ASE2012 THERMODYNAMICS FOR AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

Introduction

Dr. Senthil Kumar Arumugam

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 Thermal Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Design

Manufacturing

Chemical Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
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 What it is all about?
• Thermodynamics is a science and, more importantly, an
engineering tool used to describe processes that involve
changes in temperature, transformation of energy, and the
relationships between heat and work

• It can be regarded as a generalization of an enormous body of

empirical evidence.
• It is used to describe the performance of propulsion systems,
power generation systems, and refrigerators, and to describe
fluid flow, combustion, and many other phenomena.
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• The primary focus of thermodynamics of is
- on the production of work from heat and
- production of cold from work

Combustion Heat
Solar Heat Heat Engine Mechanical
Nuclear Heat Work

Waste Heat

Mechanical Energy Refrigerator Cold

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 Some application areas of thermodynamics
.

1-1
 The definition of the force units.

SI

mks

1 kgf = 9.81 N

1-2
Weight

W = mg

If m = 60 kg, g = 9.81 m/s2,

W = 60 × 9.81 = 588.6 kgm/s2 or N
W = ? in N and kgf

On the moon g = 1.625 m/ s2 W = 60 × 1.625 = 97.5 kgm/s2 or N

If m = 60 kg,
W = ? in N and kgf
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• Work done = Force × distance = Nm or Joule (J)
• Energy – Joule (J)
• Power = Rate of work done J/s = W

kW-hr ?
Unit of energy
1 kW- hr = 3600 kJ

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System, surroundings, and
boundary.

System + Surroundings = Universe

1-3
 Closed system or control mass

Mass cannot cross the boundaries of a closed

system, but energy can.

1-4
 Open System or Control Volume

A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real,

and imaginary boundaries.

1-5
 Air compressor – an open system

Each component is an open system

But the entire system is a closed system

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The control volume will be moving
Isolated System
• An isolated system – neither mass nor energy transfer across
the boundary

• Eg: ?
The universe

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 Intensive properties Independent of mass
Gas
Extensive Property Depends on the mass

Thermodynamic Properties
Pressure (P) Specific Properties
Temperate (T)
Specific volume (v) = V/m
Volume (V)
Specific enthalpy (h) = H/m
Mass (m)
Specific Entropy (s) = S/m
Internal Energy (U)
Enthalpy (H)
Entropy (S)
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Intensive Properties 15
 Gas

It can be treated as continuous and

homogeneous matter with no holes - continuum

For example: O2 at 1 atm pressure and 20 0C

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 Consider a system not undergoing any change –
It is said to be in a state

Thermodynamic Properties describe the state

-The system has to be in equilibrium to define its state

Thermal Equilibrium
Mechanical equilibrium Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium
Phase equilibrium
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The

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 Process

A process between
states 1 and 2 and the
process path.

1-6
 The P-V diagram of a
compression process.

1-7
 Quasi-static process

Property A

Property B

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Temperature is a measure “hotness” or “coldness”

How to define?

We can not assign numerical values based on our sensation

Fortunately, several properties of materials change with temperature in a

predictable and repeatable way

This forms the basis for temperature measurement.

Ex: Mercury-in-glass thermometer, Platinum resistor, constant volume vessel

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 The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

-thermal equilibrium

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if

two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium
with each other

Body A

Body C

Body B

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 Basis for temperature measurement The zeroth law was formulated
and labeled by R. H. Fowler in
1931
A

C
B

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 A common basis for temperature measurement

Several scales have been introduced throughout the history

All temperature scales are based on easily reproducible states

Ice point, steam point

A mixture of ice and water at 1 atm pressure is said to be the ice point

A mixture of liquid and water vapour (steam) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure is

said to be the steam point.
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 Two – point scales

SI Celsius scale Ice point is assigned to 0 Steam point 1000C

English unit Fahrenheit scale 32 212oF

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 Thermodynamic temperature Scale

- Independent of the properties of any substance or substances

Developed in conjunction with the second law of thermodynamics

Kelvin scale K

Absolute zero is 0 K

In English system : Rankine scale R

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 Ideal-gas temperature scale

-Nearly identical to the Kelvin scale

A constant-volume gas thermometer

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 At the Tenth General Conference on Weights and
Measures in 1954, the reference point was changed
to a much more precisely reproducible point, the
triple point of water, which is assigned the value
273.16 K

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Pressure
- A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Since Pascal is too small, bar , standard atmospheric (atm) and kgf/cm2 are used is used

1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 Mpa = 100 kPa

1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar

1 kgf/cm2 = 9.807 N/cm2 = 9.807 X 104 N/m 2 = 9.807 X 104 Pa

= 0.9807 bar
= 0.9679 atm

14.7 psi = 1 atm = 1 bar

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Absolute, gauge, and vacuum pressures.

Pabs = Pgauge + P atm

9/19/2024 Pabs = Patm - P vac

32
 Pressure head
Barometric pressure

1-14
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