INTRODUCTION:

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a

high alternating voltage or vice- versa. A Transformer based on the Principle
of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil. A
transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a step up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.

THEORY:

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 Fig: - 1

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn

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 of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dΦ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant.

And then

Ep=-Np dΦ/dt………………. (1)

Es=-Ns dΦ/dt……………….. (2)

Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.
Ns = No. of turns of the secondary coil.
Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.
Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil

From the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get;

Es / Ep = - N s / N p ................ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the resistance
o, p1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by :

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = I p Rp

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 When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K Where K is constant,

called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER :

Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

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 If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power =
output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or

Es / E p = I p / I s = K

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence,

whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be
shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY :

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 Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power .i.e. η = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES :

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is
the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due
to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

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 3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and

demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

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 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

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 PROCEDURE :

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 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number
of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER:
A transformer issued in almost all a.c. operations-

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,

etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.

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 over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells etc.

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 SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION :

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

Bibliography:
www.google.com www.scribd.com

www.wikipedia.com