) will focus extension questions that bothers on democracy and rule of law in Nigeria :
2015 - 2023

Bio – Data of Respondents

Table 4.1: Frequency distribution of respondents according to sex.

SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Male 280 70%
Female 120 30%
TOTAL 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, November, 2023

The above table represents the number of respondents according to the data. 70 represent the male,
and 30% represent the females. It was as a result of the sampling technique used.

Table 4.2: Frequency distribution of respondents according to age.

AGE FREQUENCY PPERCENTAGE

25 – 35 60 15%

36 – 45 140 35%

46 – 55 140 35%

55 – above 60 15%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

The data of age distribution shows that the majority of the respondents fall between the ages of 46 – 54.
This account for (35%) of the total population. This is followed by those who fell between the ages of 37
– 45 representing 30% of the population. Also those that fall between the ages of 28 – 36 years were
mostly the youths of school age, and the least on the table were the class of those that 15% of the
population.

Table 4.3: Frequency distribution of Respondents according to marital status.

MARITAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Single 100 25%

Married 220 55%

Divorced 80 20%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

As we observed from the Data, majority of the respondents are married according for 55% of the total
number of respondents, while 25% of the respondents account for class of the single and 20% of the
respondents account for the class of divorced.

Table 4.4 Frequency distribution according to occupation.

OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Student 120 30%

Civil Servants 80 20%

Teachers 100 25%

Self - employed 100 25%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

The table shows that majority of the respondents are civil servants of various capacity that constituted
30% of the target population, while student constitute 30% of the respondent; 25% of the teachers in
different higher institution constitute of the class of respondents, while self - employed constitute 25%
of the respondents.

Table 4.5: Frequency distribution of respondents according to religion

RELIGION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Christian 200 50%
Islam 200 50%
TOTAL 400 100%

Source: Field Survey, January, 2023

From the above table, 50% of the respondents are Christian and

50% also respondent Islam and that gives equal opportunity to

both religions.

4.2 Responses Democracy and Rule of law

Table 4.6: level of democracy and rule of law in Nigeria : 2015 - 2023

OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 284 71%
No 116 29%
TOTAL 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, January, 2023

The table above indicate that 71 respondents representing 71% accept that Buhari administration’s level
of good governance affected corruption in Nigeria while 29% reject the assertion.

Indeed, corruption is widespread in most government in Nigeria not because the people are different
from people from other part of the World, but because the society is conducive for it. There are many
reasons why this is so. Leadership styles that encourage corruption at all level, the motivation to earn
income from among the civil servants is relatively stronger; exacerbated by poverty, under-employment
and low wages. In Nigeria, accountability is generally weak, political competitions and civil liberties are
often restricted. Laws and principles of ethics in government are poorly developed and the legal
institutions charged with enforcing them (ICPC and EFCC) are ill- prepared

Table 4.7: Does the effect of Buhari administration’s level of good governance affects Nigeria’s foreign
policy?
OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Yes 272 68%
No 128 32%
TOTAL 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, November, 2023

The above table 4.7 indicates that out of 100 respondents, 68

represented 68% of the class of those that says Buhari

administration’s level of good governance affects Nigeria’s foreign

policy; while 32% of the respondents disagree with the above

questions
Table 4.8: Is there any significant effect of democracy rule of law

on political stability in Nigeria?

OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 140 35%

Agree 120 30%

Strongly disagree 80 20%

Disagree 60 15%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

The opinion of those that strongly agree to the question represent 35% of the respondents, 30% agree
to the assertion, while 20% strongly disagree and 15% disagree. From the opinion of the respondents
there is significant effect of democracy and rule of law on political stability in Nigeria.
Table 4.9: Does level of democracy and rule of law have an effect on insecurity in Nigeria?

OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 160 40%

Agree 120 30%

Strongly disagree 80 20%

Disagree 40 10%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source : Field Survey, November, 2023

The table above shows that out of 400 questtionare gathered 40% of the respondents strongly agree
and held the views that level of democracy and rule of law have an effect on insecurity in Nigeria. 30% of
the respondents agree, 20% strongly disagree and 10% disagree. From the opinion, it is true that level of
democracy and rule of law have a vast effect on insecurity in Nigeria.
Table 4.10: The activities of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commissions and Independent Corrupt
Practices Commission (EFCC) have been reduced to charades and for getting back at opponents of the
administration.

OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 160 40%

Agree 120 30%

Strongly disagree 56 19%

Disagree 44 11%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

The above table shows that 40% of the respondents strongly agree to question the activities of the
Economic and Financial Crime Commission and Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (EFCC) have
been reduced to charades and for getting back at opponents of the administration, 30%,agree,whike
19% strongly agree, while 12% disagree on the question.
Table 4.11: The countless reforms and lack of genuity and integrity of Nigeria leaders have left Nigeria
corrupt as ever.

OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 124 31%

Agree 116 29%

Strongly disagree 120 30%

Disagree 40 10%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

From the table, it shows that 31% of the respondents strongly agree to the assertion that countless
reforms and lack of genuity and integrity of Nigeria leaders have left Nigeria corrupt as ever, 29% agree,
while 30% strongly disagree, 10% disagree to the statement.

Table 4.12: Ethnicity and party politics play significant roles in upholding democracy and rule of law in
Nigeria.
OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 140 35%

Agree 100 25%

Strongly disagree 120 30%

Disagree 40 10%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

Based on the table provided, it can be observed that 35% of the respondents strongly agree with the
statement that ethnicity and party politics play a significant role in democracy and rule of law in Nigeria.
Additionally, 25% of the respondents agreed with this assertion, while 30% strongly disagreed, 10% of
the respondent disagree with the above statement.

Table 4.13:The frequent policy somersaults in the Nigeria government lend weight to the claim that they
lack the capacity to develop robust policies that can be successfully implemented to achieve their
intended goals.
OPINION FREQUENCY PERSENTAGE

Strongly Agree 124 31%

Agree 116 29%

Strongly disagree 120 30%

Disagree 40 10%

TOTAL 400 100%

Source :Field Survey, November, 2023

According to the table, it is evident that 31% of the respondents strongly agree with the assertion that
frequent policy reversals support the notion that the Nigerian government lacks the necessary
capabilities to develop and successfully implement effective policies that achieve their intended goals.
Additionally, 29% of the respondents agree with this assertion, while 30% strongly disagree.

The consistent occurrence of policy reversals reinforces the belief that the Nigerian government lacks
the competence to formulate and implement robust policies that can be effectively executed and
achieve their desired objectives. The continuous introduction of inconsistent and directionless policies
raises concerns about the competence and effectiveness of the country's governing body. As Arowolo
and Aluko state, "Good governance entails the ability to create and implement sound policies, as well as
the respect of both citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social
interactions." However, Nigeria's experience demonstrates a pattern where policies are hindered when
they conflict with perceived interests, and even when they are allowed to proceed, they often lack the
necessary direction and fail to withstand the test of time.

Effects of democracy and rule of law in Nigeria 2015 - 2023

The point that is derivable from the foregoing is that rule of law is instituted for the purpose of
governance and governance is about the people. That has been captured succinctly in the definition of
democracy by Abraham Lincoln and in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Thus, on
November 19, 1863, at the official dedication ceremony for the National Military Cemetery at
Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America
defined constitutional democracy as “the government of the people, by the people, for the people.” On
this foundation, the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria has made it intelligible that the
government is all about the people, hence, under section 14(2), it provides: “it is hereby, accordingly,
declared that – sovereignty belongs to the people of Nigeria from whom government through this
constitution derives all its powers and authority; the security and welfare of the people shall be the
primary purpose of government; and the participation by the people in their government shall be
ensured in accordance with the provisions of this constitution.” The corollary of these provisions is that
the people are the reason government exists, thence, without any equivocation; the people are the
principal while the government is a mere agent. Thus government is expected to do the will of the
people and a government that is not doing the will of the people is like a rampaging army of conquest
that has conquered the people.Nigeria is a country that is running democracy. Section 14(1) of the
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria has made it lucid and comprehensible that Nigeria is a
state based on the principles of democracy and social justice. At this juncture, one question is germane:
is Nigeria running democracy in accordance with the rule of law? A democratic state under the rule of
law is a state where citizens elect their own leaders, and the government itself is bound by law, while
also helping to ensure that the law is respected by the citizens of the state. A country that qualifies as
constitutional democracy is a country where there is a sound system of government with checks and
balances, an independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced, independent electoral commission,
independent media, and a country where civil rights and basic political freedoms are respected. That is
why a Nigerian constitutional lawyer, Dr. Mike Ozekhome stated in one of the interviews that: “in a
functional democracy, there are basic elements or principles referred to as irreducible minimums that
must exist in order to have a democratic government. These include: participation of the people either
directly or indirectly, the respect for fundamental human rights, Independence of the judiciary,
separation of powers, free and fair elections, freedom of the press, accountability and transparency of
government officials and economic freedom.

4.3 Discussion of Findings

The study findings reveal the following:

Firstly, the level of democracy and rule of law has had a significant

impact on corruption in Nigeria. Corruption has deeply rooted

itself in various sectors, both public and private, making it

pervasive in Nigerian society. However, the evidence generated in

this study suggests that there are more credible and observable
efforts to combat corruption during the Buhari regime.Buhari's

commitment and determination in fighting corruption have been

recognized, and his administration has made direct and

consequential efforts and achievements in this regard (Odekunle,

2016). Many Nigerians believe that Buhari's mere presence or

"body language" alone has brought about a change in the fight

against corruption (Ezeamalu, 2015). His leadership style, based

on his reputation, pronouncements, and specific administrative

measures, has acted as a psycho-social deterrent against

corruption among public officials (Odekunle, 2016).

Secondly, the level of democracy during the period also has a

significant effect on Nigeria's foreign policy. The administration

must critically assess and determine the direction of Nigeria's

foreign policy. Previous regimes and administrations have

neglected or not given sufficient attention to this responsibility.

However, the confidence of Nigerians in government officials vision,

promises, and commitment to change and progress for Nigeria

justifies the expectations for improvements in foreign relations

and policy. It is necessary for Nigeria to increase its engagement

in global affairs and seek observer status in supranational

institutions such as the E.U., NATO, and the SCO (Shanghai

Cooperation Organisation) in this era of globalization and

interdependence.

Thirdly, the study also revealed that the level of democracy under

the Buhari administration has a significant effect on political

stability in Nigeria.

Fourthly, the level of democracy and rule of law during this period also has

a significant effect on insecurity in Nigerian society.

4.4 Limitation of the Study

The researcher is unable to obtain materials, particularly text

books, on the subject. The researcher is also constrained by a

lack of money. The study is further hampered by the

unwillingness of the majority of stakeholders (government

officials) to provide vital data for the research. However, we

acquired data from a questionnaire, as well as secondary sources

such as journals, books, and official government publications

intended for general consumption, as well as the internet.

Time constraint: The researcher had to make do with little time he had for work
and this project. It was not easy for the researcher to come by all the materials
that are needed to make the work his desire. However, at the end of the day, all
these obstacles were overcome and the outcome is this research work

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The study findings indicate that the level of democracy and rule of law in nigeria is influenced by
corruption in Nigeria, which is deeply rooted and complex, affecting both the public and private sectors.
The study provides credible evidence of the administration's effectiveness in combating
corruption.Democracy is a system where power is vested in the people, allowing them to participate in
decision-making through voting. The rule of law ensures that everyone, including the government, is
subject to the law, promoting fairness, equality, and accountability within a society. Both concepts are
foundational pillars of many modern societies, working hand in hand to uphold rights, justice, and
governance.

Additionally, the study highlights that the level of democracy significantly impacts Nigeria's foreign
policy. The confidence of Nigerians in President Buhari's vision, promises, and commitment to change
and progress in Nigeria justifies expectations for improvements in foreign relations and policy. It
suggests the need for Nigeria to increase its involvement in global affairs and pursue observer status in
supranational institutions such as the E.U., NATO, and the SCO, given the era of globalization and
interdependence.

Furthermore, the study reveals that the level of good governance and rule of law has a significant effect
on political stability in Nigeria.

Lastly, the study demonstrates that rule of law has a notable impact on insecurity within Nigerian
society.

5.2 Conclusions

Nigeria possesses unique characteristics as a nation, but it faces numerous challenges, with poor
governance and accountability for human right being a major hindrance to its development. Inter-
governmental crises contribute to the lack of good democratic governance, not only in Nigeria but also
across Africa. The significance of democracy and rule of law in achieving development cannot be
overstated, as they contribute to an improved standard of living.

There is a clear link between bad governance and underdevelopment, with poor governance being the
underlying factor behind the lack of progress in Nigeria and Africa as a whole. While Nigeria experiences
elements of democracy and holds elections to select political leaders, true democracy is not fully
established. Nonetheless, Nigeria and Africa should not be dismissed, as there is hope for better days.
The mere fact that democracy is practiced, even if not perfectly, is more promising than living under
military dictatorship.

This research underscores the need for President Muhammadu Buhari's administration to reevaluate
Nigeria's foreign policy, shifting from being an African hegemon to becoming a global player. The study
not only highlights the necessity for such a shift but also demonstrates that Nigeria meets the criteria to
apply international relations theories to its foreign relations, drawing on previous studies conducted by
other scholars. While some scholars and analysts have viewed the application of international relations
theories by third world nations as impossible, recent research, particularly concerning Nigeria, proves
otherwise.

Furthermore, the study presents a model that outlines Japan's realist approach throughout history,
serving as a guide for Nigeria's leadership in shaping the nation's international behavior and conduct.
Nigeria, as demonstrated in the paper, has the potential to showcase its capabilities and seize
opportunities in the international community, given its status as a potential hegemon and the largest
market in Africa. The current administration under President Buhari is well-positioned to transform
Nigeria's fortunes and its global relations by diversifying its interests, taking proactive action, and
formulating policies that leverage the existing opportunities in an ever-changing, globalized world.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the aforementioned findings, the study presents the following recommendations:

i. Encourage collaboration between media organizations, civil society, and governmental bodies to
ensure a collective effort in promoting transparency and accountability. Partnerships can facilitate the
sharing of information and resources for effective advocacy.

ii. Use quantitative measures where applicable, such as tracking legal reforms, policy changes, or
societal indicators related to democracy and the rule of law. Analyze trends over time to gauge the
influence of NGO efforts.Select a representative sample of NGOs and conduct in-depth case studies to
analyze their specific projects, interventions, and their impact on promoting democracy and the rule of
law. Assess their strategies, successes, challenges faced, and lessons learned.
iii. Human rights activists should intensify efforts to document and publicize human rights abuses,
ensuring these cases are brought to light through various media platforms, both locally and
internationally. This helps to create awareness and pressure authorities to take action.