1

Computer Networks
(Fundamentals)

Dr. Arun Kumar

Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha
1-2

Outline
§ Course Objective
§ Evaluation Scheme and Books
§ Network fundamentals
§ Types of networks
§ Protocols and standards
§ Packet switching and circuit switching
§ Significance of layered network architectures
§ Transmission Media or IEEE 802.3 Ethernet cables
§ Different Types of Delays in the Network
§ Reference models
3

Course Objective

§ To understand the computer network models and their architecture.

§ To understand the protocols for each layers in the OSI and TCP/IP
model.
§ To learn about the MAC layer issues and routing protocols
§ To understand the difference between wired and wireless networks
4

Evaluation Schema

1. Mid Semester Exam : 30 Marks

2. End Semester Exam : 50 Marks
3. Teacher Assessment : 20
(Assignments/Quiz/Viva)
4. Attendance: As per Institute Rule
5

Books

§ William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications”, Seventh Edition, PHI

2004.
§ Andrew S. Tanenbaum, ”Computer Networks” 4th Edition PHI
§ B. A. Fourozan, “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”, 3rd Edition, Singapore, McGrawHill, 2004.
§ L. L. Peterson and B. S. Davie, Computer Networks-A System Approach, Elsevier.
§ B. A. Fourozan, “Data Communications and Networking”, 4th Edition, Singapore,
McGrawHill, 2004.
§ James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, “Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
Featuring the Internet”, 3rd Edition , Pearson Education 2009.
1-6

Computer Networks
§ A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located
on or provided by network nodes.
§ The computers use common communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with each other.
§ These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network
technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-
frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network
topologies.
7

A Communications Model
• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
9

Topologies: Indirect Connectivity

Star Ring

Tree
1-10

Network Topology:
§Bus topology
§Star topology
§Ring topology
§Tree topology
§Mesh topology (Fully Connected)
§Partially Connected Mesh Topology
11

Types of networks / Networks Classification

Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
§ Get “feel,” “big picture,” § What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in § Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
course
§ Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ Security
§ History

Introduction: 1-12
What is Internet ?
Depends on who do you ask:

• Child : Where he/she get a lot of Cartoons.

• Students: Study materials/movies.
• Common People: Connect to others or get services.

Introduction: 1-13
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
§ hosts = end systems
§ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
§ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
§ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

§ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
§ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-14
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed

Others?
mattress

Gaming devices
Internet phones Fitbit
Introduction: 1-15
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
4G
§ Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
§ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network
§ Internet standards datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
TCP
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
Force network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-16
The Internet: a “services” view
§ Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
§ provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter

apps to “connect” to, use Internet

network

transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network

Introduction: 1-17
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
§ “what’s the time?” § computers (devices) rather than humans
§ “I have a question” § all communication activity in Internet
§ introductions governed by protocols

Rules for: Protocols define the format, order of

… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt

Introduction: 1-18
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction: 1-19
Chapter 1: roadmap
§ What is the Internet?
§ What is a protocol?
§ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
§ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Security
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ History
Introduction: 1-20
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-21
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

§wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-22
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

§wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter

Network core: network

§ interconnected routers
§ network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-23
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router?
national or global ISP

§ residential access nets

§ institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
§ mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-24
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-25
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

§ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbps downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
§ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-26
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

§ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
§ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
§ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-27
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-28
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
§ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) § provided by mobile, cellular network
§ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) § 10’s Mbps
§ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 § 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-29
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

§ companies, universities, etc.

§ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
§ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
§ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-30
Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
§ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network

Introduction: 1-31
Links: physical media
§ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
§ two insulated copper wires
§ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
§ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
§ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction: 1-33
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
§ two concentric copper conductors § glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
§ bidirectional
§ high-speed operation:
§ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel § low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-34
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
§ signal carried in various § Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum § wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
§ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
§ broadcast, “half-duplex” § Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver)
• short distances, limited rates
§ propagation environment
effects: § terrestrial microwave
• reflection • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• obstruction by objects § satellite
• Interference/noise • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• 270 msec end-end delay
Introduction: 1-35
Chapter 1: roadmap
§ What is the Internet?
§ What is a protocol?
§ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
§ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Security
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ History
Introduction: 1-36
The network core
§ Network core is mesh of interconnected mobile network
national or global ISP
routers
§ packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into packets
• network forwards packets from one local or
router to the next, across links on path regional ISP

from source to destination home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-37
 Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
§ global action:
header value output link determine source-
§ aka “switching” 0100
0101
3
2 destination paths
§ local action: 0111 2
taken by packets
move arriving 1001 1

packets from § routing algorithms

router’s input link 1
to appropriate
router output link 3 2
11
01

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-38
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Introduction: 1-42
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
§ packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
§ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-43
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
§ in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
§ dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
§ circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
§ commonly used in traditional telephone networks

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-44
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users

frequency
§ optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
§ each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
§ time divided into slots
§ each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s) Introduction: 1-45
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
§ 1 Gb/s link
N

…..
§ each user: users
• 100 Mb/s when “active” 1 Gbps link
• active 10% of time

Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?

§ circuit-switching: 10 users
§ packet switching: with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active at same time
is less than .0004 *
A: HW problem (for those with
course in probability only)

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-46
Chapter 1: roadmap
§ What is the Internet?
§ What is a protocol?
§ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
§ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Security
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ History
Introduction: 1-57
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

§ check bit errors § time waiting at output link for
§ determine output link transmission
§ typically < microsecs § depends on congestion level of
router
Introduction: 1-59
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
§ L: packet length (bits) § d: length of physical link
§ R: link transmission rate (bps) § s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
§ dtrans = L/R § dprop = d/s
dtrans and dprop
very different
Introduction: 1-60
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km

ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth toll booth

(aka 10-bit packet) (aka link)

§ car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet; toll § time to “push” entire caravan

service ~ link transmission through toll booth onto
§ toll booth takes 12 sec to service highway = 12*10 = 120 sec
car (bit transmission time) § time for last car to propagate
§ “propagate” at 100 km/hr from 1st to 2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr) = 1 hr
§ Q: How long until caravan is lined
up before 2nd toll booth? § A: 62 minutes

Introduction: 1-61
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km

ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth

(aka 10-bit packet) (aka router)

§ suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

§ and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
§ Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first booth?
A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three cars still at
first booth

Introduction: 1-62
Packet queueing delay (revisited)
§ a: average packet arrival rate

average queueing delay

§ L: packet length (bits)
§ R: link bandwidth (bit transmission rate)

L .a arrival rate of bits “traffic

:
R service rate of bits intensity” traffic intensity = La/R 1

§ La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

§ La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

§ La/R > 1: more “work” arriving is
more than can be serviced - average
delay infinite!
La/R -> 1
Introduction: 1-63
 Throughput
§ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from
sender to receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

link capacity
pipe that can carry linkthat
pipe capacity
can carry
Rsfluid
bits/sec
at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
serverserver,
sends with
bits
(fluid) into pipe (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec)
file of F bits
to send to client
Introduction: 1-67
Throughput
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction: 1-68
Chapter 1: roadmap
§ What is the Internet?
§ What is a protocol?
§ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
§ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Security
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ History
Introduction: 1-77
Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex, Question: is there any
with many “pieces”: hope of organizing
§ hosts structure of network?
§ routers §and/or our discussion
§ links of various media of networks?
§ applications
§ protocols
§ hardware, software

Introduction: 1-78
Example: organization of air travel
end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing

How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

§ a series of steps, involving many services
Introduction: 1-79
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service

§ via its own internal-layer actions
§ relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction: 1-80
Why layering?
Approach to designing/discussing complex systems:
§ explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
§ modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation:
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system

Introduction: 1-81
Layered Internet protocol stack
§ application: supporting network applications
• HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
application
application
§ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
transport
§ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
§ link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
§ physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction: 1-82
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application Application exchanges messages to implement some application
application service using services of transport layer
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network § transport-layer protocol encapsulates network

application-layer message, M, with
link transport layer-layer header Ht to create a link
transport-layer segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to
physical implement its service physical

source destination

Introduction: 1-83
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link link
§ network-layer protocol encapsulates
transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with
physical network layer-layer header Hn to create a physical
network-layer datagram
source • Hn used by network layer protocol to destination
implement its service
Introduction: 1-84
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport transport

network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link Hl Hn Ht M link
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from
host to neighboring host, using network-layer services
physical physical
§ link-layer protocol encapsulates network
datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header
source Hl to create a link-layer frame destination

Introduction: 1-85
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application M application
message
Ht M
transport Ht M transport
segment
network Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network
datagram

link Hl Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M link
frame

physical physical

source destination

Introduction: 1-86
 message
source
application
Encapsulation: an
end-end view
M
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction: 1-87
Chapter 1: roadmap
§ What is the Internet?
§ What is a protocol?
§ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
§ Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
§ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
§ Security
§ Protocol layers, service models
§ History
Introduction: 1-88
Home Work

Introduction: 1-89
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
§ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing § 1972:
theory shows effectiveness of • ARPAnet public demo
packet-switching • NCP (Network Control Protocol)
§ 1964: Baran - packet-switching first host-host protocol
in military nets • first e-mail program
§ 1967: ARPAnet conceived by • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Advanced Research Projects
Agency
§ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary networks
§ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
network in Hawaii principles:
§ 1974: Cerf and Kahn - § minimalism, autonomy - no
architecture for interconnecting internal changes required to
networks interconnect networks
§ best-effort service model
§ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC § stateless routing
§ late70’s: proprietary § decentralized control
architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA define today’s Internet architecture
§ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction: 1-91
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
§ 1983: deployment of TCP/IP § new national networks: CSnet,
§ 1982: smtp e-mail protocol BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
defined § 100,000 hosts connected to
§ 1983: DNS defined for name- confederation of networks
to-IP-address translation
§ 1985: ftp protocol defined
§ 1988: TCP congestion control

Introduction: 1-92
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
§ early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s – 2000s:
decommissioned § more killer apps: instant
§ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet § network security to forefront
(decommissioned, 1995)
§ est. 50 million host, 100 million+
§ early 1990s: Web users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
§ backbone links running at Gbps
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990s: commercialization of the
Web
Introduction: 1-93
Internet history
2005-present: scale, SDN, mobility, cloud
§ aggressive deployment of broadband home access (10-100’s Mbps)
§ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)
§ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
§ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to social media, search, video content, …
§ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
§ rise of smartphones: more mobile than fixed devices on Internet (2017)
§ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
Introduction: 1-94
Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of material!
§ Internet overview
§ what’s a protocol? You now have:
§ network edge, access network, core § context, overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit-
switching vocabulary, “feel”
• Internet structure of networking
§ performance: loss, delay, throughput § more depth,
§ layering, service models detail, and fun to
§ security follow!
§ history
Introduction: 1-95
Additional Chapter 1 slides

Introduction: 1-96
 ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
§ presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
§ session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
§ Internet stack “missing” these layers! physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
Introduction: 1-97
Wireshark
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet frames Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) sent/received
Physical

Introduction: 1-98