Application Layer

1 client-server architecture In this type of architecture there is an always-on host, called the
server, which services requests from many other hosts, called
clients.
2 data center Often in a client-server application, a single-server host is incapable
of keeping up with all the requests from clients so for this reason a
‫ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬housing a large number of hosts, is often used to
create a powerful virtual server.
3 P2P architecture In this architecture there is minimal or no reliance on dedicated
servers
4 self-scalability One of the most compelling features of P2P architectures is their
__________
5 socket A software interface which messages are sent into and messages
are received from in the network. Analogous to the doors of a house.
6 API sockets are the ‫ ـــــــــــــــــــــــ‬between the application and the
network
7 IP address In the Internet, the host is identified by its
8 port number Because a host could be running many network applications, a
destination ____ ______ is needed.
9 reliable data transfer A type of protocol that provides a guaranteed data delivery services
is said to provide RDT which stands for
10 TCP Protocol is the underlying layer of HTTP and is said to be a
connection-oriented service
11 SSL An enhancement for TCP providing security
12 UDP A no-frills, lightweight transport protocol, providing minimal
services, DNS uses this protocol
13 Application-layer protocol TCP an UDP are forms of transport layer protocols, HTTP and SMTP
are forms of what protocol (protocol sends messages between end
systems)
14 RFC 2616 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is defined in which RFC?
15 SMTP The principle application-layer protocol for electronic mail is
16 Non persistent connection type of HTTP connections that closes after each request from the
client
17 persistent connection type of HTTP connections that keeps connections open after a
request to the server
18 Round Trip Time RTT is the abbreviation for?
19 2 A TCP connection between a client and a server requires a minimum
of how many RTTs?
20 1 RTT for hand shake + 1 When requesting a web page with 10 referenced objects how many
RTT for web page + 10 RTTs are needed with persistent connections? (double check this
RTT for each referenced with professor)
object
21 1 RTT for hand shake + 1 When requesting a web page with 10 referenced objects how many
RTT for web page + 20 RTTs are needed with non-persistent connections ? (double check
RTT for each referenced this with professor)
object
22 A request line, header The general format of an HTTP request message contains
lines, and an entity body
23 GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, and Different methods of HTTP request
DELETE
24 A status line, six header The general format of an HTTP response message contains
lines, and then an entity
body
25 Date, Server, Last- The six header lines of an HTTP response message
Modified, Content-Length,
Content-Type
26 200 OK, 301 Moved Typical HTTP response status types
Permanently, 400 Bad
Request, 404 Not Found,
 505 HTTP Version Not
Supported
27 True True or False: an HTTP server is stateless
28 Cookies A web server identifies users by storing a file on the users computer
using the set-cookie header in a server response. If a client already
has a cookie it can notify the server of it using the cookie header.
The file is known as a
29 proxy server A web cache is also known as a
30 multiply by 10^-6 convert a micro-second to seconds
31 1024 bps convert a kbps to bps
32 1024*1024 bps ((1024)^2 convert Mbps to bps
bps)
33 1024^2 B convert a MB to a B
34 8 How many bits are typically in a byte
35 Content Distributed A CDN is a company that installs many geographically distributed
Network caches throughout the Internet, thereby localizing much of the
traffic. What does the abbreviation stand for?
36 conditional GET The mechanism by which HTTP allows a cache to verify that its
objects are up to date is called a
37 FTP (file transfer protocol) A simple file transfer protocol that uses two parallel TCP connections
(a control connection and a data connection) to transfer a file.
38 true True of False: FTP must maintain state about the user
39 USER, PASS, LIST, RETR, Some of the more common FTP commands
STOR
40 331 Username OK, FTP replies
password required
125 Data connection
already open; transfer
starting
425 Can't open data
connection
452 Error writing file
41 user agents, mail servers, Electronic mail in the internet has three major components, these
and SMTP are
42 HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT Typical commands issued in SMTP
TO, DATA, and QUIT
43 HTTP is a pull protocol, Differences between HTTP and SMTP
SMTP is a push protocol,
SMTP messages must be
7-bit ASCII, HTTP
encapsulates images and
other media types while
SMTP places all objects
into one message
44 ICMP and POP3 Name the two popular mail access protocols
45 It does so in 3 phases: How doess Post Office Protocol--Version 3 (POP3) access mail?
authenticate phase,
retrieve phase, update
phase
46 +OK and -ERR What are the two responses in POP3?

47 "download and delete" or during the transaction phase POP3 can be configured to
"download and keep"
48 True True or False: IMAP allows the user to view message instead of
download them from a hierarchy on a remote server.
49 DNS This protocol uses UDP and can be thought of as the "Internets
Directory Service"
50 Domain name system DNS is the abbreviation for
51 canonical hostname The book describes relay1.west-coast.eneterprise.com (a hostname
which contains the IP) as a
52 host aliasing, mail server Important services DNS provides
aliasing, load distribution
53 13 Root DNS servers to How is the DNS hierarchical database broken down?
top level DNS servers to
authoritative DNS servers
54 DNS Caching In order to improve DNS delay performance and to reduce the
number of DNS messages this method is used

55 (Name, Value, Type, TTL) A DNS resource record (RR) is a four-tuple record that contains what
fields?
56 Type A which has the IP What are the types of a DNS RR?
address and Type NS
which knows the
authoritative server to get
the IP, Type CNAME which
is a canonical hostname
for the aliasing, and type
MX the canonical name of
a mail server that has an
alias hostname.
57 Time to Live What does TTL stand for?
58 distribution time In a P2P file transfer among N peers the ____________ ____ is the time
it takes to get a copy of the file to all N peers
59 F/dmin in P2P what is the formula for the minimum distribution, where F is
the number of bits in the file.
60 NF/u in P2P what is the formula for the client-server time to distribute the
file, where N is the number of peers, F is the number of bits in the
file, and u is the upload rate of the server.
61 max{F/u,F/dmin,NF/ What is the minimum total distribution time for P2P?
(u+sum of rate of peers)}