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PR5311 - COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

AND MACHINING LAB

Lab Record

Student Name

Semester / Year 3rd Semester / 2nd Year

Batch 2022-2026

Regulation 2019

DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
CHENNAI – 600 044
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To develop disciplined, socially committed and technically competent Production

Engineers with Creativity, Comprehension and Managerial skills to design and
manufacture innovative cost-effective quality products for the benefit of mankind.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. Train the students who will be able to design and manufacture Innovative,
Environment Friendly, Ergonomic and Cost-Effective Quality Products and
Services.
2. Improve the technical quality of the students to meet the challenges,
competitions and opportunities in production engineering.
3. Prepare the students who will be able to solve socially relevant engineering
problems and other complex problems by means of inculcating Managerial
Skills.
4. Enhance the department industry / research centre interaction by means of
training, internship and student projects to solve industrial problems.
MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600 044

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Miss. _________________________________________________

With Register No. _______________________, a student of III Semester B.E.

Production Engineering, Department of Production Technology, Madras

Institute of Technology, Anna University, has successfully completed the lab

work connected with PR5311 - COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND

MACHINING LAB as prescribed by the Regulation 2019, syllabus during the

month and year July-Dec 2023.

Total Marks Obtained out of 20:

Staff In-charge: Head of the Department

Date: Production Technology

SYLLABUS
PR5311 COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND MACHINING LABORATORY
LTPC
0042
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To get hands on experience in drafting of engineering components
• To get hands on experience in the conventional machines.
• To prepare the process planning sheets for all the operations and then follow the sequences
during the machining processes.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Machining Exercises
1. Preparation of part drawing to machine a raw material in a lathe – (involving facing, turning, stepped
turning, knurling, taper turning, thread cutting and parting)
2. Preparation of part drawing to machine a blank material in a shaper – (involving horizontal, vertical
surface machining, V-shape, dove-tail end)
3. Preparation of part drawing to machine the given part in drilling machine – (involving single hole, multi
hole, equidistant, equi-pitch, reaming, boring, counter boring, counter sinking).
4. Preparation of part drawing to mill the groove part in a milling machine – (involving key way, slot, spur
gear, patched milling, spline, gang milling).
5. Preparation of part drawing to grind the part in a grinding machine-(involving flat surface, cylindrical
surface).
6. Preparation of part drawing to machine a part in combination of machine-( Lathe and Milling, Lathe and
Grinding, Shaper and Grinding).

Drafting Exercises
1. Any CAD software with 2D modelling to used by students for drafting exercises
2. Practice on Drafting Software using Measuring commands; Basic Draw Commands; Display Commands
GRID, SNAP, CIRCLE, LINE, ARC LIMITS, ZOOM, PAN.
3. Practice on using Editing commands; Creating layers: CHANGE, ERASE, EXTEND, TRIM, GRIPS.
Construction Commands; ARRAY, COPY, MIRROR, MOVE, OFFSET, FILLET, CHAMFER, OSNAP.
4. Placing lettering on a drawing; Crosshatching a drawing TEXT BHATCH.
5. 2D drafting of automobile components like engine crank shaft, connecting rod etc.,
6. 2D drafting of machine components.
7. 2D drafting of machine shop drawing.
8. 2D drafting of pin joints, cotter joints and bearings.

The drafting exercise include process planning sheet where student shall fill up the data for producing the
product as per drawing. As per the process planning sheet the machining operations are to be conducted.

1. Step turning, Taper Turning/ Threading and Knurling operations in Lathe.

2. Eccentric turning in a Lathe
3. Multi start Threading/ Burnishing operations in a Turret Lathe.
4. Machining to make a cube/ V-Block using shaper.
5. Counter sinking, Counter Boring and Tapping operation in a drilling machine.
6. Surfacing/Pocket Milling in a vertical milling machine.
7. Polygonal shape milling in a horizontal milling machine.
8. Flat surface grinding and cylindrical grinding operations.

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:

• Enable to interpret drawing of component, process sheet, etc.

• Trained to draft part drawing with use of CAD software and operate basic machining tools.
• Impart practical knowledge on the selection of machines and processes to manufacture components.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 * * * * * * *
CO2 * * * * * *
CO3 * * * *
INDEX
S. Page Date Total
Particulars Signature
No. No. Start Completed Marks
Cycle – I (CAD Lab Practice)
1 Introduction to 2D Modelling Software 01
2 Basic Draw Commands 10
3 Editing Commands 23
4 Dimensioning 46
5 Isometric Modelling of Machine Components 53
6 2D Modelling of Sleeve and Cotter Joint 70
7 2d Modelling of Knuckle Joint 80
8 2d Modelling of Screw Jack 87
9 2d Modelling of Plummer Block 96
10 2d Modelling of Protected Type Flange Coupling 102
Cycle – II (CAD Lab Practice)
11 3D Basic Commands 107
12 3D Modelling of Bearing Block 128
13 3D Modelling of Bushed Bearing 133
14 3D Modelling of Screw Jack 137
15 Limits, Fits and Tolerance 144
16 Process Planning Steps, Types and Advantages 164
Cycle – III (Machine Shop Practice)
17 Step Turning and Knurling 178
18 Drilling and Tapping 182
19 Eccentric Turning 185
20 Vertical Milling 189

Semester Starting Date:

Semester Ending Date:
Model Semester Exam Date:
End Semester Exam Date:
Record Submission Date:

Verified By: Dr. P. Ganesh

Lab In-Charge 1: Associate Professor
Signature with Date
Verified By: Mr. A. Visagan
Lab In-Charge 2: Teaching Fellow
Signature with Date

Verified By:
Supporting Staff: Signature with Date
Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn the basics of 2D Modelling Software Using AUTOCAD Commands and its
Coordinate Systems.

PROCEDURE: 1. AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software

application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released
in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal
graphics controllers.
2. AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project
managers, engineers, graphic designers, town planners and many other
professionals.
Versions of AutoCAD:
➢ AutoCAD Architecture
➢ AutoCAD Civil
➢ AutoCAD Electrical
➢ AutoCAD ecscad
➢ AutoCAD Map 3D
➢ AutoCAD Mech
➢ AutoCAD MEP
➢ AutoCAD Structural Detailing
➢ AutoCAD Utility Design
➢ AutoCAD P&ID
➢ AutoCAD Plant 3D

Department of Production Technology 1|Page

Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AUTOCAD COMMANDS

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Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
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Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
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Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
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Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Line Points: These can be activated/selected by pressing Shift + Right Mouse

Button.
Basic Terminology:

• Absolute coordinates: a method of inputting points based on the origin.

• Acad.dwt: default template that loads when you start a new drawing.
• Block: a pre-drawn image that you can insert into your drawing.
• Extent: the outer boundaries of the objects you’ve drawn.
• Grid: this can be used as a guide for drawings—you can toggle on/off with F7.
• Linetype: objects are all drawn with a linetype, e.g. solid or dashed.
• Object: any item in the AutoCAD database, otherwise known as an entity.
• Origin: this is the (0,0) point of your coordinate system.
• Ortho Mode: a mode that only permits you to draw perpendicular lines—you can
toggle on/off with F8.
• Onsnap (Object Snap): the method of ‘snapping’ to precise points on an object.
• Pan: to move around your drawing by dragging the drawing area.
• Polar coordinates: a method of inputting points based on distance and angle.
• Relative coordinates: a method of inputting points based on a start point.
• Ribbon: the ribbon runs across the top of the drawing space and contains
panels.
• Snap: a drawing mode that lets you snap your cursor to precise points on a grid
pattern.
• User Coordinate System (UCS): a Cartesian coordinate system that establishes
the XY
work plane, horizontal and vertical directions.
• Viewport: a window that lets you view your drawing—you can have multiple
viewports to see different areas of a drawing.

COORDINATES SYSTEMS USED IN AUTOCAD

• As a general rule, everything you draw with AutoCAD will be drawn full size/actual
size. This often comes as quite a surprise to those who are new to CAD and have
spent a number of years working on a drawing board.
• When you start drawing with AutoCAD you do not have to decide upon a drawing
scale as you do when using a drawing board.
• When drawing on paper you must decide do draw at say, 1:20 or 1:200
depending upon the size of the object that you are drawing so that your scaled
drawing will fit on the drawing sheet, be that A3 or A1.
• In AutoCAD you do not need to decide upon a drawing scale until you come to
print the drawing and because the scaling of your drawing takes place at the
printing stage, you can create drawings at a scale of 1:1.

Department of Production Technology 6|Page

Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

• This has particular advantages because you can, for example, measure lengths,
areas and volumes within an AutoCAD drawing and not need to compensate for
any scale factor.

DIFFERENT WAYS CAN WE ENTER A POINT OR SPECIFY A LOCATION

1. ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM

Absolute Coordinates uses the Cartesian System to specify a position in the X, Y,

and (if needed) Z axes to locate a point from the 0-X, 0-Y, and 0-Z (0,0,0) point. To
locate a point using the Absolute Coordinate system, type the X-value, Y-value, and,
if needed, the Z-value separated by commas (with no spaces).

Example:
One problem with using absolute coordinates is that all coordinate values refer back
to the origin 0, 0 fixed in the lower left corner.

Command: LINE
Command: Specify first point: #-2,1
Specify next point or [Undo]: #3,4
Specify next point or [Undo]: #3,1
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: #-2,1
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: ENTER

2. Relative Rectangular Coordinate system:

After first points entered, your next points can be entered by specifying the next
coordinate compare/relative from the first points. The relative coordinate started with
symbol “@” tell AutoCAD it was a relative coordinate. Using relative coordinate,
points entered by typing @x, y [Enter].

Department of Production Technology 7|Page

Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Example:
Let’s make the previous example by using relative coordinates. Let’s draw the same
triangle by starting from -2,1 point, going 5 units in right direction and 3 units in upper
direction and end in same -2,1 point.

Command: LINE
Command: Specify first point: -2,1
Specify next point or [Undo]: @ 5,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @3,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C

Entering relative coordinates is done by using @ symbol from the last point and
entering Δx, Δy values. @ represents relative coordinates.
3. Relative Polar coordinate system:

Polar coordinates used when you need to draw the next points at specify angle. Polar
coordinates system in AutoCAD specifies distance length at which angle. Using polar
coordinate, points entered by typing @distance<angle [Enter].

Example:

As the preceding format implies, the polar

coordinate method requires a known
distance and an angle. The @ symbol,
resets the previous point to 0, 0. The
direction is preceded by the < symbol, which
reads the next number as polar or angular
direction.

Command: LINE
LINE Specify first point: -2,1
Specify next point or [Undo]: @5<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @3<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c

Department of Production Technology 8|Page

Exercise No:01 INTRODUCTION TO 2D MODELLING SOFTWARE
Date: Student Name:
Semester:3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Example:

Coordinate Method
Point
Absolute Relative Polar
P1 #0,0 0,0 0,0
P2 #50,0 @50,0 @50<0
P3 #80,40 @30,40 @50<53
P4 #80,100 @0,60 @60<90
P5 #0,100 @-80,0 @80<180
P1 #0,0 @0,-100 @100<270

CONCLUSION: The basics of 2D Modelling Software Using AUTOCAD Commands and its
Coordinate Systems were well practiced and understood.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 9|Page

Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn about Basic Draw Commands in AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Launch AutoCAD on your computer.
2. Understand the AutoCAD Interface:
Familiarize yourself with the AutoCAD workspace, including the ribbon, command
line, and drawing area.
3. Set Drawing Units:
Type UNITS and set the drawing units to a suitable measurement system (e.g.,
millimetres, inches).
4. Create a New Drawing:
Start a new drawing using the NEW command.
COMMANDS:

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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
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Exercise No:02 BASIC DRAW COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
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Exercise

All Dimensions are in mm

Result: Basic Draw Commands in AUTOCAD were well understood and practiced above Exercise.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 22 | P a g e

Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn about Editing Commands in AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
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Exercise
ARRAY COMMAND

(All Dimensions are in mm)

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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

MIRRORING COMMAND
• Rectangular Array
• Circular Array

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Exercise No:03 EDITING COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

LAYERING COMMAND
• Layer 1 with Drawing
• Layer 2 with Dimension

Editing Commands in AUTOCAD were well understood and Practised using above
CONCLUSION:
exercise.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 45 | P a g e

Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn about Dimensioning Commands in AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
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Exercise

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Dimensioning Commands in AUTOCAD were well understood and Practised using
CONCLUSION:
above exercise.

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Exercise No:04 DIMENSIONING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To create Isometric Modelling of Machine Components Using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: Exercise 1:
Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0
Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 120,90
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: a
Regenerating model.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 0,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @40<0
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: @10<90
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @30<0
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @30<90
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @70<180
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: c
Command: C
CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 20,25
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 10
Command: C
CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 50,25
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: 10

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Exercise 2:

Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: 0,0
Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 120,90
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: a
Regenerating model.
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 0,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @50<0
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: X
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 50,0
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C
Specify center point of arc: 50,30
Specify end point of arc (hold Ctrl to switch direction) or [Angle/chord Length]:
>>Enter new value for ORTHOMODE <0>:
Resuming ARC command.
Specify end point of arc (hold Ctrl to switch direction) or [Angle/chord Length]: 80,30
Command: LINE
Specify first point: 80,30
Specify next point or [Undo]: @5<90
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]:
>>Enter new value for ORTHOMODE <0>:
Resuming LINE command.
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: @20<180
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @5<90
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]:
>>Enter new value for ORTHOMODE <0>:
Resuming LINE command.
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @20<0
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @25<90
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: @80<180
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 0,0
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: X
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 25,45
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 5

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Exercise 3:

Step 1
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Legacy/Style/Type] <5.0000>: S
Enter snap grid style [Standard/Isometric] <S>: I
Specify vertical spacing <5.0000>: 5

Step 2
Function Key F5
Command: <Isoplane Right>
Command: <Isoplane Left>
Command: <Isoplane Top>

Department of Production Technology 55 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Step 3
Change the ISOPLANE to LEFT and draw the face 1 using Line command
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: 80
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: 45
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 70
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 15
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 10
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: X

Step 4
Command: TEXT
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 0.2000 Annotative: No Justify: Left
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]:
Specify height <0.2000>: 5
Specify rotation angle of text <0>:

Step 5
Function Key F5
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: <Isoplane Top> 45
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Right> 45
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Step 6
Command: TEXT
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 5.0000 Annotative: No Justify: Left
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]:
Specify height <5.0000>:
Specify rotation angle of text <0>:

Step 7
Function Key F5
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: <Isoplane Left> 70
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Top>
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Step 8
Command: LINE
Specify first point:

Department of Production Technology 56 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Specify next point or [Undo]: 15

Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Top>
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Step 9
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: 45
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Step 10 (Select D1 & D2)

Command: DIMEDIT
Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: o
Select objects: 1 found (Select D3 & D4)
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
Select objects:
Enter obliquing angle (press ENTER for none): 90

Step 10 (Select D3 & D4)

Command: DIMEDIT
Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: o
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 0 found
Select objects: 1 found (Select D3 & D4)
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
Select objects:
Enter obliquing angle (press ENTER for none): 30

Step 11 (Select D5)

Command: DIMEDIT
Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: O
Select objects: 1 found (Select D5)
Select objects:
Enter obliquing angle (press ENTER for none): 150

Department of Production Technology 57 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION:

Step 1
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/Legacy/Style/Type] <5.0000>: s
Enter snap grid style [Standard/Isometric] <S>: I
Specify snap spacing or [Aspect] <5.0000>:

Step 2
Command: _line
Specify first point: <Ortho on>
Specify next point or [Undo]: 35
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: 14
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 30
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 10
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 20

Department of Production Technology 58 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 18

Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 20
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 10
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 30
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 14
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: 35
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Step 3
Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: 15
Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: 7.5

Command: TRIM

Current settings: Copy mode = Multiple

Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] <Displacement>:
Specify second point or [Array] <use first point as displacement>: <Isoplane Top>
10
Specify second point or [Array/Exit/Undo] <Exit>: *Cancel*

Department of Production Technology 59 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Step 4
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: 30
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Top> 10
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Right>
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: <Isoplane Left> i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: 15
Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: 7.5

Command: _trim

Command: _copy
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Current settings: Copy mode = Multiple
Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] <Displacement>:
Specify second point or [Array] <use first point as displacement>: <Isoplane Top>
10
Specify second point or [Array/Exit/Undo] <Exit>: *Cancel*

Department of Production Technology 60 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Step 5
Command: _line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]: <Isoplane Right> 30
Specify next point or [eXit/Undo]: <Isoplane Left> 35
Specify next point or [Close/eXit/Undo]: *Cancel*

Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]:
Command: EL
ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle:
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: 7.5

Command: _copy
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Current settings: Copy mode = Multiple
Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] <Displacement>:
Specify second point or [Array] <use first point as displacement>: 10
Specify second point or [Array/Exit/Undo] <Exit>: *Cancel*

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Exercise

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 67 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Isometric Modelling of Machine Components in AUTOCAD were well understood

CONCLUSION:
and Practised using above exercise.

Department of Production Technology 68 | P a g e

Exercise No:05 ISOMETRIC MODELLING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 69 | P a g e

Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To 2D Modelling of Sleeve and Cotter Joint using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Step 1 Fix up the units of measurement and choose from the Metric or English options when you
open a new drawing file. For this example, the option will be Metric.
Step 2 Next set the Limits of your drawing area. This will depend upon the basic dimensions of the
object and the number of projection views to be represented. You may have to set aside some space
for a clear margin all around the drawing and also space for the title block, parts list and so on.
Based on the dimensions of different components of the joint mentioned in Figure 1, the two comer
points are chosen such that the entire drawing can be accommodated in full scale (1:1). For the
present case, the following limits are provided.
Limits: Lower left comer > 0, 0
Upper right comer > 450, 300
Step 3 You should create suitable layers so that the outline of the object, center lines, hidden lines,
dimensions, text objects, borders, and so on can be drawn on separate layers. Each layer should
have different line types with specified thicknesses (and colors, if applicable). For beginners, it may
be advisable to create one layer for construction lines (Geometry) which may be turned off in the final
drawing. Using the layer command, create the layers shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Different Layers Created for the Example

Department of Production Technology 70 | P a g e

Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Step 4 First of all, it is recommended to draw a rectangle (in construction layer) with lower left and
upper right corners as 0, 0 and 450, 300 respectively, indicating the limits of the drawing area. Then
draw the border (in Border layer) taking offset distances as per the margins to be left. Next, decide on
the allocation of space for the drawing area and title block. In Figure 2 a rectangular border (ABCD) is
drawn in the construction layer where different views are to be drawn. Standard title box space (185
mm x 65 mm) is also located at the bottom right comer. The layout of the drawing is thus complete.

Figure 2 Layout o f the drawing

Step 5 The Title Block is generally a standardised format. It can be drawn separately or it may be kept
ready as Wblock for insertion at the appropriate places. Here, a specimen Title Block following BIS
guidelines which may be drawn or inserted as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3 Standard Title box

Department of Production Technology 71 | P a g e

Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 78 | P a g e

Exercise No:06 2D MODELLING OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 2D Modelling of Sleeve and Cotter joint is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 79 | P a g e

Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To 2D Modelling of Knuckle Joint using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

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Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 82 | P a g e

Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 85 | P a g e

Exercise No:07 2D MODELLING OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 2D Modelling of Knuckle Joint is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 86 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To 2D Modelling of Screw Jack using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 87 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 88 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 89 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 92 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 93 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 94 | P a g e

Exercise No:08 2D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 2D Modelling of Screw Jack is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 95 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To 2D Modelling of Plummer Block using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 96 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 97 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 98 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 99 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 100 | P a g e

Exercise No:09 2D MODELLING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 2D Modelling of Plummer Block is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 101 | P a g e

Exercise No:10 2D MODELLING OF PROTECTED TYPE FLANGE COUPLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To 2D Modelling of Protected Type Flange Coupling using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 102 | P a g e

Exercise No:10 2D MODELLING OF PROTECTED TYPE FLANGE COUPLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 103 | P a g e

Exercise No:10 2D MODELLING OF PROTECTED TYPE FLANGE COUPLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 104 | P a g e

Exercise No:10 2D MODELLING OF PROTECTED TYPE FLANGE COUPLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 105 | P a g e

Exercise No:10 2D MODELLING OF PROTECTED TYPE FLANGE COUPLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

2D Modelling of Protected Type Flange Coupling is performed using AUTOCAD

CONCLUSION:
software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 106 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn 3D Basic Commands in AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 107 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 108 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 109 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 110 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

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Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 116 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 117 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 118 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 119 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 120 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 121 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 122 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 123 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 124 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 125 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 126 | P a g e

Exercise No:11 3D BASIC COMMANDS
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

3D Basic Commands in AUTOCAD were well understood and Practised using above
CONCLUSION:
commands.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 127 | P a g e

Exercise No:12 3D MODELLING OF BEARING BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To Create 3D Modelling of Bearing Block Using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 128 | P a g e

Exercise No:12 3D MODELLING OF BEARING BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 129 | P a g e

Exercise No:12 3D MODELLING OF BEARING BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 130 | P a g e

Exercise No:12 3D MODELLING OF BEARING BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 131 | P a g e

Exercise No:12 3D MODELLING OF BEARING BLOCK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 3D modelling of bearing block is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 132 | P a g e

Exercise No:13 3D MODELLING OF BUSHED BEARING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To Create 3D Modelling of Bushed Bearing Using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 133 | P a g e

Exercise No:13 3D MODELLING OF BUSHED BEARING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 134 | P a g e

Exercise No:13 3D MODELLING OF BUSHED BEARING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 135 | P a g e

Exercise No:13 3D MODELLING OF BUSHED BEARING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 3D modelling of bushed bearing is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 136 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To Create 3D Modelling of Screw Jack Using AUTOCAD.

PROCEDURE: 1. Open AutoCAD:

Department of Production Technology 137 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 138 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 139 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 140 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 141 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 142 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 143 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 144 | P a g e

Exercise No:14 3D MODELLING OF SCREW JACK
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CONCLUSION: 3D modelling of Screw Jack is performed using AUTOCAD software.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

3D Modelling ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 145 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: The aim of this experiment is to study the various terminology in limits, fits, and
tolerances to develop a common and precise language for specifying and
understanding the dimensional and geometric requirements of mechanical parts and
assemblies.

TOLERANCE
Due to the inevitable accuracy of manufacturing methods, it is not possible to make a
part precisely to a given dimension. Therefore, in practice, the variations which can be
permitted in the size of a part are given. The amount of variation permitted in the size of a part
is called tolerance and lies between two limits, upper and lower.
Thus, the difference between the upper and lower limit on a dimension of a part is called the
tolerance.

50.02
If the diameter of a shaft is written in mm as 50 ±.02 or , the tolerance is 0.04 mm 49.98
49.98
on 50 mm diameter (see Fig. 2.1). The following examples will make tolerance more clear

It is seen from above that a tolerance can be the difference between

(1) A positive upper limit and negative lower limit.
(2) A positive upper limit and a positive lower limit.
(3) A negative upper limit and a negative lower limit.

ALLOWANCE

Department of Production Technology 146 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

The difference between the dimension of two mating parts is called the allowance or It is
difference between the smallest hole and largest shaft as shown in Fig. 2.2.
Allowance = Smallest hole - largest shaft
= 50.00-49.96
= 0.04

TOLERANCES OF FORM AND POSITION

The tolerance of form and position of geometric element (point, line, surface or plane)
defines the one within which the element should be contained. The tolerance zone is
according to the characterstics which is toleranced and the manner in which it is dimensioned;
(a) either a circle or a cylinder, or
(b) the distance between two straight lines, or
(c) the space between two surfaces or two planes, or
(d) the space in a parallelopiped.

If the tolerance zone is a circular or cylinderical, its width is in the direction of the arrow
terminating the line joining the symbols frame to the feature which is toleranced. If the
tolerance zone is circular or cylinderical, the sign is placed after the tolerance value in the
symbol frame as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Department of Production Technology 147 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

The symbols for tolerance of form and position are shown in Fig. 2-4. These symbols
represent the types of characteristics to be controlled by the tolerance. Tolerance of form and
position should be specified in addition to the dimensional tolerances only on functional
ground.
The necessary indications are written in a rectangular frame which is divided into two
components or some times into three components. These sections are filled in from left to right
in the following order
(a) Tolerance symbol,
(b) Tolerance value in the unit used for length dimensioning.

UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL TOLERANCES

On the drawing, the limits on a dimension can be specified in two ways as

Department of Production Technology 148 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

1. Unilateral (one way)

2. Bilateral (two ways)

Unilateral Tolerance: A unilateral tolarance is one in which the variation is permitted in one
direction i.e, either plus or minus, from the design size (see Fig. 2.6).
For example 50 +−0.000
0.035

Here, 50 mm is the design size

Upper limit = 50.000
Lower limit = 49.965
Tolerance = 50.000-49.965=.053 mm

In this, the tolerance .053 is all in one direction towards smaller size.

Bilateral Tolerance: A bilateral tolerance is one in which variation is permitted in both

directions i.e. plus and minus from the design size (see Fig. 2.7)
For example 50 +−0.050
0.020

Here, 50 mm is the design size

Upper limit = 50.050
Lower limit = 49.980
Tolerance 50.050 - 49.980 = .070 mm

If the tolerance .070 specifies equal variations in both directions, then the bilateral
tolerance is written as ± .035.

GRADE OF TOLERANCE
In a standardized system of limits and fits, grade of tolerance considered is corresponding to
the same level of accuracy for all the basic sizes.

Department of Production Technology 149 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

SIZE OF TOLERANCE
1. Size: A number expressing the numerical value of a length in a particular unit, is called
size.
2. Actual size: The size of a part as may be found by measurement is called actual size.
3. Limit of size: The two extreme permissible possible sizes between which the actual
size contained is called limit of size (see Fig. 2.1).
4. Maximum limit of size : The greater of the two limits of size is called maximum limit
of size.
5. Minimum limit of size : The smaller of the two limits of size is called minimum limit
of size.
6. Nominal size : The size refered to as a matter of a convenience is called nominal
size. In Fig. 2.1 the norminal size of shaft is 50 mm.
7. Basic size : The basic size is the size with reference to which the limit of size is fixed (see
Fig. 2.8). In other words, we can say that the basic size of a dimension or part is the size
in relation to which all limits of variations are determined. The basic size is same for both
members of a fit. The basic size is expressed in decimal equivalent of the nominal size. If
the nominal size of a shaft is 501/2 mm, the basic should be written as 50.5 mm.
8. Deviation : As we know, a basic size is fixed to the part and each of the two limits
is defined by its deviation from the size. The magnitude and sign of the deviation is obtained
by subtracting the basic size from the limit problem.

Thus, the algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, minimum, etc) and the
corresponding basic size is called deviation.

Department of Production Technology 150 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Fig. 2.9

Fig. 2.8 illustrating the basic size; deviation and tolerances. The axis of the part is to be
maintained below the diagram. Fig. 2.9 shows the simplified diagram conventionally used.
9. Actual deviation : The algebraic difference between the actual size and the
corresponding basic size is called actual deviation
10. Upper deviation : The algebric difference between the maximum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size is called upper deviation (see Fig. 2.9).
11. Lower deviation : The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size is called lower deviation (see Fig. 2.11).
12. Zero line : In a graphical representation of limitis, a straight line to which the deviations
are referred is called zero line. The zero line is the line of zero deviation and represents
the basic size (see Fig. 2.12). By convention, when the zero line is drawn horizontally,
positive deviations are shown above and the negative deviations below it.

13. Basic shaft : A shaft whose upper deviation is zero (see Fig. 2.13)
14. Basic hole : A hole whose lower deviation is zero (see Fig. 2.14)

15. Design size: In unilateral tolerance the design sizes are the maximum metal limits
and those for a pair of mating parts differ by the amount of allowance.

Department of Production Technology 151 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

16. Fundamental deviation : It is one of the two deviations that is conventionally

chosen to define the position of the tolerance zero line (see Figs. 2.10 and 2.12).
17. Tolerance zone :It is the zone bounded by two limits of size of a part in the graphical
representation of tolerance. It is defined by its maguitude and its position in relation to zero
line (see Figs. 2.10 and 2.12).

Department of Production Technology 152 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

TOLERANCE OF ANGLES

Department of Production Technology 153 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

CLEARANCE
In a fit a positive difference between the size of the hole and the shaft (the hole being greater
than the shaft) allowing relative movement between them is called a clearance (see Fig. 2.17).
Maximum clearance: The positive difference between the maximum size of a hole and the
minimum size of a shaft is known as maximum clearance (see Fig. 2.18).

Minimum clearance: The positive difference between the minimum size of hole and the
maximum size of shaft is known as minimum clearance (see Fig. 2.19). The arithmetical mean
of the maximum and minimum clearance is known as mean
clearance (see Fig. 2.19).

INTERFERENCES
In a fit, a negative difference between the sizes of the hole and the shaft (the shaft being
greater than the hole) is called an interference (see Fig. 2.20).
Maximum interference: The negative difference between the maximum size of the hole and
the shaft and the minimum size of the hole is known as maximum interference (Fig. 2.21).
Minimum interference: The negative difference between the minimum size of the shaft and
the maximum size of the hole is known as minimum interference (see Fig. 2.22).

Department of Production Technology 154 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

TYPES OF FITS
Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft, the fit may be divided into three
main classes as follows:
(i) Clearance fits
(ii) Interference fits
(iii) Transition fits

CLEARANCE FITS: In a clearance fit there is always a positive allowance between the largest
possible shaft and the smallest possible hole. In this the shaft is smaller than hole. Such type
of fits give loose joint i.e. there must be some degree of freedom between shaft and a hole
(see Fig. 2.23). Clearance fits may be (1) slide fit (2) easy slide fit, (3) running fit (4) slab
running fit, (5) loose running fit.

INTERFERENCE FITS: In a interference fit there is always a negative allowance between the
largest hole and the smallest shaft (see Fig. 2.23).In this, the shaft is larger than hole.
Interferences fits may be (1) shrink fit (2) heavy drive fit and (3) light drive fit.

Department of Production Technology 155 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

TRANSITION FITS: In a transition fit, the fit might be either clearance fit or interference fit. In
this, any pair of parts mating with transition may fit with interference, while another pair with
the same fit may be a clearance fit (see Fig. 2.23 and 2.24).

Transition fit may be (i) force fit (ii) tight fit (iii) driving fit and (iv) push fit.

In ordinary machine construction the following classes of fits are commonly used:-
(1) Running fit (2) Push fit (3) Driving fit (4) Forced fit or shrink fit.

1. RUNNING FIT: In a running fit, one part can be assembled into the other so as to rotate or
slide freely e.g., shaft freely rotating in a bearing.
2. PUSH FIT: In push fit, one part can be assembled into other with light hand pressure and
there being no sufficient clearance to allow shaft to rotate, as in locating plugs, dowels etc.
3. DRIVING FIT : In a driving fit, one part can be assembled into the other with a hand
hammer or by medium pressure e.g., a pulley fitted on a shaft with a key.
4. FORCED FIT OR SHRINK FIT: In force fit or shrink fit, one part (say shaft) is assembled
into the other (hole) either with great pressure or the hole is expanded by heating, so as to
shrink on the shaft. It is specially used when two parts are to be fixed together e.g., cart
wheels, railway and tram car wheels are fitted.

Department of Production Technology 156 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Fundamental deviations for shafts j and k and for holes j to ZC slightly vary or different
grades or sets of grades for the same diameter step and letter symbol. Therefore, Grade 7 for
shafts j, k and holes J,K and grade above 7 for holes M to SC have been represented in those
cases to avoid confusion in the example.

Department of Production Technology 157 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

The tolerance, the number which is a function of the basic size, is designated by a
number symbol, called the grade.

The position of the tolerance zone with respect to the zero line, which is a function of the
basic size is indicated by a letter symbol (in some cases, two letters) a capital letter for
holes and a small letter for shaft as shown in Fig. 2.25.

For example: 45g6

A fit is indicated by the basic size common to both components, followed by symbols
corresponding to each component, the hole being quoted first.

For Example: 45 H7/g7

(The capital letter H stands for hole and small letter g stands for shaft)
H7
45H7/g6 (or) 45H7 - g6 (or) 45
g6

STANDARD TOLERANCES
The B.I.S. has provided, 18 grades of standard tolerances with designations ITO1, ITO and
IT1 to IT 16. The numerical values of these standard tolerances have been determined in
terms of the standard tolerance unit i.
i.e. i=0.45 3 D +0.001D
where
i = standard tolerance unit in microns
D = Diameter in mm
The above formula has been empirically calculated on the basis of former national
standards of other countries and taking account of the fact that in most usually the
tolerance varies more or less parabolically in terms of diameter for the same
manufacturing conditions. The relative magnitude to each grade is given as under for the
grade 5 to 6 in terms of standard tolerance unit 'I’.
For grade IT7, the value is 16i and above it the tolerance magnitude is multiplied by 10 to
each fifth step.

The value of standard tolerances corresponding to grade ITOI, ITO, ITI are:
The values of IT2 to IT4 are scaled approximately geometrically between the values of ITI
and 1+5.

Department of Production Technology 158 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

The most commonly used shafts and holes in the industries are given in Table 2.1.

HOLE BASIS AND SHAFT BASIS SYSTEMS

In a general limit system it is necessary to decide on what basis the limit are to be taken to
give the desired fit. The following two systems are used for varying the size of parts.
1. Hole basis system
2. Shaft basis system.

Department of Production Technology 159 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

HOLE BASIS SYSTEM: In the hole basis system the hole is the constant member and
different fits are obtained by varying the size of the shaft (see Fig. 2.28 (i)). Here the high
and low limits of the hole are constant (or fixed) for all fits of the same accuracy grade and
for the same basis size.

SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM: In the shaft basis system the shaft is constant member
and different fits are obtained by varying the size of the shaft (see Fig.2.28 (ii)). Here, the
high and low limits of the shaft are constant for all fits of the same accuracy grade and for
the same basis size.

Department of Production Technology 160 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Surface roughness
Standard symbol for surface roughness
The basic symbol used for indication of surface roughness consists of two legs of unequal
length inclined at 60°to the line representing the surface under consideration (see Fig. 2.32).
It may only be used alone when its meaning is expressed by a note.

Department of Production Technology 161 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

a. Thus when the surface is produced by any method , it is indicated as by the shown in Fig.
2.33 (a).
b. When the removal of material by machining is required, a bar is added to the basic
symbol [see Fig. 2.33 (b)]
c. Wherever the romoval of material is not permitted, a circle is added to the basic
symbol [see Fig. 2.33(c)]
d. When some special surface characteristics are to be indicated (say a milled surface) a
line is added to the longer leg of the basic symbol [see Fig. 2.33 (d)]

Department of Production Technology 162 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 163 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

METHODS OF PLACING MACHINING SYMBOLS ON ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Department of Production Technology 164 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Department of Production Technology 165 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Exercise
1. Find the values of allowance, hole tolerance and shaft tolerance for the following
dimensions of mated parts according to basic hole system.
Hole : 37.50 mm Shaft : 37.47 mm
37.52 mm 37.45 m

Solution.
(i) Hole tolerance = High limit – Low limit
= 37.52 – 37.50 mm
= 0.02 mm
(ii) Shaft tolerance = High limit – Low limit
= 37.47 – 37.45
= 0.02 mm
(iii) Allowance = Maximum metal condition of Hole
– Maximum metal condition of shaft
= Low limit of hole – High limit of shaft
= 37.50 – 37.47
= 0.03 mm

2. A 75 mm shaft rotates in a bearing. The tolerance for both shaft and bearing
is 0.075 mm and the required allowance is 0.10 mm. Determine the dimensions of the
shaft, and the bearing bore with the basic hole standard.

Department of Production Technology 166 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

It is clear with the basic hole standard that,

Low limit of hole = 75 mm
High limit of hole = Low limit + tolerance
= 75 + 0.075 = 75.075 mm
High limit of shaft = Low limit of hole – allowance
= 75 – 0.10 = 74.90 mm
Low limit of shaft = High limit – tolerance
= 74.90 – 0.075 = 74.825 mm

3. A medium force fit on a 75 mm shaft requires a hole tolerance and shaft tolerance each
equal to 0.225 mm and an average interference of 0.0375 mm. Determine the proper
hole and shaft dimensions with the basic hole standard.

It is clear with the basic hole standard that,

Low limit of hole = 75 mm
High limit of hole = 75.225 + 0.0375
= 75.2625 mm
High limit of shaft = 75.2625 + 0.225
= 75.4875 mm.

4. Calculate the fundamental deviation and tolerances and hence the limits of size for the
shaft and hole for the following fit: 60 mm H8–f7. The diameter steps are 50 mm and 80
mm.

(a) Now the tolerance unit is given as,

Department of Production Technology 167 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

i = 0.45 X 3
D + 0.001D
D= 50 X 80 = 63.25 mm
i = 0.45 X 3 63.25 + 0.001 X 63.25 = 1.856 microns
i = 0.001856 mm
Hole H 8, the tolerance = 25i = 0.046 mm
Shaft f 7, the tolerance = 16i = 0.030 mm

(b) We know that for hole ‘H’, fundamental deviation is zero. The fundamental deviation for
shaft ‘f’ (Table) is,

i = − 5.5 D 0.41
i = − 5.5 D 0.41 = − 0.030 mm

(c) Limits of Size

Hole : Low limit = Basic size = 60 mm
High limit = Low limit + tolerance = 60.046 mm
Shaft : High limit = Basic size - fundamental deviation since the shaft ‘f’ lies below the
zero line.

High limit = 60 – 0.030 = 59.97 mm

Low limit = High limit – tolerance = 59.97 – 0.03 = 59.94 mm.
It is a clearance fit with 0.03 to 0.106 mm clearance.

5. In a limit system, the following limits are specified to give a clearance fit
between a shaft and a hole:
shaft  30 −−0.005
0.018 mm

hole  30 −−0.020
0.000 mm

Determine: (a) Basic size (b) shaft and hole tolerances (c) the shaft and hole limits (d) the
maximum and minimum clearance.

(a) Basic Size = 30 mm

(b) Shaft tolerance = 0.018 – 0.005 = 0.013 mm
Hole tolerance = 0.020 mm
(c) High limit of shaft = 30 – 0.005 = 29.995 mm

Department of Production Technology 168 | P a g e

Exercise No:15 LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Low limit of shaft = 30 – 0.018 = 29.982 mm

High limit of hole = 30 + 0.020 = 30.020 mm
Low limit of hole = 30 mm
(d) Maximum clearance = High limit of hole – low limit of shaft
= 30.020 – 29.982 = 0.038 mm
Minimum clearance = Low limit of hole – High limit of shaft
= 30.000 – 29.995 = 0.005 mm

The concept of Limits, Fits and Tolerance is been well understood and implemented
CONCLUSION:
in the above exercise.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 169 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To learn about what is process planning? what are the requirements for this process?
what are the process planning steps, types, advantages, disadvantages and the
sequence of activities included.

PROCEDURE: PROCESS PLANNING

➢ Process planning is the procedure used to develop a detailed list of

manufacturing operations required for the production of a part or a product. It
is the linkage between product design and product manufacturing.
➢ Process planning establishes an efficient sequence of operations, select
proper equipment and tooling, and specifies their operations in such a manner
that the product will meet all requirements stipulated in the specification. At
the same time, the process will be performed at minimum cost and maximum
productivity.
➢ Basically, there are two ways process plans can be generated. They are:
1. Manual Process Planning
2. Computer Aided Processes Planning

REQUIREMENTS FOR PROCESS PLANNING

A reasonably good process plan must satisfy the following requirements:

1. A brief description of the job to be manufactured which clearly and
comprehensively defines its service function.
2. Specifications and standards that stipulate the service function.
3. Working drawings of the job with complete specification.
4. Drawing of the blank.
5. Data on the quantity of parts to be manufactured in a period. spare parts
required for each unit.
6. Total quantity of parts to be manufactured in a period.
7. Equipment data that includes specifications and capacity data of machine
tools, and other available equipment, the data concerning the arrangement
and loading of equipment in the shop.
8. Conditions under which production engineering and manufacturing are to be
organized and accomplished, i.e., whether a new or existing plants, available
equipment in the plant, possibility of obtaining new equipment, etc.
9. Location of the plant.
10. Availability of manpower to staff the plant.
11. Date of starting the work and date of delivery.

PROCESS PLANNING STEPS

The purpose of process planning is to determine and describe the best process
needed to produce a part. In order to accomplish these objectives, the following
Process Planning Steps may be followed:

Department of Production Technology 170 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

1. To become acquainted with the service function of the part.

2. To study and critically analyse the manufacturing specifications and various
standards, e.g., accuracy, output, efficiency, etc., that define the service
function.
3. To become acquainted with the annual output of the product.
4. To study and critically analyse the working drawings to see whether it is
feasible in all respect to produce the part, and to reveal and correct any
mistakes in the drawings.
5. To determine what parts to be manufactured and what parts to he purchased
with their complete identification and required quantity.
6. To prepare a list of raw materials of right quality and quantity to be purchased
from outside giving their shape, size and special property.
7. To select the most economical process for obtaining the blanks, and to
determine the quantities to be produced for the purpose of costing.
8. To determine the most economical process for manufacturing the parts
keeping in view the current production commitments, delivery date, quantity
to be produced, and the quality standard.
9. To determine the best sequence of operation to be performed on each part in
a particular process.
10. To select the machine tools that will perform the operations with required
accuracies.
11. To select any other accessories and equipment like jigs, fixtures, dies, gauges,
etc., that may be required to give higher production rate.
12. To lay out the equipment and workplaces, calculate machine loads and make
necessary corrections in the process.
13. To revise the process to correct all mistakes and shortcomings that were
discovered when the process was realized in actual production.
14. To determine the stages of inspection, inspection procedure and limit gauges
required for different stages of manufacture to inspect accurately and at a
faster rate.
15. To determine the set-up time and standard time for each operation and fix up
the rate of payments.
16. To determine the kind of labour for successful execution of the job.
17. To determine the estimated cost of the product to see whether or not that will
complete in the sales market.

PLANNING THE OPERATIONS SEQUENCE

➢ Determining the best sequence of operations is one of the important steps in

planning process and in the realization of a product that is designed for
production.

Department of Production Technology 171 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

➢ Both product cost and product quality are closely related to operation
sequence. A different sequence of operations performed will result in different
operational times, different transportation time to the work center, different
tooling in view of different locating and clamping surfaces.
➢ If a new plant is set up for a product, the process planner has much more
freedom in determining the sequence of operation that may be best suited for
the purpose.
➢ In the case of an existing plant the operation sequence for a new product is
to be determined on the basis of available equipment and loading condition of
the equipment.
➢ In the latter case the process planner must be provided with the following
information:
1. List of available machines.
2. List of available general-purpose tooling.
3. Capability of equipment.
4. Machine load charts.
5. Standard data.
➢ However, in any case, there are certain fundamental principles which must be
followed in planning the optimum operation sequence. These are:
1. First the datum surfaces should be selected with due attention. The selection
of datum influences all subsequent machining operations and inspections. A
surface which is to remain unmachined should be selected as the first setting-
up datum surface only in the case of first machining operation. In the
subsequent operations only machined surfaces may serve as setting-up
datum.
2. Surfaces, whose machining will not reduce the rigidity of the work to any
appreciable extent, should be machined earlier in the sequence.
3. Internal operations are performed in advance of external operations. This is
not a rule that need always to be observed. The
principal reason for performing internal operations early is that internal
surfaces are less likely to be damaged in material handling and subsequent
processes so their surfaces frequently provide a better means of holding the
work and thus help ensure concentricity between inside and outside
diameters.
4. The operation in the sequence should begin with removing the largest layer
of metal. Removing thick layers by heavy cuts will reveal internal defects in
the raw materials (usually castings or forgings) much more readily than light
cuts. The workpiece is also relieved of internal stresses which eliminate the
danger of warping in subsequent – operations.
5. The large cutting and clamping forces that may be associated with heavy cut
affect the accuracy of finished surfaces of another part of the same workpiece
and call for those machines which are intended for roughing operations.
Furthermore, heavy cuts involving coarse or rough finishes are usually faster
with less expensive workmen than fine finishes.

Department of Production Technology 172 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

6. Operations, in which an increased number of rejects is to be expected due to

revealing of defects as stated above, should be performed as near as possible
to the beginning of the machine sequence. It is always advantageous to find
out that work is being performed on the defective material as soon as possible
with the least investment in secondary processes.
7. Finishing operations should be performed at the end of the operation
sequence to reduce danger of damaging finished surfaces, of changing their
dimensions and coordination in reference to other surfaces of the part.
8. Roughing and finishing operations should be done on separate machines so
that accuracy of machines intended for finishing is not disturbed by heavy
loads in roughing works.
9. Inspection stages should be introduced (a) after roughing, (b) before
operations which are to be performed in other shops and
departments, (c) before laborious and important operation (for example,
before preparing datum surfaces) and after them, and (d) after the las
machining operation.
10. The sequence of machining operations should be coordinated with heat
treating operations which are of vital importance in the manufacture of
machine part. Deformation of the workplace after heat treatment will require
an increase in the machining allowances for subsequent operations for
necessary correction in the geometric form of the part by machining.
11. Material handling is a necessity of any productive activity since it applies to
the movement of raw materials, parts in process, finished goods, packing
materials, and disposal of scraps. Thus operations sequence and material
handling are closely linked. This is a lucrative area for possible cost reduction
and takes a big slice of the manufacturing cost. Therefore, modern trend is to
mechanize the handling system wherever practicable.
12. Waiting of materials in the stores as well as in process should be avoided as
far as possible as it involves different cost parameters associated with them.
As far as possible they are therefore located adjacent to point of use
for minimum cost involved.
The operation sequence is not rigid. It varies from product to product and even in the
same product. There is always some scope for improvement and it should be
continuously reviewed for developing better methods, increasing productivity and
reducing costs.

PROCESS PLANNING SHEET

➢ Process planning sheet is a detail record where all information relating to

different operations needed to manufacture a part are listed in tabular form.
➢ This is also known as analysis sheet, instruction sheet, operation
sheet or process design sheet.
➢ An example of a process sheet is given in Table.1.

Department of Production Technology 173 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

➢ The description of the operations and their elements indicated in the process
sheet should give extremely concise but comprehensive information on what
is to be done and why.
➢ The data should clearly indicate how and with what the job is to be done and,
if possible, the time expenditure it will require.
➢ The form of such sheets may vary for different production conditions.
➢ The character of a process sheet will depend mainly on the scale of production
and the degree of importance of the product being manufactured.
➢ Furthermore, different types of sheets are used in manufacturing concepts
which are already in operation and in organizations designing new plants.
➢ In the majority of cases, however, the following information are listed in
process sheets:
1. Information concerning the workpiece which includes name, drawing, and
service function, if possible.
2. Information concerning the blank which includes material, size of stock
when used as a blank, character etc.
3. Descriptions and numbers of operations and those of their elements.
4. Information concerning the manufacturing equipment such as machine
accessories, tools, auxiliary equipment etc.
5. Data on jigs, fixtures and tools such as description, sizes or code numbers.
6. Elements of standard time such as setting time, handling time and
machining time, etc.
7. Job rating of the worker for each operation.

XYZ PRODUCT
ROUTING SHEET PAGE NO.
COMPANY NO.
PART NO.
PART NAME
NUMBER OF
MATERIAL BLANK PARTS PER LOT SIZE
UNIT
OPERATION NUMBER OF JIG OR STANDARD
EQUIPMENT TOOL GAUGE REMARKS
NO. OPERATION FIXTURE HOUR

PLANNER APPROVAL

DATE DATE

ISSUE NO. ISSUE DATE

ALTERATION NO. APPROVED DATE

Department of Production Technology 174 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

FIGURE – TYPICAL TURRET LAYOUT FOR A BUSH BEARING

AN EXAMPLE OF OPERATION SEQUENCE

Department of Production Technology 175 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

DISADVANTAGES OF MANUAL PROCESS PLANNING

➢ Manual process planning (MPP) has many Disadvantages. They are:

1. MPPs are largely subjective.
2. The quality of process plan is directly related to the skill and
experience of the planner.
3. Incorporation of process changes is extremely difficult.
4. Technological changes or changes of batch sizes requires the change
in process plan. MPPs are slow to respond.
5. It is difficult to check if the process plan is consistent and optimized.
When it is not optimised it will specify excessive tooling and material
requirement.
6. It is tiresome to search manually the process plans of similar parts
from the large amount of documentation of the company.
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANNING

➢ Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) has become the most critical
link to integrated CAD/CAM systems.
➢ CAPP is the application of computers to assist the human process planner to
execute the process planning function.
➢ CAPP not also reduces the time and effort required to prepare consistent
process plans, but only creates an automated interface between Computer
Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) to
achieve complete integration within the manufacturing system.
➢ The input of this process is a CAD-model of the workpiece to be created and
the result of this process is a detailed process plan from which the workpiece
can be created/manufactured.
➢ A complete CAPP system would include:
1. Design input.
2. Material selection.
3. Process selection and sequencing.
4. Machine and tool selection.
5. Intermediate surface determination.
6. Fixture selection,
7. Machining parameter selection.
8. Cost/time estimation.
9. Plan preparation.
10. NC tape image generation.

➢ Two basic approaches to automated process planning are:

1. Variant
2. Generative

Department of Production Technology 176 | P a g e

Exercise No:16 PROCESS PLANNING STEPS, TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
Date: Student Name:
Semester: Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

➢ Variant process planning explores the similarities among components

(parts) and searches through a data base to retrieve the standard process
plan for the part family in which the component belongs. The plan is them
retrieved and modified to create a suitable plan for the new part.

➢ Generative Computer Aided Process Planning (GCAPP) synthesizes

manufacturing information in order to create a process plan for a new
component (part). Decision logics and optimization methods are encoded in
the system itself resulting in minimum or no human interaction in process
planning.

CONCLUSION: Thus, process planning steps, definition, types, sequences of activities, advantages
and disadvantages of different types of process planning are studied.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

2D Sketching ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 177 | P a g e

Exercise No:17 STEP TURNING AND KNURLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To perform the Step Turning and Knurling in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical
work piecefor the given dimensions.
MATERIALS Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm
REQUIRED
TOOLS Single point cutting tool, Knurling tool, Vernier caliper, and chuck key & tool post key
REQUIRED
PROCEDURE: 1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked
2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required
length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form
steps
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. After that one side of the work piece is knurled by using knurling tool
9. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is
removed from thechuck.
Before
Machining

Department of Production Technology 178 | P a g e

Exercise No:17 STEP TURNING AND KNURLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Steps in Stage I
Machining

Stage II

Stage III

Department of Production Technology 179 | P a g e

Exercise No:17 STEP TURNING AND KNURLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Stage IV

Stage V

RESULT Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing Step
Turning and Knurling operations in lathe.

Department of Production Technology 180 | P a g e

Exercise No:17 STEP TURNING AND KNURLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 3 3

Machining ≤1 >1& ≤ 2 >2& ≤ 3 3

Conclusion ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 181 | P a g e

Exercise No:18 DRILLING AND TAPPING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To perform the drilling, Boring and Tapping in a drilling Machine on the given work
piece forthe given dimensions.
MATERIALS Mild steel Plate of Length 50x50 mm
REQUIRED
TOOLS Steel rule, Flat file (rough and smooth), Drill bit (8 mm, 10 mm, 10.5 mm), Reaming
REQUIRED tool, Trysquare
PROCEDURE: 1. The work piece was fitted in the vice and filed to the required dimensions.
2. The squareness of the work piece was checked.
3. Drawing punches were made for various drills.
4. The job was fitted on the radial drilling machine.
5. The 10 mm & 8 mm drill bit were used for drilling in the required place and drilling
operation was made on the work piece.
6. Boring was done on the 10mm hole using the boring tool.
7. Reaming was done on the 8 mm hole using the Reaming tool size of 8 mm
diameter.
8. Tapping was done on the 8mm and 10mm hole diameters.
9. The work piece was removed from the radial drilling machine.
Before
Machining

50.0 50.0

55.0 55.0

Department of Production Technology 182 | P a g e

Exercise No:18 DRILLING AND TAPPING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Steps in Stage I
Machining
45.0 45.0

50.0 50.0

Stage II

45.0 45.0

50.0 50.0

15.0 15.0

Stage III

45.0 45.0
Ø10.0

Ø8.5

50.0 50.0

15.0 15.0

Department of Production Technology 183 | P a g e

Exercise No:18 DRILLING AND TAPPING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

RESULT Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing drilling,
Boring, Reaming and Tapping in a drilling Machine.

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 3 3

Machining ≤1 >1& ≤ 2 >2& ≤ 3 3

Conclusion ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 184 | P a g e

Exercise No:19 ECCENTRIC TURNING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To perform the Eccentric turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work
piece for the given dimensions.
MATERIALS Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm
REQUIRED
TOOLS Single point cutting tool, Vernier calliper, chuck key & tool post key
REQUIRED
PROCEDUR 1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked
E: 2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post
key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the
required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the Eccentric turning operation is further continued to specific
dimension to form steps
7. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier calliper before work piece
is removed from the chuck.
Before
Machining

RAW MATERIAL
Ø25

105

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

Department of Production Technology 185 | P a g e

Exercise No:19 ECCENTRIC TURNING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Steps in Stage I
Machining

FACING OPERATION - STAGE 1

Ø25

50±0.5

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

Stage II

TURNING OPERATION - STAGE 2

Ø23±0.20

50±0.5

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

Department of Production Technology 186 | P a g e

Exercise No:19 ECCENTRIC TURNING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Stage III

ECCENTRIC TURNING - STAGE 3

Ø14±0.2

e=4

35±0.25 15±0.25

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

RESULT Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing
facing & plain turning operations in lathe.

Department of Production Technology 187 | P a g e

Exercise No:19 ECCENTRIC TURNING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤3 3

Machining ≤1 >1&≤2 >2&≤3 3

Conclusion ≤0 > 0 & ≤ 0.5 > 0.5 & ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0&≤1 >1&≤2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 188 | P a g e

Exercise No:20 VERTICAL MILLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

AIM: To perform the milling operation in a milling Machine on the given work piece for the
given dimensions.
MATERIALS Mild steel Plate of Length 110x60 mm
REQUIRED
TOOLS Steel rule, vernier calliper.
REQUIRED
PROCEDURE: 1. The work piece was fitted in the vice.
2. The squareness of the work piece was checked.
3. Drawing punches were made for pocket milling.
4. The job was fitted on the milling machine.
5. The required milling tool were used for milling in the required place and milling
operation was made on the work piece.
6. Pocket was taken for 3 mm depth in the work piece.
7. The milling operation was done on the workpiece to the required dimension.
8. The work piece was removed from the milling machine.
Before
Machining

110

Raw material

Department of Production Technology 189 | P a g e

Exercise No:20 VERTICAL MILLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Steps in Stage I
Machining

3
60

110
Surface milling

Stage II
40

110

Pocket milling

RESULT Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing by face
milling and pocket milling operation.

Department of Production Technology 190 | P a g e

Exercise No:20 VERTICAL MILLING
Date: Student Name:
Semester: 3rd Register No: Course: B.E. Production Engineering

Max marks
RUBRICS Low Medium High
Actual obtained
Aim ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Procedure ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 3 3

Machining ≤1 >1& ≤ 2 >2& ≤ 3 3

Conclusion ≤0 >0& ≤ 0.5 >0.5& ≤ 1 1

Viva-Voce ≤0 >0& ≤ 1 >1& ≤ 2 2

Total Marks 10
Remarks:
Signature of Course Instructor with Date

Signature of Lab Instructor with Date

Department of Production Technology 191 | P a g e

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