MULTIMEDIA Dr.

Zeeshan Bhatti

TECHNOLOGY BSIT-III
Chapter 2

GRAPHICS AND BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 1

GRAPHICAL IMAGES

Graphical images obviously play a very

important role in multimedia pieces
• Images may be photograph-like
bitmaps, vector-based drawings, or 3D
renderings
• Tools for image management focus
on different kinds of images and
converting between formats peculiar to
different tools and platforms
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 2
BITMAP AND VECTOR
IMAGES
Internal model of the image
 Could be an array of pixels or
 A mathematical description of lines, curves and shapes

Still images are generated in two ways: bitmaps (or

raster-based) or vector-drawn

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 3

Bitmap Images
A bitmap is a matrix describing the individual dots
that are the smallest elements (pixels) of resolution on
a computer screen or printer or we can say a bitmap
image is an array of logical pixels.

• monochrome just requires one bit per pixel,

representing black or white
• 8 bits per pixel allows 256 distinct colors, 16 bits per
pixel represents 32K distinct colors, 24 bits per pixel
allows millions of colors

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 4

BITMAP IMAGES

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 5

• What’s the tradeof? more bits provide more color
depth, hence more photo-realism,
 but require more memory and processing power
 Settling for just 256 colors forces someone to decide,
which colors?
• Graphics production software may capture in 24-bit
color and convert to 8-bit
• GIF and PNG formats use a 8-bit color table allowing up
to 256 colors
• JPG preserves more color depth with 16 bits per pixel
• Photoshop file (PSD) preserve 24 bits or more per pixel

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 6

VECTOR IMAGES
A vector-drawn image is created from geometric
objects such as lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons using
mathematical formulas
 Mathematical description of lines, curves and shapes
 Requires computation to determine logical pixels
 Compact, scalable, resolution independent and easy to edit
 Based on co-ordinates and algorithms
 Description is infinitely thin
 Computation chooses logical pixels
 Anti-aliasing to fix jaggies
 Basic blocks
 Squares, polygons, ellipses, lines, bézier curves…
 Easy to manipulate
 Scale, skew, rotate…

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 7

VECTOR IMAGES

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 8

e.g., RECT 0,0,300,200,RED,BLUE says (using Cartesian
coordinates)
“Draw a rectangle starting at 0,0 (upper left corner of
screen)
going 300 pixels horizontally right and 200 pixels
downward,
with a RED boundary and filled with BLUE

Figure: A Vector image Showing

Bezier Curve BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 9
WHY MIGHT A VECTOR-
DRAWN
REPRESENTATION USE
LESS MEMORY
The first popular THAN
vector-drawn images were forA
BITMAP?
computer-aided design (CAD)
such as AutoCAD, for aiding engineers and artists in
creating complex renderings
Graphic artists designing for print media use vector-
drawn objects because they put rectangles and Bezier
curves on paper without jaggies, exploiting high
resolution printers
Macromedia Freehand, Corel Draw & Adobe Illustrator
are vector-drawing applications
 Macromedia Flash puts vector-drawing on the Web with a plug-in

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 10

RASTERIZING
Converting between bitmaps and vector-
drawn images:
Bitmap image editors convert vector-based
drawings to bitmaps by rasterizing
(Photoshop does this automatically)

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 11

 GRAPHIC/IMAGE DATA

This section introduces some of the most common graphics

and image file formats. Some of them are restricted to
particular hardware/operating system platforms, others are
cross-platform independent formats.
While not all formats are cross-platform, there are
conversion applications that will recognize and translate
formats from other systems.

Most image formats incorporate some variation of a

compression technique due to the large storage size of
image files. Compression techniques can be classified into
either lossless or lossy.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 12

RESOLUTION
Two terms
 DPI and PPI
Screen resolution
 Fixed resolution (nearly)
 PAL, NTSC, VGA, SVGA
 72dpi, 96dpi

Print / Scan resolution

 User definable
 Size variable
 Physical dimension = pixel dimension/device
resolution

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 13

IMAGE RESOLUTION:
Image resolution refers to the number of
pixels per inch area of an image.
• Higher the resolution, means higher the
number of pixels in that image hence better
the quality but also with increase in file size.
• Lower the resolution means less amount of
pixels in an image and hence having poor
quality with less file size.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 14

ASPECT RATIO
Aspect Ratio means the ratio of file’s Width to its
Height. For example
640 x 480 or 800 x 600 or
1024 x 768
• These number define the Width and height of an
image but with a specific aspect ratio of 4:3
• all Monitors and Display systems fallow a particular
aspect ratio i.e. 4:3, to display contents.
• This 4:3 aspect ratio has been found to look natural
on Monitors and other display systems.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 15

GRAPHIC/IMAGE DATA
STRUCTURES
A digital image consists of many picture elements, termed
pixels. The number of pixels that compose a monitor image
determine the quality of the image (resolution). Higher
resolution always yields better quality. A bit-map
representation stores the graphic/image data in the same
manner that the computer monitor contents are stored in
video memory
1.Monochrome/ 1-Bit Images
2.8-bit Gray-scale Images
3.8-bit Colour Images
4.24-bit Colour Images
5.32-bit Colour Images

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 16

IMAGE DATA TYPES
•The most common data types for graphics and image
file formats are 24-bit color and 8-bit color.
•Some formats are restricted to particular
hardware/operating system platforms, while others
are \cross-platform" formats.
•Even if some formats are not cross-platform, there are
conversion applications that will recognize and
translate formats from one system to another.
•Most image formats incorporate some variation of a
compression technique due to the large storage size
of image files. Compression techniques can be
classified into either lossless or lossy.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 17

MONOCHROME/ 1-BIT
IMAGES
An example of 1-bit monochrome image is illustrated in
Fig. 3.4 where:
• Image consists of Pixels or Pel (Picture Element).
• A 1-bit image consists of on and off bits only and thus
is the simplest type of image.
• Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1), or we can
say that each pixel occupies exactly 1- Bit in memory.
• Hence it is also referred to as a binary image.
• Monochrome 1-bit images can be satisfactory for
pictures containg onlysimple graphics and text.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 18

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 19
 8-BIT GRAY-SCALE
IMAGES
An example gray-scale image is illustrated in Fig. 3.5
where:
• Each pixel is usually stored as a byte, occupying 8-bits in
memory.
• Each pixel has a grayscale value between 0 to 255,
where 0 is for Black and 255 is used for White colors, as
shown in figure 3.5a.
• The Entire image can be thought of as a two-dimensional
array of pixel values. We refer to such an array as a
bitmap.
• A 640 x 480 greyscale image requires over 300 KB of
storage, as shown in figure 3.5.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 20

A Gray scale color representat
 Example of a Gray-scale Bit-map Image

We can think of the 8-bit images as a set of 1-bit

bitplanes, where each plane consistes of a 1-bit
representation of the image at higher and higher level of
“elevation”: a bit is turned on if the image pixel has a
nonzero value at or above that bit level.
Figure 3.6b displays the concept of bitplanes
graphically. Each bit-plane can have a value of 0 or 1 at
each pixel but together, all the bitplanes make up a single
byte that stores values between 0 and 255 (in this 8-bit
situation)

Bitplanes for 8-bit gray scale image

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 21

8-BIT COLOUR IMAGES
An example 8-bit colour image is illustrated in Fig.3.6
where:
• One byte for each pixel
• Supports 256 out of the millions s possible,
acceptable colour quality
• Requires Colour Look-Up Tables (LUTs)
• A 640 x 480 8-bit colour image requires 307.2 KB of
storage (the same as 8-bit greyscale)

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 22

 COLOR LOOKUP
TABLE(LUTS OR CLUTS)
The idea used in 8-bit color images is to store the
index, or code value, for each pixel. Then, if a
pixel stores, say, the value 25, the meaning is to
go to row 25 in a color lookup table (LUT).

For an 8-bit image, the image file can store in the

file header information just what 8 bit values for
R, G, and B correspond to each index. Figure 3.8
displays this idea.
The LUT is often called palette

ExampleBY:
ofDR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 23
8-Bit Colour Image
Basically, the image stores not color, but instead
just a set of bytes, each of which is actually an
index into a table with 3-byte values that specify
the color for a pixel with that lookup table index.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 24

COLOR-PICKER
A Color-picker consists of an array of fairly large
blocks of color (or a semi-continuous range of
colors) such that a mouse-click will select the color
indicated.
 In reality, a color-picker displays the palette colors
associated with index values from 0 to 255.
 Fig. 3.9 displays the concept of a color-picker: if the user
selects the color block with index value 2, then the color
meant is cyan, with RGB values (0; 255; 255).

A very simple animation process is possible via

simply changing the color table: this is called color
cycling or palette animation.
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 25
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 26
 24-BIT COLOUR IMAGES
An example 24-bit colour image is illustrated in Fig. 6.14 where:

• Each pixel is represented by 24-bit (three bytes).Each byte is

for separate color channel i.e. RGB.
•1 byte for Red has 255 shades of Red to White and similarly for
other Green and Blue color.
• Supports 256 x 256 x 256 possible combined colours
(16,777,216)
• A 640 x 480 24-bit colour image would require 921.6 KB of
storage
•

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 27

Fig. 3.5 shows the image forestre.bmp., a 24-bit
image in Microsoft Windows BMP format. Also shown
are the grayscale images for just the Red, Green, and
Blue channels, for this image.

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 28

32-BIT COLOUR IMAGES
Most 24-bit images are 32-bit images, the extra byte of
data for each pixel is used to store an alpha value
representing special effect information

BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 29

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BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI 30