SPAM DETECTION USING SVM

A Project Report

Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering of

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA,
KAKINADA

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING)

By

HEMANTH (21481A4215)
LEENA KHAMAR SULTHANA (21481A4237)
HARI KRISHNA (21481A4240)
RAGHU (21481A4248)

Under the Enviable and Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. Y. ADILASKHMI, M. Tech, Ph.D.
Professor& Head of the Department,
CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING)

DEPARTMENT OF
CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING)
SESHADRI RAO GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
SESHADRIRAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE
GUDLAVALLERU – 521356
ANDHRA PRADESH
2022-2023
SESHADRI RAO GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE, GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “SPAM DETECTION

USING SVM” is a Bonafede record of work carried out by HEMANTH
(21481A4215) LEENA KHAMAR SULTHANA (21481A4237) HARI
KRISHNA (21481A4240) RAGHU (21481A4248) under the guidance and
supervision of Dr. Y. ADILASKHMI, M. Tech, Ph.D. in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science and Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada during the academic year
2023-24.

Project Guide Head of the Department

(Dr. Y. ADILASKHMI) (Dr. Y. ADILASKHMI)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible and whose constant
guidance and encouragements crown all the efforts with success.

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Y.
ADILAKSHMI, Professor & Head of the Department, CSE (Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning) for his constant guidance, supervision and motivation in
completing the project work.

We feel elated to express our floral gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Y.
ADILAKSHMI, Head of the Department, CSE (Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning) for his encouragements all the way during analysis of the project. His
annotations, insinuations and criticisms are the key behind the successful completion
of the project work.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our beloved principal Dr. B.
KARUNA KUMAR for providing a great support for us in completing our project and
giving us the opportunity for doing project.

Our Special thanks to the faculty of our department and programmers of our computer
lab. Finally, we thank our family members, non-teaching staff and our friends, who
had directly or indirectly helped and supported us in completing our project intime.

Team members

HEMANTH (21481A4215)
LEENA KHAMAR SULTHANA (21481A4237)
HARI KRISHNA (21481A4240)
RAGHU (21481A4248)
 INDEX

TITLE PAGE NO

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

ABSTRACT iii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 2

1.3 PROBLEM STATMENT 2

CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED METHOD

3.1 METHODOLOGY 3

3.2 IMPLEMENTATION 9

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
List of Program Outcomes and Program Specific Outcomes 22
Mapping of Program Outcomes with Graduated POs and PSOs 24
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS

SVM Support Vector Machine

ML Machine Learning

ps PorterStemmer

GUI Graphical user interface

NLP natural language processing

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Figure Name

No
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2.2 Data set
Figure 2.3 pie chart for the data set
Figure 2.4 dataset after labelEncoder
Figure 2.5 Importing module’s
Figure 2.6 Reading dataset
Figure 2.7 Pre-processing
Figure 2.8 Feature Extraction
Figure 2.9 Train-test Split
Figure 2.10 Model Training
Figure 3.1 train_test_split
Figure 3.2 Confusion Matrix
Figure 3.3 Results of the Model
Figure 3.4 A spam message
Figure 3.5 Not a Spam Message

ii
 ABSTRACT

Spam classification is an important task in identifying unwanted and potentially

harmful emails for internet users. The increasing number of internet users
highlights the growing importance of handling spam effectively. In this paper, we
propose an approach for spam classification using Support Vector Machines
(SVM) with grid search hyperparameter optimization. Our research differs from
existing studies by specifically focusing on the integration of SVM with grid search
to achieve optimal hyperparameter tuning. Additionally, we provide a unique
dataset comprising diverse samples of spam emails for evaluation purposes. We
also employ pre-processing techniques, including the removal of unnecessary
words such as stop words and punctuation marks, as well as word stemming to
convert words into their base forms. We can use any classification algorithm in this
problem. Most of them will work. But the problem is that these algorithms work
on numerical data and not on text data. So, we need to convert the words into some
sort of numeric data. For this, we are going to use Count Vectorizer which will
convert the text data into numeric data. The experimental results demonstrate that
our approach outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy, precision, and
recall. The findings of our research have significant implications for improving
spam detection systems and enhancing the overall effectiveness of email
communication.

iii
 Spam Detection using SVM

CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The number of email users is growing in tandem with the internet's proliferation.
Spam, which is caused by unsolicited bulk email messages, is a well-known
consequence of email’s expanding popularity. As people adapt their daily
routines to incorporate the internet, email use is expected to continue increasing.
Considered fundamental for communication, email has become the norm.
Harmful in nature, spam emails typically contain advertisements. These
unwelcome emails are both unopened and unneeded by the recipient. Numerous
recipients of email were bombarded by the sender of spam with an abundance of
identical messages. Releasing our email address to deceitful websites or
unauthorized parties usually results in the initiation of spam. The adverse impacts
of spam are manifold. Among them are slower internet speeds, the loss of
significant data, and search engines yielding less accurate results due to the influx
of spam content. Spam also leads to unproductive use of valuable time and an
overwhelming number of frustrating messages for users. Recognizing spammers
and their tactics is pivotal for appropriate counter measures. Despite extensive
research, identifying spam content remains challenging. However, there is still
scope for improvement in distinguishing genuine surveys from unsolicited
contact attempts.

Inefficient communication and high memory consumption impair spam

mitigation efforts. Mass email spam and bulk email attacks against people or
firms are also common, as are unwanted commercial emails and malicious
content-collectively known as spam bot mailing. Such behavioural seriously
harm individuals and groups by gathering personal data, disseminating malware,
and influencing public views.

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 Spam Detection using SVM

1.2 Objectives Of the Project

• Develop a robust SVM-based model to accurately classify emails as spam
or ham using a well-curated and preprocessed dataset.
• Extract and engineer relevant features from email content and metadata to
enhance model performance.
• Train the SVM classifier, optimizing kernel functions and
hyperparameters to achieve high accuracy and low error rates.
• Evaluate and deploy the model for real-time email classification, ensuring
continuous updates to adapt to evolving spam tactics.
1.3 Problem Statement
With the exponential growth of email communication, the prevalence of spam
emails has become a significant issue, leading to decreased productivity,
increased security risks, and potential financial losses. Traditional rule-based
spam filters often fail to adapt to the evolving tactics of spammers, resulting
in either an excessive number of false positives, where legitimate emails are
marked as spam, or false negatives, where spam emails bypass the filter. This
project aims to develop a machine learning-based solution using Support
Vector Machine (SVM) to accurately and efficiently classify emails as spam
or not spam, thereby enhancing email security and user experience.

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 Spam Detection using SVM

CHAPTER 2
2 PROPOSED METHODS

2.1 Methodology
So, as you can see it is a classification problem. We can use any classification
algorithm in this problem. Most of them will work. But the problem is that these
algorithms work on numerical data and not on text data. So, we need to convert
the words into some sort of numeric data.

For this, we are going to use Count Vectorizer which will convert the text data
into numeric data. The count Vectorizer has already been explained above in the
article.

For this project, we are going to use support vector machines. The reason for
choosing the SVM is that it seems to work best for most classification problems.

2.1.1 Block diagram

Data Set

Pre-Processing Phase Feature Extraction

and Selection SVM Training

Test
Performance evolution Classification Result
Classification

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 Spam Detection using SVM

2.1.2 Load Data set

To initiate the spam detection project using SVM, we begin by loading the email
dataset from a CSV file. This dataset is essential for training and evaluating our
machine learning model. We utilize the Pandas library to read the dataset into a
Data Frame, a flexible data structure ideal for data manipulation and analysis.
Once loaded, we perform an initial exploration by viewing the first few rows,
which gives us a preliminary understanding of the data. The dataset typically
includes features such as email content, sender information, and a label indicating
whether the email is spam or not (ham).at initially the data set contains the 5572
rows × 2 columns.

Figure 2.2 Data set

2.1.3 Pre-processing phase

To ensure the quality and reliability of our dataset for the spam detection project,

we undertake a thorough data cleaning process. The first step in this process
involves removing any duplicate rows. Duplicate rows can skew the model's
learning process, leading to biased or inaccurate predictions. By using Pandas'
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 Spam Detection using SVM

drop duplicates() function, we can efficiently eliminate these redundancies and

ensure that each row represents a unique email entry.
After removing duplicate data items, 5169 rows × 2 columns are in the data set.
Out of the 5169 data samples, the data set contains 86.6% ham messages and 13.4%
spam messages.

Figure 2.3 pie chart for the data set

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After removing duplicate data items, 5169 rows × 2 columns are in the data set.

Out of the 5169 data samples, the data set contains 86.6% ham messages and
13.4% spam messages.

After addressing duplicates, the next crucial step is to handle the categorical labels.
In our dataset, emails are labelled as either 'spam' or 'not spam' (ham). Machine
learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), require
numerical input for processing. Therefore, we need to convert these categorical
labels into numerical values. This transformation is accomplished using the
LabelEncoder from the Scikit-Learn library. The LabelEncoder assigns a unique
numerical value to each category: for instance, 'spam' might be encoded as 1 and
'not spam' as 0. This encoding not only facilitates the model's ability to process the
labels but also preserves the categorical information in a numerical format that the
algorithm can interpret.

Figure 2.4 dataset after labelEncoder

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2.1.4 Feature extraction and selection

Preparing text data for the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model involves
several preprocessing steps to convert raw email content into a suitable format
for machine learning. This transformation enhances the model's ability to
accurately classify emails as spam or not spam. Here are the detailed steps
involved in text data preparation:

1. Converting Text to Lowercase: The first step in text preprocessing is to

convert all text to lowercase. This standardization ensures that words like
"Email," "email," and "EMAIL" are treated identically, reducing
redundancy and improving consistency in the dataset. This is achieved
using Python's string manipulation methods.
2. Tokenizing Text into Words: Tokenization involves splitting the text into
individual words or tokens. This step is crucial because it breaks down the
text into manageable pieces that can be further processed. Tokenization can
be performed using libraries like NLTK or spaCy, which efficiently handle
various punctuation and special characters.
3. Removing Non-Alphanumeric Characters: Non-alphanumeric
characters, such as punctuation marks and symbols, often do not contribute
to the semantic meaning of the text in the context of spam detection.
Removing these characters helps in focusing on the actual content of the
email. This can be done using regular expressions to filter out unwanted
characters.

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4. Removing Stop Words: Stop words are common words such as "the," "is,"
"in," and "and" that appear frequently in text but do not carry significant
meaning in the context of spam detection. Removing these stop words
reduces noise in the data and improves model performance. Libraries like
NLTK provide predefined lists of stop words that can be used for this
purpose.
5. Applying Stemming: Stemming is the process of reducing words to their
root form. For example, "running," "runner," and "ran" can all be reduced
to the root word "run." This normalization helps in treating different forms
of a word as the same, thus improving the model's ability to generalize. The
Porter Stemmer from NLTK is a commonly used tool for this task.

2.1.5 Splitting of data for training and testing

To effectively evaluate the performance of our SVM model for spam detection,
we must divide the dataset into training and testing sets. This division is essential
for assessing how well our model generalizes to unseen data, ensuring that it
performs well not only on the training data but also on new, unseen examples.
The training set is used to train the model, while the testing set is reserved for
evaluating its performance. We utilize the train_test_split function from the

Scikit-Learn library, which allows us to randomly split the dataset based on a

specified ratio, typically 80% for training and 20% for testing

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2.1.6 Model building

In the context of spam detection, SVM works by learning patterns and features
from labeled examples of emails. Features extracted from emails, such as word
frequencies, presence of specific keywords, or other text characteristics, are used
to train the SVM model. During training, SVM adjusts its parameters to create an
optimal decision boundary that effectively distinguishes between spam and
legitimate emails based on these features.

advantages

• Effective in High-Dimensional Spaces: SVM performs well in scenarios

where the number of features (e.g., words in an email) is large and
potentially sparse.
• Robust to Overfitting: SVM's margin maximization approach helps in
generalizing well to new data, reducing the risk of overfitting.
• Versatility: SVM can handle different types of kernels, allowing it to
capture complex relationships in the data, which is beneficial in scenarios
where data might not be linearly separable.

2.2 IMPLEMENTATION

Jupyter Notebooks are vital for ML projects, offering an interactive environment

that integrates code execution, data visualization, and documentation. They
streamline workflows by enabling data exploration, model development, and
evaluation in one platform. Supporting Python, R, and Julia, Jupyter facilitates
seamless experimentation and iteration in algorithm implementation and tuning.
Markdown cells enable detailed project documentation, including methodologies,

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 Spam Detection using SVM

preprocessing steps, and model analysis. Overall, Jupyter Notebooks enhance

productivity and collaboration in ML through their interactive and versatile
features.

2.2.1 Import the Modules

For this project we import the libraries (NumPy, pandas, nltk, sklearn) for text
pre-processing and SVM modelling. It initializes a PorterStemmer (ps) for word
stemming. Key functionalities include text pre-processing, feature extraction
using CountVectorizer and TfidfVectorizer, and model selection via
GridSearchCV for SVM parameters optimization.

Figure 2.5 Importing module’s

2.2.2 Read the Data:

This code reads a CSV file named 'spam.csv' into a Pandas DataFrame (df),
typically containing data for spam detection tasks. It prepares the dataset for
further analysis and model training in a machine learning project, focusing on
email classification as spam or not spam.

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Figure 2.6 Reading dataset

2.1.1 Data Cleaning and Pre-processing

This code snippet transforms categorical labels ('spam' and 'ham') into numerical
values (0 and 1) using LabelEncoder, facilitating machine learning model
compatibility. Additionally, it removes duplicate rows from the dataset df,
ensuring data integrity and reducing potential biases during model training and
evaluation.

Figure 2.7 Pre-processing

2.1.2 Feature Extraction:

Processing the feature extraction process for svm model

Figure 2.8 Feature Extraction

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2.1.3 Feature Extraction:

Processing the feature extraction process for svm model

Figure 2.8 Feature Extraction

2.1.4 Train-Test Split:

Figure 2.9 Train-test Split

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2.1.5 Model Training:

Figure 2.10 Model Training

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CHAPTER 3

1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.1 Data splitting
The dataset is split into training and validation sets using train_test_split from
sklearn.model_selection in the ration 75:25. This ensures that the model's
performance can be evaluated on unseen data during training.

Figure 3.1: train_test_split

1.2 Confusion matrix

A confusion matrix is a table used to evaluate the performance of a classification
model by summarizing the counts of true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false
positive (FP), and false negative (FN) predictions. It helps in understanding the
accuracy, precision, recall, and overall effectiveness of the model by providing a
detailed breakdown of correct and incorrect classifications.

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Figure 3.2 Confusion Matrix

1.3 Results of the Model

The Accuracy measures overall correctness, F1 score balances precision and
recall, precision quantifies positive prediction accuracy, recall measures true
positive rate, and specificity assesses true negative rate.

The results for this project are,

Figure 3.3 Results of the Model

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1.4 GUI Implementation

A graphical user interface (GUI) implementation enhances the user experience
by providing an intuitive, visual platform for interacting with the spam detection
model. It allows users to easily input data, view results, and interpret model
outputs without needing to interact directly with the code, making the application
accessible to non-technical users.

Figure 3.4 A spam message

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Figure 3.5 not a spam message

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CHAPTER 4

2 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

2.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of

Support Vector Machines (SVM) in the critical task of spam detection. By
employing SVM, we have developed a robust model that accurately distinguishes
between spam and legitimate emails based on their textual features. The project's
success can be attributed to a systematic approach that included thorough data
preprocessing, feature extraction using TF-IDF, and rigorous model training and
evaluation. Throughout the experimentation phase, the SVM model consistently
exhibited high performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1
score, indicating its ability to effectively mitigate the risks associated with
unwanted email communications.

Furthermore, this project contributes to enhancing email security and user

experience by providing a reliable mechanism to filter out spam emails, thereby
reducing potential threats and minimizing disruptions in communication
channels. The application of SVM in this context showcases its adaptability and
reliability in handling high-dimensional text data and making informed
classification decisions.

2.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Looking ahead, there are several avenues for expanding and refining this spam
detection system. Future research could explore more advanced techniques in
natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning to further enhance the
model's performance. This includes investigating deep learning architectures such
as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) or Transformer models like BERT, which
can capture intricate patterns and semantic relationships in textual data.
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Additionally, ensemble methods such as Voting classifiers or Stacking could be

employed to combine multiple base models and improve overall prediction
accuracy.

Moreover, the development of a real-time spam detection system would be

beneficial in environments where timely decision-making is crucial.
Implementing streaming data processing frameworks and efficient model
deployment strategies could enable the system to handle large volumes of
incoming emails in real-time.

Enhancing the user interface (UI) to provide intuitive visualization of model

predictions and performance metrics would further empower end-users to
interpret and trust the system's outputs. This could involve designing interactive
dashboards or integrating notification mechanisms to alert users about potential
spam threats.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Almeida, T., Hidalgo, J.M., Silva, T. 2013. Towards SMS spam filtering: Results
under a new dataset. International Journal of Information Security Science, 2, 1–
18.

Ardhianto, P., Subiakto, RBR., Lin, C-Y., Jan, Y-K., Liau, B-Y., Tsai, J-Y.,
Akbari, VBH., Lung, C-W. 2022. A deep learning method for foot progression
angle detection in plantar pressure images, Sensors, 22, 2786.

Assagaf, I., Sukandi, A., Abdillah, A.A., Arifin, S., Ga, J.L. 2023. Machine
predictive maintenance by using support vector machines. Recent in Engineering
Science and Technology, 1, 31–35.

Budiman, E., Lawi, A., Wungo, S.L. 2019. Implementation of SVM kernels for
identifying irregularities usage of smart electric voucher. 2019 5th International
Conference on Computing Engineering and Design (ICCED), Singapore. 1–5.

Cahyani, D.E., Patasik, I. 2021. Performance comparison of TF-IDF and

Word2Vec models for emotion text classification. Bulletin of Electrical
Engineering and Informatics, 10, 2780–2788.

Chen, R.C., Dewi, C., Huang, S.W., Caraka, R.E. 2020. Selecting critical features
for data classification based on machine learning methods. Journal of Big Data,
7, 52.

Chong, K., Shah, N. 2022. Comparison of naive bayes and SVM classification in
grid-search hyperparameter tuned and non-

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yperparameter tuned healthcare stock market sentiment analysis. International

Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), 13, 90–94.

Clarke, C.L.A., Fuhr, N., Kando, N., Kraaij, W., De Vries, A.P. 2007. SIGIR
2007. Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on
Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Association for Computing
Machinery, New York, USA.

Cormack, G.V., Gómez Hidalgo, J.M., Sánz, E.P. 2007. Spam filtering for short
messages. In Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on
information and knowledge management, 313–320.

Darmawan, Z.M.E., Dianta, A.F. 2023. Implementasi optimasi hyperparameter

GridSearchCV pada sistem prediksi serangan jantung menggunakan SVM. Jurnal
Ilmiah Sistem Informasi, 13, 8–15.

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Seshadri Rao Gudlavalleru Engineering College
 SESHADRI RAO GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village, Gudlavalleru
Department of CSE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING)

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems anddesign
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions., component, or software to meet the desired needs.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant tothe
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need forsustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
 effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 : Design, develop, test and maintain reliable software systems and intelligent systems.
PSO2 : Design and develop web sites, web apps and mobile apps.
 PROJECT PROFORMA

Application Product Research Review

Classification
of
Project √
Note: Tick Appropriate category

Machine Learning Outcomes

Course Outcome Describe machine learning and different forms of learning.

(CO1)
Course Outcome Use statistical learning techniques to solve a class of
(CO2) problems.
Build support vector machine for the given data to create
Course Outcome optimal boundary
(CO3)
that best classifies the data.
Course Outcome Design neural networks to simulate the way human brain
(CO4) analyzes and processes information.
Course Outcome Solve classification problems using a decision tree.
(CO5)

Mapping Table
CS3509 : MACHINE LEARNING
Program Outcomes and Program Specific Outcome
Course
Outcomes PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

CO1 1 1 1

CO2 1 1

CO3 2 3 2 2 1

CO4 2 2 3 2 2 2

CO5 1 2 3 1 2 1

Note: Map each Data Mining outcomes with POs and PSOs with
either 1 or 2 or 3based on level of mapping as follows:

1-Slightly (Low) mapped 2-Moderately (Medium) mapped 3-Substantially (High) mapped