1.

Diagramming Sentences

 Significance: Sentence diagramming helps students see the visual organization of a sentence,
breaking it down into its parts (subject, verb, object, modifiers, etc.). This method is especially
useful for teaching complex sentences with multiple clauses.

 Application: To teach relative clauses, for example, a teacher might diagram the sentence: “The
book that I read last night was interesting.” The teacher can show how the relative clause "that I
read last night" modifies the noun "book."

 Sample Activity: Provide students with several complex sentences and ask them to create
diagrams, labeling the subject, verb, object, and any clauses or phrases.

2. Learning Through Writing

 Significance: Writing requires students to actively apply grammar rules, which helps solidify
their understanding. Writing also provides a real-world context for grammar use.

 Application: For example, when teaching the past perfect tense, the teacher can assign a writing
task like, “Write about an event where one action happened before another in the past.”
Students must use past perfect in their sentences (e.g., "By the time I arrived at the party, she
had already left.").

 Sample Activity: Assign students a creative story where they need to incorporate a certain
number of complex sentences, each using a different grammatical structure (e.g., relative
clauses, conditionals, passive voice).

3. Inductive Teaching

 Significance: Inductive teaching encourages students to discover grammar rules on their own by
analyzing language examples. This method promotes critical thinking and deeper understanding.

 Application: Instead of giving a rule like “Present continuous is used for actions happening
now,” present a series of examples such as “She is running,” “They are eating dinner,” and “I am
reading a book.” Ask students to analyze the sentences and figure out what they have in
common.

 Sample Activity: Provide students with several examples of sentences that use modal verbs like
"can," "must," and "should." Then, have them identify and infer the rules about how and when
to use modal verbs.

4. Interactive Teaching

 Significance: Interactive activities promote collaboration and communication, making grammar

more dynamic and engaging. Group work and discussions help students internalize grammatical
forms.

 Application: Teachers can organize debates where students must use conditional sentences to
support their arguments, e.g., “If we invest more in education, the economy will improve.”
  Sample Activity: Organize a role-play scenario where students act out situations (e.g., job
interviews) and use different types of questions (e.g., indirect questions: “Could you tell me
where the office is?”) to practice grammar in a social context.

5. Functional-Notional Approach

 Significance: This method links grammar to communicative functions, such as making requests
or giving advice, focusing on practical language use rather than isolated grammar rules.

 Application: For teaching how to make polite requests, the teacher can structure a lesson
around a situation such as asking for help. Students practice phrases like “Could you help me
with this?” or “Would you mind passing the salt?”

 Sample Activity: Have students role-play different real-life situations (e.g., asking for directions,
making an appointment) where they must use specific grammatical structures such as modal
verbs or conditionals.

6. Situational Context

 Significance: Teaching grammar within realistic, meaningful contexts helps students see its
relevance, which makes abstract grammatical concepts more understandable.

 Application: For teaching the future tense, create a scenario like planning a vacation. Students
must use future forms (e.g., “I’m going to visit the Eiffel Tower” or “I will book the hotel
tomorrow”).

 Sample Activity: Organize a simulation where students pretend to be in different everyday

situations (e.g., at a restaurant, at a doctor’s office) and must use the appropriate grammatical
structures to communicate effectively.

7. Using Texts, Stories, Songs, and Rhymes

 Significance: These materials provide authentic contexts for grammar and make learning more
engaging through familiar and enjoyable content.

 Application: When teaching verb tenses, the teacher can use a popular song that contains many
examples of past and present verbs. After listening, the class can identify the different tenses
used and discuss why they are appropriate.

 Sample Activity: Choose a short story that includes various conditional sentences. After reading,
students can rewrite some of the sentences using different conditional forms (e.g., changing a
first conditional to a second conditional).

8. Linguistics Mode

 Significance: This mode involves a more technical, rule-based approach to teaching grammar,
focusing on explicit instruction and analysis of grammatical structures.

 Application: Teachers can provide clear explanations of grammatical rules, such as subject-verb
agreement, and then give exercises that involve identifying and correcting errors.
  Sample Activity: After teaching the rules for subject-verb agreement, give students a worksheet
with sentences that contain agreement errors. Have students correct the sentences and explain
why their corrections are grammatically correct.

9. Storytelling Mode

 Significance: Storytelling is an effective way to contextualize grammar, as it allows students to

encounter grammatical structures in a natural, engaging narrative.

 Application: Teachers can use storytelling to teach sequence words (e.g., first, then, after that,
finally). By narrating a story and encouraging students to do the same, the target grammar
becomes easier to grasp.

 Sample Activity: Ask students to write or tell a short story using specific tenses or sentence
structures. For example, in a story about an adventure, they could be asked to use past
continuous to describe ongoing actions.

Rules for Teaching Grammar

1. Rule of Context

o Significance: Grammar is more meaningful when taught in context. Contextual learning

helps students understand how and when to use specific grammatical structures.

o Application: Teachers should incorporate real-life examples and contexts into lessons to
provide a clearer understanding of grammar's practical use.

2. Rule of Use

o Significance: Understanding the functional aspect of grammar enhances students'

communicative competence. It's crucial for students to grasp how grammar serves as a
tool for effective communication.

o Application: Lessons should emphasize practical usage rather than just formal rules. For
instance, teaching the difference between formal and informal language in different
settings.

3. Rule of Economy

o Significance: This rule helps prevent cognitive overload, allowing students to focus on
key concepts rather than being overwhelmed by too much information.

o Application: Prioritize teaching essential grammatical structures that students are likely
to encounter and use in their writing and speaking.

4. Rule of Relevance

o Significance: When grammar lessons are tied to students' interests and experiences,
they are more likely to engage with the material and see its importance.

o Application: Teachers can incorporate themes or topics relevant to students' lives, such
as current events, hobbies, or popular culture.
5. Rule of Nurture

o Significance: A supportive environment fosters confidence and encourages risk-taking in

language use, which is crucial for learning.

o Application: Teachers should create a classroom culture where mistakes are viewed as
part of the learning process, encouraging students to practice without fear of judgment.

6. Rule of Appropriacy

o Significance: Teaching grammar should align with students' developmental levels and
learning contexts, ensuring that content is accessible and appropriate.

o Application: Teachers should consider the backgrounds and experiences of their

students when selecting grammatical structures to teach, tailoring lessons to their
specific needs.