7 Vectors
7 Vectors
Shivangi Chandel
1 Vector Space
At some point, one would like to aggregate firm data and look at the
industry performance.
What algebraic properties on vectors can be naturally defined?
Addition/Subtraction of two n-vectors:
x ± y = (x1 ± y1 , x2 + y2 , · · · , xn + yn )
Multiplication of a vector by a real number λ:
Definition 1.1
A vector space consists of the following:
a field F of scalars;
a set V of objects, called vectors; and
algebraic rules of vector addition (+ : V × V −→ V) and scalar
multiplication (· : F × V −→ V)
satisfying properties 1-8 as above.
1 Vector Space
Definition 2.1
A vector y ∈ Rn can be written as a linear combination of the set of
vectors x1 , x2 , · · · , xm in Rn if there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λm such that
y = λ 1 x1 + λ 2 x2 + · · · + λ m xm .
Definition 2.2
A set of m vectors, x1 , x2 , · · · , xm in Rn is linearly dependent if there
exists scalars λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λm , not all zero, such that
λ1 x1 + λ2 x2 + · · · + λm xm = 0.
Definition 2.3
Let V be a vector space. A basis for V is a linearly independent set of
vectors in V which spans the whole space V. The space V is
finite-dimensional if it has a finite basis with the dimension of V being
the number of vectors in the basis set.
For a set of vectors to form basis, we need both - spanning the whole
V and linear independence between the vectors.
However, 1) not all linearly independent sets span the complete vector
space. Example: Consider A = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}
2) A set that spans the vector space may not be linearly independent.
Example: Consider B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 7)}.
The next proposition can serve as a useful definition of a basis of V.
v = a1 x1 + · · · + am xm ,
where a1 , · · · , an ∈ R.
Proof.
To be discussed in class.
A vector space has a unique dimension but can have more than one
basis set (example?). In other words, any two bases of a
finite-dimensional vector space have the same length.
Suppose dimension of V is n, then n + 1 vectors in V are linearly
dependent i.e. Basis is the maximal linearly independent set (why?).
Any subset of linearly independent set is also linearly independent
(why?).
Any superset of linearly dependent set is also linearly dependent
(why?).
Definition 2.4
Let V be a vector space over a field F . A subspace of V is a subset W of
V which is itself a vector space over F with operations of vector addition
and scalar multiplication on V. In other words, for each pair of vectors x
and y ∈ W, and each scalar α ∈ F , αx + y ∈ W.
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