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Quiz 1 Cheat Sheet

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Preethi Sundaram
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52 views2 pages

Quiz 1 Cheat Sheet

---------------

Uploaded by

Preethi Sundaram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Independent Events:

Definition: When unconditional and conditional


Quiz1 Summary probabilities are equal. When events A and B are
independent:
If: P(A|B) = P(A), P(B|A) = P(B), then A,B independent.
Week 1: Prob. Basics Mutually Exclusive Events:
Experiment: Definition: When both events cannot occur at the same
1.Outcome is random, not deterministic time.
If P(A∩B) = 0, or cannot happen at the same time, then
2.Specify all probable outcomes in advance they are mutually exclusive.
Sample Space: A collection of ALL probable outcomes of
an experiment
S= {1,2,3,4,5,6} – finite (discrete) outcomes
S = [0,123] – infinite (continuous) outcomes
Event: Some of the outcomes in a sample space.

Week 3: RV Dist.
Discrete RV: if the variable is countable, it is discrete.
Continuous RV: A variable that can assume any value in
an interval, i.e., measurement, such as height, weight,
time, etc.
PMF & CDF:
Law of Large Number: as more exp. are performed, the
observed prob. Of one event will tend closer to its
theoretical prob.
Some Example for Probability:
S={1,2,3,4,5,6} A={2,4,6} B={4,5,6} Complements: Ā=
1,3,5 (A’ = not A)
Intersections: A∩B= 4,6 Ā∩B= {5}
e.g. PMF: f(x=1)= f(x=2) = f(x=3)=1/6 = 16.67%
Unions: A∪B=2,4,5,6 A∩Ā=1,2,3,4,5,6=S (A’=notA)
CDF: F(X<=2) = f(x=1) + f(x=2) = 1/6 +1/6 = 33.33%
Probability Rules:
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 for all event A (probabilities cannot be
negative).
P(S) = 1 where S is the sample space of the experiment.
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) the Additive Rule (the
probability that A or B or both will occur)
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)
the Additive Rule for mutually exclusive events where
P(A∩B) = 0. P(Ā)=P(A’)=1–P(A)
The rule of complements.

Week 2: Conditional, Ind.


Event
Conditional Probability:
P(A|B)=P(A∩B) / Pr (B)

P(B|A)=P(A∩B) / P (A)

AB1202 Quiz 1 Summary By Josephine Zhou


3. Covariance provides the DIRECTION (positive,
negative, near zero) of the linear relationship between two
variables.
4. Correlation provides DIRECTION and STRENGTH,
between the range -1 and +1, and unitless.

Week 4: Exp. and Variance

Expectations: Weightage average


𝑬(𝑿) = ' 𝒙 ∗ 𝒇(𝒙) Work with Data files & R Command:
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝒐𝒇 𝑿 a = read.csv(file.choose()): upload a csv file
View( ): read the uploaded data
Variance of a RV: The measure of spread between #Marginal Probability: P(X =2)
numbers in a data set. Non-negative. sum(Q2$prob[Q2$x==4])
Formula:Var(X)=E[(X–μ)2 ],withμ=E(X)
#Joint Probability: P(X ≤ 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 ≥ 1)
To find the Ex and Variance for discrete RV: sum(car$prob[car$x<=2 & car$y>=1])

#Conditional probabilities: P(Y=0∣X=4)


P04=(Q2$probabilities[Q2$y==0 &
Q7$x==4])/sum(Q2$probabilities[Q2$x==4])
#conditional expectation
EY_X4=sum(c(0,1,2,3)*c(P04,P14,P24,P34))
dataname$columnname[name$condition >,<,== x]
Others Functions:

Don NOT use mean( ), var( ) to find mean and variance,


because R only provides these values through summary
sample statistics in SSS.

e.g. Pr(y>=2): sum(car$prob[car$y>=2])


Week 5: Bivariate Dist.
Pr(y≠x): sum(car$prob[car$y!= car$x])
1.Joint Probability: Pr(X=x1│Y=y1)
e.g.To find the conditional prob. in ChickWeight:
=(Pr (X=x1∩Y=y1))/(Pr (Y=y1))
2. Marginal Probability:

Don't forget to include the comma: ,

AB1202 Quiz 1 Summary By Josephine Zhou

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