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Lecture 1

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21 views22 pages

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Hanif Abdillah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 IN 5 MINUTES, PLEASE FIND THE ANSWER

OF THE CROSS WORD PUZZLE GIVEN.

 Click here
 J.C.R. Licklider
› envisioned "Galactic Network" concept - a globally
interconnected set of computers through which everyone could
quickly access data and programs from any site (MIT, Aug 1962)
› 1st head of the computer research program at DARPA (Oct 1962)
 Lawrence G. Roberts
› develop the computer network concept & publish ARPANET (DARPA,
1967)
› ARPANET had been turned over to the Defense Communications
Agency
 Ira Fuchs and Greydon Freeman (1981)
› devised BITNET, which linked academic mainframe computers for
electronic mail
4

 CSNET- 1981
› National Science Foundation (NSF) developed
the Computer Science Network (CSNET) (1981) to
extend the ARPANET networking benefits for
computer science departments at academic &
research institutions.
› The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was
standardized, and consequently, the concept of a
world-wide network of interconnected TCP/IP
networks, called the Internet, was introduced.
(1982)
› Commercial Internet service providers(ISPs) began
to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
What is the internet?
 A huge collection of
computers connected by
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) in
a network
 IP addresses
› Set of four integers
uniquely identifying each
node
› Example: 128.135.197.76
 Since numbers are difficult to
remember, the Internet
evolved DNS addresses
6

 Computers are identified by unique numeric


addresses
 Form: 32-bit binary number
 Example : 191.57.126.0 to 191.57.126.255 has 256 IP
addresses
 Written as four 8-bit numbers, separated by periods
 Organizations are assigned groups of IPs for their
computers
 DNS translates domain names to network addresses. For
example:
› altavista.com is 192.136.112.39
 Separate domain administrations:
› Defined types: COM, EDU, GOV, BIZ, TEL, NET, ORG, INFO,
NAME, MOBI
› Countries: US, JP, FR, MY, RU, CH, UK, etc.
 Tree structured directory
 A DNS address (ftmk.utem.edu.my) consists of:
› Domain name for organizations (ftmk.utem.edu.my)
 institutional site name (ftmk.utem)
 top-level domain(tld) name (edu.my)
› host name for individual machines (ftmk)
 Max 255 characters per name
 From 2 to 5 labels per domain name
› faizal.uhost.co.tv has 4 labels
 Labels of up to 63 characters
 Allowable characters are A-Z, 0-9, and ‘-’
 Domain names are not case sensitive
› Other parts of a URL may be case sensitive
 Trademark owners get preference
 Web allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-
based documents on almost any subject over the Internet
 Web is an application to share and access Web documents
on top of the Internet
› Other applications: email, FTP, newsgroups, instant
messaging, etc.
 Founded by Tim Berners Lee of CERN, 1989
 The WWW is not the Internet
 Tim developed a technology for sharing information via
hyperlinked text documents called HTML
 Tim also wrote communication protocols to form the
backbone of the WWW. He wrote the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) – a communication protocol used to send
information over the Web
 Web documents (Web pages) are formatted in HyperText
Markup Language(HTML)

10
 Client software that allows users to
access the Web’s rich content
› Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Mozilla’s
Firefox, Apple’s Safari & Opera
Software’s Opera
 People use web browsers to access the
information available on the Web & to
share or exchange the content with
other users
 May include tools for e-mail, address
book, news, Web authoring, etc.
 May run programs in Java, Javascript,
ActiveX, or Shockwave
 Records data in Cookies, logs, cache
 A specialized software that
responds to client requests
(typically from a web browser)
by providing resources such as
HTML documents.
 E.g. Apache HTTP Server,
Microsoft Internet Information
Server (IIS) etc.
 Provides access to files
 Runs programs in CGI, Perl,
Java, C, etc.
 May support relational
database (Oracle, DB2, SQL
Server, etc.)
 May provide access to legacy
applications
 May log access requests
 All Web pages are addressed with URLs
 Format: protocol:address
› protocol may be
 ftp, http, mailto, telnet, etc
› address specifies
 A server name
 A directory path (optional)
 A filename
 Example:
› http://www.eftmk.utem.edu.my/bitm2113/rajah1
.png
14

 MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)


 Originally developed for email
 Used to specify to the browser the form of a file returned by the
server (attached by the server to the beginning of the
document)
 Form: type/subtype
› Examples: text/plain, text/html, image/gif, image/jpeg
 Server gets type from the requested file name’s suffix
› *.html implies text/html
 Browser gets the type explicitly from the server
 Experimental types
› Subtype begins with x-, example, video/x-msvideo
› Experimental subtypes are added to MIME specification stored in user’s Web server.

 Experimental types require the server to send a helper application or


plug-in so the browser can deal with the file
 Transactions between client and server
› Client connects
› Client makes one or more Requests
› Server Responds to Requests
› Client drops connection
 Http client request has three parts:
1) Method, document URL, HTTP version
Most frequently used methods are:
› GET request a document or data
› HEAD request document attributes only
› POST send data to server
2) Browser type, OS, and acceptable media
3) Optional data
GET /articles/news/today.asp HTTP/1.1
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-us
Connection: Keep-Alive
Host: localhost
Referer: http://localhost/links.asp
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows
NT 5.0)
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

The header of a request must be followed by a blank line, which is used to


separate the header from the body of the request.
 Response has three parts:
 1) HTTP version, response code, message
 2) Header information
› Date and time
› Server type
› Last modified date and time
› Content type and length
 3) Body (optional)
Status line
Response header fields
blank line
Response body
Status line format:
HTTP version status code explanation
Example: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Status code is a three-digit number; first digit specifies the general status
1 => Informational
2 => Success
3 => Redirection
4 => Client error
5 => Server error
Status code 404 is for?????
 The header field, Content-type, is required
 An example of a complete response header:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2002 17:22:47 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.22 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
Last-modified: Wed, 26 Jun 2002 18:12:29 GMT
Accept-ranges: bytes
Content-length: 75
Connection: close
Content-type: text/html

<HTML>
<BODY>
....
 Client-side scripting
› Validates user input
› Accesses the browser
› Enhances Web pages with ActiveX® controls, applets,
etc.
› Manipulates browser documents
 Client-side validation
› Reduces number of requests that need to be passed to
server
 Client-side scripting limitations
› Browser dependency
› Viewable to users through View Source command
 Example of Client-side scripting – JavaScript, VBScripts
21

 Server-side scripts
› Provides programmers greater flexibility
› Generates custom responses for clients
› Contains greater programmatic
capabilities than client-side equivalents
› Has access to server-side software that
extend server functionality
› Example of server-side scripting – ASP, PHP,
JSP, CGI/Perl
End of lecture..

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