About the Tutorial

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for

creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It
is open and cross-platform.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand
the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and web
applications.

Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML
coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to object-oriented
programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.

Copyright and Disclaimer

 Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy,
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manner without written consent of the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If
you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
[email protected]

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .............................................................................................................................................
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright and Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii

PART 1: JAVASCRIPT BASICS ........................................................................................................ 1

1. JAVASCRIPT – Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2

What is JavaScript? .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Client-Side JavaScript....................................................................................................................................... 2
Advantages of JavaScript ................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitations of JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 3
JavaScript Development Tools......................................................................................................................... 3
Where is JavaScript Today? ............................................................................................................................. 4

2. JAVASCRIPT – Syntax ................................................................................................................................ 5

Your First JavaScript Code ............................................................................................................................... 5
Whitespace and Line Breaks ............................................................................................................................ 6
Semicolons are Optional.................................................................................................................................. 6
Case Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Comments in JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 7

3. JAVASCRIPT – Enabling ............................................................................................................................. 9

JavaScript in Internet Explorer ........................................................................................................................ 9
JavaScript in Firefox ......................................................................................................................................... 9
JavaScript in Chrome ..................................................................................................................................... 10
JavaScript in Opera ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers ........................................................................................................... 10

4. JAVASCRIPT – Placement ........................................................................................................................ 12

JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section ......................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section ......................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections .................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in External File .............................................................................................................................. 14

5. JAVASCRIPT – Variables .......................................................................................................................... 16

JavaScript Datatypes...................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variable Scope .............................................................................................................................. 17
JavaScript Variable Names ............................................................................................................................ 18
JavaScript Reserved Words ........................................................................................................................... 19

6. JAVASCRIPT – Operators ......................................................................................................................... 20

What is an Operator? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 20
Comparison Operators .................................................................................................................................. 23
Logical Operators........................................................................................................................................... 26
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 Bitwise Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Assignment Operators ................................................................................................................................... 31
Miscellaneous Operators............................................................................................................................... 34

7. JAVASCRIPT – If-Else ............................................................................................................................... 38

Flow Chart of if-else....................................................................................................................................... 38
if Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 39
if...else Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 40
if...else if... Statement ................................................................................................................................... 41

8. JAVASCRIPT – Switch-Case ...................................................................................................................... 43

Flow Chart ..................................................................................................................................................... 43

9. JAVASCRIPT – While Loop ....................................................................................................................... 47

The while Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47
The do...while Loop ....................................................................................................................................... 49

10. JAVASCRIPT – For Loop ........................................................................................................................... 52

The for Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 52

11. JAVASCRIPT – For-in Loop ....................................................................................................................... 55

12. JAVASCRIPT – Loop Control..................................................................................................................... 57

The break Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 57
The continue Statement ................................................................................................................................ 59
Using Labels to Control the Flow ................................................................................................................... 60

13. JAVASCRIPT – Functions .......................................................................................................................... 64

Function Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Calling a Function .......................................................................................................................................... 65
Function Parameters ..................................................................................................................................... 66
The return Statement .................................................................................................................................... 67
Nested Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Function () Constructor ................................................................................................................................. 70
Function Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 71

14. JAVASCRIPT – Events............................................................................................................................... 74

What is an Event? .......................................................................................................................................... 74
onclick Event Type ......................................................................................................................................... 74
onsubmit Event Type ..................................................................................................................................... 75
onmouseover and onmouseout .................................................................................................................... 76
HTML 5 Standard Events ............................................................................................................................... 77

15. JAVASCRIPT – Cookies ............................................................................................................................. 82

What are Cookies?......................................................................................................................................... 82
How It Works? ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Storing Cookies .............................................................................................................................................. 83
Reading Cookies ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Setting Cookies Expiry Date ........................................................................................................................... 86
Deleting a Cookie ........................................................................................................................................... 87

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16. JAVASCRIPT – Page Redirect ................................................................................................................... 89
What is Page Redirection? ............................................................................................................................. 89
JavaScript Page Refresh ................................................................................................................................. 89
Auto Refresh .................................................................................................................................................. 89
How Page Re-direction Works? ..................................................................................................................... 90

17. JAVASCRIPT – Dialog Box ........................................................................................................................ 94

Alert Dialog Box ............................................................................................................................................. 94
Confirmation Dialog Box ................................................................................................................................ 95
Prompt Dialog Box ......................................................................................................................................... 96

18. JAVASCRIPT – Void Keyword ................................................................................................................... 98

19. JAVASCRIPT – Page Printing .................................................................................................................. 101

How to Print a Page? ................................................................................................................................... 102

PART 2: JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS ................................................................................................. 103

20. JAVASCRIPT – Objects ........................................................................................................................... 105

Object Properties......................................................................................................................................... 105
Object Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 105
User-Defined Objects .................................................................................................................................. 106
Defining Methods for an Object .................................................................................................................. 108
The ‘with’ Keyword ...................................................................................................................................... 109

21. JAVASCRIPT – Number .......................................................................................................................... 112

Number Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 112
MAX_VALUE ................................................................................................................................................ 113
MIN_VALUE ................................................................................................................................................. 114
NaN .............................................................................................................................................................. 115
NEGATIVE_INFINITY ..................................................................................................................................... 117
POSITIVE_INFINITY ...................................................................................................................................... 118
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 119
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 121
Number Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 121
toExponential () ........................................................................................................................................... 122
toFixed ()...................................................................................................................................................... 124
toLocaleString () .......................................................................................................................................... 125
toPrecision () ............................................................................................................................................... 126
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 127
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 128

22. JAVASCRIPT – Boolean .......................................................................................................................... 130

Boolean Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 130
constructor () ............................................................................................................................................... 130
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 131
Boolean Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 132
toSource () ................................................................................................................................................... 133
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 134
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 135
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23. JAVASCRIPT – String .............................................................................................................................. 137
String Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 137
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 137
Length .......................................................................................................................................................... 138
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 139
String Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 140
charAt() ........................................................................................................................................................ 142
charCodeAt ()............................................................................................................................................... 143
contact () ..................................................................................................................................................... 144
indexOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 145
lastIndexOf () ............................................................................................................................................... 147
localeCompare () ......................................................................................................................................... 148
match () ....................................................................................................................................................... 149
replace () ...................................................................................................................................................... 150
Search () ....................................................................................................................................................... 153
slice () .......................................................................................................................................................... 154
split () ........................................................................................................................................................... 155
substr ()........................................................................................................................................................ 156
substring () ................................................................................................................................................... 157
toLocaleLowerCase() ................................................................................................................................... 158
toLocaleUppereCase () ................................................................................................................................ 159
toLowerCase ()............................................................................................................................................. 160
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 161
toUpperCase () ............................................................................................................................................ 162
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 163
String HTML Wrappers ................................................................................................................................ 164
anchor() ....................................................................................................................................................... 165
big().............................................................................................................................................................. 166
blink () .......................................................................................................................................................... 167
bold () .......................................................................................................................................................... 168
fixed () .......................................................................................................................................................... 168
fontColor () .................................................................................................................................................. 169
fontsize () ..................................................................................................................................................... 170
italics () ........................................................................................................................................................ 171
link () ............................................................................................................................................................ 172
small () ......................................................................................................................................................... 173
strike ()......................................................................................................................................................... 174
sub() ............................................................................................................................................................. 175
sup () ............................................................................................................................................................ 176

24. JAVASCRIPT – Arrays ............................................................................................................................. 178

Array Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 178
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 179
length........................................................................................................................................................... 180
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 181
Array Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 182
concat () ....................................................................................................................................................... 184
every ()......................................................................................................................................................... 185
filter () .......................................................................................................................................................... 187
forEach () ..................................................................................................................................................... 190

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 indexOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
join () ........................................................................................................................................................... 195
lastIndexOf () ............................................................................................................................................... 196
map () .......................................................................................................................................................... 199
pop () ........................................................................................................................................................... 201
push () .......................................................................................................................................................... 202
reduce () ...................................................................................................................................................... 204
reduceRight () .............................................................................................................................................. 207
reverse () ..................................................................................................................................................... 211
shift () .......................................................................................................................................................... 212
slice () .......................................................................................................................................................... 213
some () ......................................................................................................................................................... 214
sort () ........................................................................................................................................................... 216
splice () ........................................................................................................................................................ 217
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 219
unshift () ...................................................................................................................................................... 220

25. JAVASCRIPT – Date ............................................................................................................................... 222

Date Properties............................................................................................................................................ 223
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 223
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 224
Date Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 226
Date() ........................................................................................................................................................... 229
getDate()...................................................................................................................................................... 229
getDay() ....................................................................................................................................................... 230
getFullYear() ................................................................................................................................................ 231
getHours() .................................................................................................................................................... 232
getMilliseconds() ......................................................................................................................................... 233
getMinutes () ............................................................................................................................................... 234
getMonth () ................................................................................................................................................. 235
getSeconds () ............................................................................................................................................... 236
getTime () .................................................................................................................................................... 236
getTimezoneOffset () ................................................................................................................................... 237
getUTCDate () .............................................................................................................................................. 238
getUTCDay () ................................................................................................................................................ 239
getUTCFullYear () ......................................................................................................................................... 240
getUTCHours () ............................................................................................................................................ 241
getUTCMilliseconds () .................................................................................................................................. 242
getUTCMinutes () ........................................................................................................................................ 243
getUTCMonth () ........................................................................................................................................... 243
getUTCSeconds () ........................................................................................................................................ 244
getYear () ..................................................................................................................................................... 245
setDate () ..................................................................................................................................................... 246
setFullYear () ................................................................................................................................................ 247
setHours () ................................................................................................................................................... 248
setMilliseconds ()......................................................................................................................................... 249
setMinutes () ............................................................................................................................................... 250
setMonth () .................................................................................................................................................. 251
setSeconds () ............................................................................................................................................... 252
setTime () ..................................................................................................................................................... 254

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 setUTCDate () .............................................................................................................................................. 254
setUTCFullYear () ......................................................................................................................................... 255
setUTCHours () ............................................................................................................................................ 257
setUTCMilliseconds () .................................................................................................................................. 258
setUTCMinutes () ......................................................................................................................................... 259
setUTC Month () .......................................................................................................................................... 260
setUTCSeconds () ......................................................................................................................................... 261
setYear () ..................................................................................................................................................... 262
toDateString () ............................................................................................................................................. 263
toGMTString () ............................................................................................................................................. 264
toLocaleDateString () ................................................................................................................................... 265
toLocaleDateString () ................................................................................................................................... 266
toLocaleFormat () ........................................................................................................................................ 266
toLocaleString () .......................................................................................................................................... 267
toLocaleTimeSring () .................................................................................................................................... 268
toSource () ................................................................................................................................................... 269
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 270
toTimeString () ............................................................................................................................................. 271
toUTCString () .............................................................................................................................................. 272
valeOf () ....................................................................................................................................................... 273
Date Static Methods .................................................................................................................................... 274
Date.parse ( ) ............................................................................................................................................... 274
Date.UTC ( ) ................................................................................................................................................. 275

26. JAVASCRIPT – Math .............................................................................................................................. 277

Math Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 277
Math-E ......................................................................................................................................................... 278
Math-LN2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 279
Math-LN10 ................................................................................................................................................... 279
Math-LOG2E ................................................................................................................................................ 280
Math-LOG10E .............................................................................................................................................. 281
Math-PI ........................................................................................................................................................ 282
Math-SQRT1_2 ............................................................................................................................................ 283
Math-SQRT2 ................................................................................................................................................ 283
Math Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 284
abs () ............................................................................................................................................................ 285
acos () .......................................................................................................................................................... 287
asin ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 288
atan ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 289
atan2 ( ) ....................................................................................................................................................... 290
ceil ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 292
cos ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 293
exp ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
floor ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 296
log ( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 297
max ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 298
min ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 300
pow ( ).......................................................................................................................................................... 301
random ( ) .................................................................................................................................................... 302
round ( ) ....................................................................................................................................................... 304

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 sin ( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 305
sqrt ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 306
tan ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 307
toSource ( ) .................................................................................................................................................. 309

27. JAVASCRIPT – RegExp ........................................................................................................................... 310

Brackets ....................................................................................................................................................... 310
Quantifiers ................................................................................................................................................... 311
Literal Characters......................................................................................................................................... 312
Metacharacters ........................................................................................................................................... 313
Modifiers ..................................................................................................................................................... 313
RegExp Properties ....................................................................................................................................... 314
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 314
global ........................................................................................................................................................... 315
ignoreCase ................................................................................................................................................... 316
lastIndex ...................................................................................................................................................... 318
multiline....................................................................................................................................................... 319
source .......................................................................................................................................................... 320
RegExp Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 321
exec ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 322
test ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 323
toSource ( ) .................................................................................................................................................. 324
toString ( ) .................................................................................................................................................... 325

28. JAVASCRIPT – DOM ............................................................................................................................... 327

The Legacy DOM .......................................................................................................................................... 328
The W3C DOM ............................................................................................................................................. 334
The IE 4 DOM ............................................................................................................................................... 338
DOM Compatibility ...................................................................................................................................... 342

PART 3: JAVASCRIPT ADVANCED ............................................................................................. 344

29. JAVASCRIPT – Errors and Exceptions ..................................................................................................... 345

Syntax Errors................................................................................................................................................ 345
Runtime Errors ............................................................................................................................................ 345
Logical Errors ............................................................................................................................................... 346
The try...catch...finally Statement ............................................................................................................... 346
The throw Statement .................................................................................................................................. 350
The onerror( ) Method ................................................................................................................................ 351

30. JAVASCRIPT – Form Validation .............................................................................................................. 354

Basic Form Validation .................................................................................................................................. 356
Data Format Validation ............................................................................................................................... 357

31. JAVASCRIPT – Animation ...................................................................................................................... 359

Manual Animation ....................................................................................................................................... 360
Automated Animation ................................................................................................................................. 361
Rollover with a Mouse Event ....................................................................................................................... 362

32. JAVASCRIPT – Multimedia ..................................................................................................................... 365

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 Checking for Plug-Ins ................................................................................................................................... 366
Controlling Multimedia ............................................................................................................................... 367

33. JAVASCRIPT – Debugging ...................................................................................................................... 369

Error Messages in IE .................................................................................................................................... 369
Error Messages in Firefox or Mozilla ........................................................................................................... 370
Error Notifications ....................................................................................................................................... 371
How to Debug a Script ................................................................................................................................. 371
Useful Tips for Developers .......................................................................................................................... 372

34. JAVASCRIPT – Image Map ..................................................................................................................... 374

35. JAVASCRIPT – Browsers ........................................................................................................................ 377

Navigator Properties ................................................................................................................................... 377
Navigator Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 378
Browser Detection ....................................................................................................................................... 379

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