Determinant

Definition: Every square matrix can be associated to a number or expression which is

known as its determinant.
If A is square matrix of size n, then the determinant is denoted by det(A) or |A|
And define by the sum of products of the elements of a square matrix and their cofactors
according to any row or column.
Determinant of a square matrix of order 2:

[ ]
If A
a b
c d
then the expression (ad-bc) is the determinant of A

That is |A|=(ad-bc)
Note: for finding the determinant the rule is that –

( multiplying the principal diagonal elements – multiplying non-principal diagonal

elements)

Determinant of a square matrix of order 3:

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
If A¿ a21 a22 a23 be a matrix of order 3 then
a31 a32 a33

Det(A)= a 11 c11 + a12 c12 +a 13 c 13 expand with respect to first row and where C ij is the cofactor of
aij
Note: you could expand with respect to any row or column.
Singular matrix:
A square matrix is said to be a singular matrix if |A|=0
Non-singular matrix:
A square matrix is said to be a non-singular matrix if | A|≠ 0
Cofactor and Minor of an element of a determinant:
Let A=[a ij] be a square matrix of order n. then the minor M ij of aij is the determinant of the
sub matrix of order (n-1) obtained by leaving ith row and jth column of A.

Let A=[a ij] be a square matrix of order n. then the cofactor C ij of aij in A is equal to (-1)i+j
times the determinant of the sub matrix of order (n-1) obtained by leaving i th row and jth
column of A.

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
¿
If A a21 a22 a23 be a matrix of order 3 then
a31 a32 a33

The minor M11 of a11 is |

a22 a23
a32 a33|and cofactor C11 of a11 is (-1)1+1 |
a22 a23
a32 a33 |
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ANUP KUNDUvis
 Note: Cij=(-1)i+jMij which is the relation between the cofactor and minor.

Properties of Determinant:
1) Let A=(aij) be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of the elements
of any row or column with their cofactor is always equal to det(A).
2) Let A=(aij) be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of the elements
of any row or column with cofactor of the corresponding elements of some other row
or column is always equal to zero.
3) |A|=|AT|
4) If we interchange any two rows(columns) then value of the determinant will be same
but sing changed.
5) If any row(column) has all elements are zero then the value of the determinant is zero
6) If two or more rows(columns) are identical then the value of the determinant is zero.
7) Let A=(aij) be a square matrix of order n, and let B be a matrix obtained from A by
multiplying each elements of a row(column) of A by a scalar k then |B|=k|A|
8) If each elements of a row(column) of a determinant is multiplied by some constant and
then added to the corresponding elements of some other row(column), then value of
the determinant remains same.
9) The value of the determinant of a diagonal matrix or triangular matrix is equal to the
product of the diagonal elements.
10) |AB|=|A||B|
11) The value of determinant of a odd order skew-symmetric matrix will be zero.
12) The value of determinant of even order skew-symmetric matrix is perfect square.

Application of determinants:
1) Area of a triangle:
If ( x 1 , y 1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of a triangle then the area of this triangle is

|| |
ϰ y1 1
1 1
x y 2 1 sq unit
2 2
x3 y3 1

|| |
ϰ y1 1
1 1
Condition of collinearity of three points is x y 2 1 =0
2 2
x3 y3 1
2) Equation of a straight line joining the two points:

The equation of the line joining the points ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ) is

| |
x y 1
x 2 y 2 1 =0
x3 y3 1
Adjoint/Adjugate of a Matrix
Let A=[a ij] be a square matrix of order n and Cij is the cofactor of aij . Then the
transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the Adjoint or Adjugate
of the matrix A.
And it is denoted by Adj(A)/adj(A)
So, adj(A)=[Cij]T where Cij is the cofactor of aij

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ANUP KUNDUvis
 Adjoint of a square matrix of order 2:

If A¿ [ ]
a11 a12
a21 a22
then The cofactor of a 11 is C11=(-1)1+1a22= a22

The cofactor of a 12 is C12=(-1)1+2a21= -a21

The cofactor of a 21 is C21=(-1)2+1a22= -a12

The cofactor of a 22 is C22=(-1)2+2a11= a11

[ ] [ ]
T
C C 12 a −a12
So, Adj(A)= 11 = 22
C21 C 22 −a21 a11

Short Trick: For finding the Adjoint of a 2 order square matrix – interchanging the
principal diagonal elements and changing the sing of non-diagonal elements.
Adjoint of a square matrix of order 3:

[ ]
a 11 a12 a13
If A= a 21 a22 a23 then the cofactor of a11 is C11= (-1)1+1
a 31 a32 a33
|
a22 a 23
a23 a33
= ||
a22 a 23
a23 a33 |
the cofactor of a12 is C12= (-1)1+2 | | |
a21 a23
a31 a33
=-
a21 a23
a31 a33 |
the cofactor of a13 is C13= (-1)1+3 | | |
a21 a22
a31 a32
=-
a21 a23
a31 a33 |
the cofactor of a21 is C21= (-1)2+1 | | |
a12 a13
a32 a33
=−
a12 a13
a32 a33 |
the cofactor of a22 is C22= (-1)2+2 | ||
a11 a13
a31 a33
=
a11 a13
a31 a33 |
the cofactor of a23 is C23= (-1)2+3 | | |
a11 a12
a31 a32
=−
a11 a12
a31 a32 |
the cofactor of a31 is C31= (-1)3+1 | | |
a12 a13
a22 a23
=
a12 a13
a22 a23 |
the cofactor of a32 is C32= (-1)3+2 | | |
a11 a13
a21 a23
=-
a11 a13
a21 a23 |
the cofactor of a33 is C33 (-1)3+3 |a11 a12
a21 a22| |
=
a11 a12
a21 a22 |
So,

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ANUP KUNDUvis
 [ ]
| | | | |
T
a 22 a23 a a a a
− 21 23 21 23
a 32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a 33

Adj(A)= − | || ||
a 12 a13
a 32 a33
−
|
a 11 a13 a11 a 12
a 31 a33 a31 a 32

| | | |
a 12 a13
a 22 a23
−
|
a 11 a13 a11 a12
a21 a23 a21 a22

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Theorem: If A be a square matrix of order n then A(adjA)=(adjA)A=|A|I

Also it can be written as A ⋅ (|A1|adjA )=(|1A| adjA )⋅ A=I

As we know that if AB=BA=I then B is the inverse of A

So, A-1= ( 1
| A|
adjA
)
We see if A-1 exists if | A|≠ 0
That is If A is non-singular matrix then A -1 exists.
If A is a singular matrix then A-1 dose not exists
Theorem: If A and B are same order square non-singular matrices then (AB) -1=B-1A-1
Proof: As A and B are both same order matrices then AB define And BA also define
And A and B are both non-singular so A-1and B-1 are both exists.
And AA-1=A-1A=I----------(1)
BB-1=B-1 B=I----------(2)
Now AB(B-1A-1)= A(BB-1)A-1
= AIA-1 (from 2)
=A A-1 =I (from 1)---------(3)
And (B-1A-1)AB=B-1 ( A-1A)B
= B-1IB (from 1)
=B-1B

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ANUP KUNDUvis
 =I (from 2)---------(4)
From (3) and (4) we have –
AB(B-1A-1)= (B-1A-1)AB=I
So, (AB)-1=(B-1A-1)
Hence, proved
Theorem: If A is invertible square matrix then (A-1)T=(AT)-1
Theorem: If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then det(adjA)=(detA) n-1
Theorem: If A and B are both non-singular matrices then adj(AB)=(adjB)(adjA).
Theorem: If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then adj(A T)=(adjA)T.
Theorem: If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then adj(adjA)=|A| n-2A
Theorem: If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then| adj(adjA)|=|A| (n-1)2
1
Theorem: If A is non-singular matrix of order n, then |A -1|=
| A|

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ANUP KUNDUvis