BBA-I/E/MODULE-3

In grammar, tense refers to the form of a verb that indicates the time when an action or event occurs.
Tense helps convey whether something happens in the past, present, or future. It also shows the state
of the action (whether it is completed, ongoing, or to be happened).

There are three main tenses in English:

1. Present tense: Refers to actions happening now or regularly.

o Example: I eat breakfast every morning.
2. Past tense: Refers to actions that have already happened.
o Example: She visited the museum yesterday.
3. Future tense: Refers to actions that will happen later.
o Example: They will travel next week.

Each of these tenses can be further divided into different forms, depending on whether the action is
continuous, perfect, or a combination of both. Here are some examples:

 Present Continuous: I am eating lunch.

 Past Perfect: She had finished her homework before the movie started.
 Future Perfect: I will go to the store tomorrow.

In short, tense helps us understand the timing and nature of an action or state of being.
A preposition is a word that links a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence, indicating the
relationship between them. It often shows direction, location, time, cause, or method. Prepositions
typically appear before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship to another word in the sentence.

Here are some common prepositions and examples of how they are used:

1. Location:
o in (The book is in the bag.)
o on (The cup is on the table.)
o under (The cat is under the chair.)
o between (The ball is between the shoes.)
2. Time:
o at (I will meet you at 3 PM.)
o on (My birthday is on Monday.)
o in (He arrived in the morning.)
o during (We traveled during the summer.)
3. Direction:
o to (She is going to the store.)
o from (I received a gift from my friend.)
o into (He walked into the room.)
o out of (They walked out of the house.)
4. Cause or Reason:
o because of (She was late because of traffic.)
o due to (The event was canceled due to rain.)
5. Method:
o by (We travel by bus.)
o with (I cut the paper with scissors.)

Prepositions are essential for showing how nouns and pronouns relate to other words in a sentence.
They help provide important context about the situation or action being described.

In grammar, parts of speech are the categories into which words are classified based on their function and
role in a sentence. There are eight primary parts of speech:

1. Noun

 Definition: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

 Examples: dog, school, happiness, freedom, mountain
 Example sentence: The dog barked loudly.

2. Pronoun

 Definition: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun to avoid repetition.
 Examples: he, she, it, they, we, who, which
 Example sentence: She went to the store.

3. Verb

 Definition: A verb expresses action or being.

 Examples: run, eat, sleep, is, are, be, seem
 Example sentence: They run every morning.

4. Adjective

 Definition: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun, giving more detail.

 Examples: tall, blue, happy, difficult, large
 Example sentence: The green apple is delicious.

5. Adverb

 Definition: An adverb modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often indicating how,
when, where, or to what extent.
 Examples: quickly, very, well, yesterday, here, often
 Example sentence: She sings beautifully.

6. Conjunction

 Definition: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.

 Examples: and, but, or, because, although, yet
 Example sentence: I wanted to go, but I was too tired.

7. Preposition

 Definition: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another word in the
sentence.
 Examples: in, on, at, under, over, between, with, during
 Example sentence: The book is on the table.

8. Interjection

 Definition: An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or sudden feeling. It is often
followed by an exclamation mark.
 Examples: wow, ouch, hey, oh, yikes
 Example sentence: Wow! That was amazing.

Each part of speech plays a unique role in forming sentences and contributing to the meaning and structure
of language.

A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. They help
join different parts of a sentence or connect ideas to make the expression more fluid and coherent.

Here are the main types of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses

that are of equal importance.
o Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
o Example sentence: "I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining."
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent
clause, showing the relationship between them (cause, contrast, time, etc.).
o Examples: because, although, since, if, unless, while, after, before
o Example sentence: "I stayed inside because it was raining."
3. Correlative Conjunctions: These work in pairs to connect words or phrases of equal importance.
o Examples: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or
o Example sentence: "Either you come with me, or you stay here."

Conjunctions are crucial for making speech and writing more connected and less fragmented.
NOUN-PRONOUN AGREEMENT

Noun-Pronoun Agreement refers to the grammatical rule that a pronoun must agree in number,
gender, and person with the noun it replaces or refers to. This helps maintain clarity and consistency
in sentences. Here's a breakdown of the main aspects of noun-pronoun agreement:

1. Number Agreement: The pronoun must match the noun in terms of whether it is singular or
plural.
o Singular: "The teacher lost her keys."
o Plural: "The teachers lost their keys."
2. Gender Agreement: The pronoun must match the noun's gender. This is typically a concern
with nouns referring to people or animals, but can also apply to inanimate objects in some
languages (like Spanish or French), though English doesn't generally have gendered pronouns
for objects.
o Masculine: "John loves his dog."
o Feminine: "Sarah loves her cat."
o Neutral (used for non-gendered nouns or when the gender is unspecified): "The
student forgot their book."
o "Alex said they would join us for dinner later."
3. In this sentence, "they" is used as a gender-neutral pronoun to refer to Alex, who may not identify
strictly as male or female.
o
4. Person Agreement: The pronoun should match the person of the noun. In English, this usually
involves distinguishing between first person (I/we), second person (you), and third person
(he, she, it, they).
o First person: "I forgot my wallet."
o Second person: "You lost your keys."
o Third person: "He found his hat."

Examples of agreement in sentences:

 Incorrect: "The girls forgot his books." (The noun "girls" is plural and feminine, so the pronoun
should be "their" and feminine.)
 Correct: "The girls forgot their books."

In general, the noun and pronoun need to match in number (singular/plural), gender (if applicable),
and person.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement refers to the grammatical rule that the subject and verb in a sentence must
agree in number (singular or plural). This means that:

1. Singular subjects take singular verbs.

2. Plural subjects take plural verbs.

Key Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement:

1. Singular subject, singular verb:

o Example: She runs every morning. (Singular subject: "She", singular verb: "runs")
2. Plural subject, plural verb:
o Example: They run every morning. (Plural subject: "They", plural verb: "run")
Common Exceptions and Tips:

1. Subjects joined by "and": If two or more subjects are joined by "and," use a plural verb.
o Example: My friend and I are going to the movies.
2. Subjects joined by "or" or "nor": When subjects are connected by "or" or "nor," the verb
agrees with the subject closest to it.
o Example: Either the teacher or the students are responsible for the project.
o Example: Neither the manager nor the employee was available for comment.
3. Indefinite pronouns: Some indefinite pronouns are singular (e.g., anyone, everyone,
someone), while others are plural (e.g., several, few).
o Singular: Everyone is invited.
o Plural: Few are interested in the offer.
4. Collective nouns: Collective nouns (e.g., team, family, class) can be singular or plural
depending on whether they refer to the group as a whole or individual members.
o Singular: The team is playing well.
o Plural: The team members are playing well.
5. Non-countable nouns: These nouns (e.g., information, furniture) take a singular verb.
o Example: The information is helpful.
6. Titles, names, and other singular subjects: Even if these look plural, they take singular
verbs.
o Example: "The Hunger Games" is a popular book series.

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

In English grammar, transformation of sentences refers to changing the structure of a sentence

without altering its meaning. This is often done by shifting the form of the sentence while keeping the
essence of the message intact. There are various types of sentence transformations. Below are some
common types:

1. Affirmative to Negative Sentences

Transforming an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence involves adding words like not, never,
no, or nothing to negate the sentence.

 Example:
o Affirmative: She is going to the party.
o Negative: She is not going to the party.

2. Negative to Affirmative Sentences

This transformation involves changing a negative sentence into an affirmative one by removing
negation.

 Example:
o Negative: He is not coming to the meeting.
o Affirmative: He is coming to the meeting.

3. Interrogative to Assertive (Statement) Sentences

An interrogative sentence is a question, and when it is transformed into an assertive (statement)

sentence, it no longer asks but declares the information.

 Example:
o Interrogative: Are you coming to the event?
 o Assertive: You are coming to the event.

4. Assertive to Interrogative Sentences

An assertive sentence is a statement, and transforming it into an interrogative sentence involves

turning it into a question.

 Example:
o Assertive: She is reading a book.
o Interrogative: Is she reading a book?

5. Active to Passive Voice

In passive voice, the object of an action becomes the subject of the sentence. The verb changes to a
form of "be" + past participle, and the original subject may be omitted or placed at the end with "by."

 Example:
o Active: The teacher teaches the students.
o Passive: The students are taught by the teacher.

6. Passive to Active Voice

When transforming from passive to active, the subject of the sentence becomes the doer of the action.

 Example:
o Passive: The cake was baked by her.
o Active: She baked the cake.

7. Complex Sentences to Simple Sentences

A complex sentence can sometimes be transformed into a simple sentence by combining clauses or
removing dependent clauses.

 Example:
o Complex: She didn't come because she was ill.
o Simple: She was absent due to illness.

8. Simple Sentences to Complex Sentences

A simple sentence can be made into a complex sentence by adding subordinate clauses.

 Example:
o Simple: She went to the store.
o Complex: She went to the store because she needed milk.

9. Direct to Indirect Speech

In this transformation, a sentence in direct speech is converted to indirect speech (reported speech),
which usually involves changing the pronouns, verb tense, and removing quotation marks.

 Example:
o Direct: She said, "I am going to the market."
o Indirect: She said that she was going to the market.
10. Indirect to Direct Speech

This transformation involves changing reported speech into the original, direct quotation.

 Example:
o Indirect: He said that he would help her.
o Direct: He said, "I will help her."

11. Simple to Compound Sentences

A simple sentence can be transformed into a compound sentence by joining two related clauses with
conjunctions like "and," "but," "or," "so."

 Example:
o Simple: I like ice cream.
o Compound: I like ice cream, and I like cake.

12. Compound to Complex Sentences

A compound sentence can be transformed into a complex sentence by using subordinating

conjunctions like "because," "although," "while," etc.

 Example:
o Compound: I went to the store, and I bought some groceries.
o Complex: I went to the store because I needed to buy some groceries.

13. Transformation of Questions

Changing a question from one form to another (for example, from yes/no to wh-question or vice
versa).

 Yes/No to WH-Question:
o Yes/No: He is coming to the party.
o WH-Question: Who is coming to the party?
 WH-Question to Yes/No:
o WH-Question: What time does the train arrive?
o Yes/No: Does the train arrive on time?

14. Exclamatory to Assertive Sentences

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion, and it can be transformed into an assertive
sentence by removing the exclamation mark and expressing the same meaning in a more neutral tone.

 Example:
o Exclamatory: What a beautiful day!
o Assertive: It is a beautiful day.
In English grammar, articles are words used to define a noun as specific or unspecific.

1. Definite Article: "The"

 "The" is used to refer to a specific or particular noun that is known to the speaker and the listener.
 Example:
o The book on the table is mine.
o I saw the movie last night.

2. Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An"

 "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.

 "An" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
 Both articles refer to non-specific or general items, rather than a particular one.

Examples:

 A dog is barking outside. (any dog, not a specific one)

 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (any apple)
 I need a pencil.
 She is an artist.

Summary of Usage:

 "The" is used when referring to something specific or something that has been mentioned before.
 "A" and "An" are used when referring to something general or when mentioning it for the first
time.

Key Rules:

 Use "a" before words starting with a consonant sound (e.g., a cat, a university).
 Use "an" before words starting with a vowel sound (e.g., an apple, an hour).