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Computer networks and data communication

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5 views

Computer networks and data communication

Uploaded by

amnazubair0001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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data communication:

**Definition**:

**Data Communication** refers to the exchange of data or information


between two or more devices (e.g., computers, smartphones, servers)
using a transmission medium like cables or wireless signals. It ensures
that information is sent from a source (sender) to a destination
(receiver) effectively, accurately, and reliably.

### **Basic Elements of Data Communication**

1. **Sender**:

- A device that sends message is called sending device.It is also called


source.The device that initiates the communication.

- Examples: The sending device can be Computers, mobile phones,


fax machine .

2. **Receiver**:

- A device that receive the message is called the receiving device. It is


also called sink. The device or system that receives the transmitted
data.

- Examples: The receiving devices are Servers, printers, or another


computer.

3. **Message**:

- The data being communicated between sending and receiving


devices through communication medium.

- Types: Text, images, audio, video, or combinations of these.


4. **Transmission Medium**:

- The channel through which data is transmitted.It is used to carry


messages from one place to another.It is also called communication
channel.It can be physical cable and wireless connection.

- Types:

- **Wired**: Copper wires, fiber optic cables.

- **Wireless**: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, or satellite


signals.

5. **Protocol**:

- A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted, received, and


interpreted.

- Examples: TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

### **Characteristics of Effective Data Communication**

1. **Delivery**:

- Data must reach the intended recipient.

- Delivery failures lead to incomplete or lost messages.

2. **Accuracy**:

- Data must be received without errors or corruption.

- Example: File transfers should retain the integrity of the file.

3. **Timeliness**:
- Data must be delivered in a timely manner.

- Real-time systems like video calls depend on low-latency


communication.

4. **Jitter**:

- Refers to variations in the time delay between data packets.

- Minimizing jitter is crucial for applications like video streaming or


VoIP.

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### **Modes of Data Communication**

1. **Simplex Mode**:

- Data flows in only one direction.

- Example: Televisions, keyboards.

2. **Half-Duplex Mode**:

- Data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time.

- Example: Walkie-talkies.

3. **Full-Duplex Mode**:

- Data flows in both directions simultaneously.

- Example: Phone calls, video conferencing.


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