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UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS

CAIE A2 LEVEL
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS

Factor case: if constant is not 1, pull out a factor from

1. Algebra brackets to make it 1 & use general equation. Do not
forget the indices.
Substitution case: if bracket contains more than one x
1.1. The Modulus Function term (e.g. (2 − x + x2 )) then make the last part u,
It gives the absolute value of a number. expand and then substitute back in.
The modulus of a value gives the distance of the value Finding the limit of x **in expansion:
from the origin. **E.g. (1 + ax)n , limit can be found by substituting ax
No line with a modulus ever goes under the x-axis. between the modulus sign in ∣x∣ < 1 and altering it to
Any line that does go below the x-axis, when modulated have only x in the modulus
is reflected above it.

∣ a × b∣ = ∣ a∣ × ∣ b∣ {S15-P31} Question 3:
∣ a ∣ = ∣ a∣ Show that, for small values of x2 ,
∣ b ∣ ∣ b∣
​ ​ ​ ​

−2 2
∣x2 ∣ = ∣ x∣ 2 = x2 (1 − 2x2 ) − (1 + 6x2 ) 3 ≈ kx4 ,
​

∣ ∣
​ ​

∣ x∣ = ∣ a∣ ⇔ x2 = a2 where the value of the constant k is to be determined.

x2 = ∣ x∣ Solution:
−2
​

Expand (1 − 2x ) until the x4 term

2
Graph of y=|x∣ −2
(1 + x) = 1 + (−2) x +
−2((−2)−1) 2
x
1×2
​

= 1 − 2x + 3x2
−2 2
(1 + 2x2 ) = 1 − 2 (2x2 ) + 3 (2x2 ) = 1 − 4x2 +
12x4
2
Expand (1 + 6x2 ) 3 until the x4 term
​

2 2
(( 23 )−1) 2
(1 + x) 3 = 1 + ( 23 ) x + 3 1×2 x
​ ​

​ ​

2 1 2
= 1 + 3x − 9x
​ ​

2 2
(1 + 6x2 ) 3 = 1 + 23 (6x2 ) − 19 (6x2 ) = 1 + 4x2 − 4x4
​

​ ​

2
Subtract the terms of the expansion of (1 + 6x2 ) 3 from
​

−2
those of (1 − 2x2 )
(1 − 4x2 + 12x4 ) − ( 1 + 4x2 − 4x4 )
= −8x2 + 16x4
1.2. Polynomials The value of k is:
16
To find unknowns in a given identity, either
Substitute suitable values of x
Equalize given coefficients of like powers of x
1.4. Partial Fractions
ax+b A B
Factor theorem: If (x − t) is a factor of the function (px+q)(rx+s) ​ ≡ px+q ​ + rx+s ​

p (x) then p (t) = 0

Multiply (px + q), substitute x = − pq and find A
Remainder theorem: If the function f (x) is divided by
​

Multiply (rx + s), substitute x = − rs and find B

(x − t) then the remainder: R = f (t)
​

ax2 +bx+c
≡ A
+ B
+ C
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder (px+q )(rx+s)2 px+q rx+s (rx+s)2
​ ​ ​ ​

Multiply (px + q), substitute x = − pq and find A

1.3. Binomial Series
​

Multiply (rx + s)2 , substitute x = − rs and find C ​

Expanding (1 + x)n where ∣x∣ < 1 Substitute any constant e.g. x = 0 and find B
1 + n1 x + n(1×2
n−1) 2
x + n(n−1
​
)(n−2) 3
1×2×3
​ x +… ​
ax2 +bx+c
≡ A
+ Bx+C
(px+q)(rx2 +s) ​

px+q ​

rx2 +s ​

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS

Multiply (px + q), substitute x = − pq and find A ​

Take px+q
A
to the other side, subtract and simplify.
​

Linear eqn. left at top is equal to Bx + C

Improper fraction case: if numerator has x to the
degree of power equivalent or greater than the
denominator then another constant is present. This can
be found by dividing denominator by numerator and
using remainder

{S12-P33} Question 8:
Express the following in partial fractions:
4x2 −7x−1
(x+1)(2x−3)
3. Trigonometry
​

Solution:
Expand the brackets
4x2 −7x−1
2x2 −x−3
​

3.1. Ratios
Greatest power of x same in numerator and denominator,
thus is an improper fraction case tan θ = sin θ sec θ = 1 cosecθ = 1 cot θ = cos θ
cos θ ​

cos θ ​

sin θ ​

sin θ ​

Making into proper fraction:

3.2. Identities
2 2
(cos θ) + (sin θ) ≡ 1
1 + (tan θ)2 ≡ (sec θ)2
(cot θ)2 + 1 ≡ (cosecθ)2
This is written as:
2 + (x+15−5x
)(2x−3) ​

3.3. Graphs
Now proceed with normal case for the fraction:
A B 5−5x
x+1 + 2x−3 = (x+1)(2x−3)
​ ​ ​

A (2x − 3) + B (x + 1) = 5 − 5x
When x = −1
−5A = 5 + 5
A = −2
When x = 32 ​

5 B = 5 − 15
2​

2 ​

B = −1
Thus, the partial fraction is:
−2 −1
2 + x+1 + 2x−3
​ ​

2. Logarithmic & Exponential 3.4. Double Angle Identities

Functions sin 2A ≡ 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A ≡ (cos A)2 − (sin A)2
≡ 2 (cos A)2 − 1 ≡ 1 − 2 (sin A)2
tan 2A ≡ 1−2(tan A
tan A)2
​

3.5. Addition Identities

sin (A ± B ) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos (A ± B ) ≡ cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
tan A±tan B
tan (A ± B ) ≡ 1∓tan A tan B ​

2.1. Graphs of ln(x) and ex

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS
cos2 x = 35 ​

3.6. Changing Forms cos x = 0.7746

x = cos−1 (0.7746)
a sin x ± b cos x ⟺ R sin (x ± α) x = 0.6847 ≈ 0.685
a cos x ± b sin x ⟺ R cos (x ∓ α)
Where R = a2 + b2 and​
{W13-P31} Question 6:
R cos α = a ∣ R sin α = b with 0 < α < 12 π
​

{S13-P33} Question 9:

A is a point on circumference of a circle center O, radius r.

A circular arc, center A meets circumference at B & C .
Diagram shows curve, y = sin2 2x cos x, for 0 ≤ x ≥ π2 ,
​

Angle OAB is θ radians. The area of the shaded region is

and M is maximum point. Find the x coordinate of M . equal to half the area of the circle.
Solution: Show that:
Use product rule to differentiate: cos 2θ = 2 sin4θ2θ−r
u = sin2 2x
​

v = cos x Solution:
′ ′
u = 4 sin 2x cos 2x v = − sin x First express area of sector OBAC
dy ′ ′
dx = u v
​ + uv Sector Area = 12 θr2 ​

dy 2
dx = (4 sin 2x cos 2x) (cos x) + (sin 2x) (− sin x)
​
OBAC = 12 (2π − 4θ) r2 = (π − 2θ) r2
​

dy 2
dx​ = 4 sin 2x cos 2x cos x − sin 2x sin x Now express area of sector ABC
Use following identities: 2
ABC = 12 (2θ) (Length of BA)
​

cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 Express BA using sine rule

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x BA = r sinsin (π−2θ)
θ
​

sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x Use double angle rules to simplify this expression

Equating to 0: BA = r sin sin 2θ
dy θ ​

dx​ =0 = 2r sinsinθ θcos θ ​

∴ 4 sin 2x cos 2x cos x − sin2 2x sin x = 0 = 2r cos θ

4 sin 2x cos 2x cos x = sin2 2x sin x Substitute back into initial equation
Cancel sin 2x on both sides ABC = 12 (2θ) (2r cos θ)2
​

4 cos 2x cos x = sin 2x sin x ABC = 4θr2 cos2 θ

Substitute identities Now express area of kite ABOC
4 (2 cos2 x − 1) cos x = (2 sin x cos x) sin x ABOC = 2 × Area of T riangle
Cancel cos x and constant 2 from both sides ABOC = 2 × 12 r2 sin (π − 2θ) ​

4 cos2 x − 2 = sin2 x = r2 sin (π − 2θ)

Use identity
4 cos2 x − 2 = 1 − cos2 x
5 cos2 x = 3

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS
Finally, the expression of shaded region equated to half of
circle These represent circles or lines with circular curves, on a
4r2 θ cos2 θ + r2 (π − 2θ) − r2 sin (π − 2θ) = 12 πr2 Cartesian plane
Difficult to rearrange in form y = ∴ differentiate as is
​

Cancel our r2 on both sides for all terms

4θ cos2 θ + π − 2θ − (sin π cos 2θ + sin 2θ cos π ) = 12 π Differentiate x terms as usual
For y terms, differentiate the same as you would x but
​

Some things in the double angle cancel out

4θ cos2 θ + π − 2θ − sin 2θ = 12 π multiply with dydx ​

Then make dy
​

Use identity here dx the subject of formula for derivative

​

4θ ( cos 2θ+1
2 ) + π − sin 2θ − 2θ = 12 π
5. Integration
​

4θ cos 2θ + 4θ + 2π − 2 sin 2θ − 4θ = π
Clean up
4θ cos 2θ + 2π − 2 sin 2θ = π
4θ cos 2θ = 2 sin 2θ − π 5.1. Basic Integrals
cos 2θ = 2 sin4θ2θ−π ​

n+1
axn x
a (n+1) +c ​

4. Differentiation
1 ax+b
eax+b a e ​

1 1
ax+b ​

a ln ∣ax + b∣
​

sin (ax + b) − a1 cos (ax + b)

4.1. Basic Derivatives
​

cos (ax + b) 1
a sin (ax + b) ​

sec2 (ax + b) 1
a tan (ax + b) ​

xn nxn−1 (ax + b)n (ax+b)n+1

du u a(n+1) ​

eu dx e 1 1 −1 x
tan (a)
​

du x2 +a2 ​

a ​ ​

ln u dx
​

u ​

sin (ax) a cos (ax) Integration reverses a differentiation. It is the reverse of

cos (ax) − a sin (ax) differentiation.
tan (ax) a sec2 (ax) Use trigonometrical relationships to facilitate complex
trigonometric integrals.
tan−1 (ax) a
1+(ax)2 Integrate by decomposing into partial fraction.
​

4.2. Chain, Product and Quotient Rule 5.2. Integration by u-Substitution

Chain Rule: dx
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) du
du
​ ​ ​

dy dy du
dx ​ = du ​ × dx ​

Product Rule: Make x equal to something: when differentiated,

multiply the substituted form directly
d
(uv) = u dv du Make u equal to something: when differentiated,
dx ​

dx + v dx ​ ​

multiply the substituted form with its reciprocal

Quotient Rule: With definite integrals, change limits in terms of u
d v du dv
dx −u dx
( uv ) =
​ ​

dx ​ ​

v2 ​

{W12-P33} Question 7:
4.3. Parametric Equations The diagram shows part of curve y = sin3 2x cos3 2x. The
shaded region shown is bounded by the curve and the x-
dy
= dy
÷ dx axis and its exact area is denoted by A.
dx ​

dt ​

dt ​

In a parametric equation x and y are given in terms of t

and you must use the above rule to find the derivative

4.4. Implicit Functions

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS
′
f (x )
∫ ​

f (x) dx ​ = ln ∣f (x)∣ + k

{S10-P32} Question 10:

By splitting into partial fractions, show that:
2 3
∫1 x22x −1
(2x−1)
dx = 32 + 12 ln ( 16
​

27 ) ​ ​ ​ ​

Solution:
Write as partial fractions
2 3 2
∫1 x22x −1
(2x−1)
dx ≡ ∫1 1 + x2 + x12 + 2x−1
​
3
dx ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

−1 3
≡ x + 2 ln x − x − 2 ln ∣2x − 1∣ ​

Substitute the limits

2 + 2 ln 2 − 12 − 32 ln 3 − 1 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + 32 ln 1 ​ ​ ​

3 + 1 ln 16 + 1 ln 1 ≡ 3 + 1 ln 16
2 ​

2 2 33 ​

2 2 27 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Use the substitution u = sin 2x in a suitable integral to find

the value of A 5.4. Integrating By Parts
Solution:
To find the limit, you are trying to the find the points at ∫ u dv du
dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
​ ​ ​ ​

which y = 0 For a definite integral:

sin x = 0 at x = 0, π, 2π cos x = 0 at x = π2 , 3π b
∫a u dv b b
− ∫a v du
dx dx = [uv]a dx dx
4 ​ ​

Choose the two closest to 0 because the shaded area has

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

What to make u:
gone through y = 0 only twice
π
∴ 0 and
2
​

Since it is sin 2x and cos 2x, divide both by 2

∴ Limits are 0 and

π {W13-P31} Question 3:
4 Find the exact value of
​

4
Integrate by u substitution, let: ∫1 ln xx dx ​

​
​

Solution:
du dx 1 Convert to index form:
u = sin 2x = 2 cos 2x =
dx du 2 cos 2x ln x 1
​ ​ ​

2 ln x
x =x
​

3 Integrate by parts, let:

sin3 2x cos3 2x ≡ (sin 2x) (cos2 2x) cos 2x
u = ln x du 1 dv − 12 1
v = 2x 2
dx = x dx1 = x
​ ​

​ ​ ​

3 2
≡ (sin 2x × (1 − sin 2x)) cos 2x 1 1
∴ ln x2x 2 − ∫ 2x 2 × x−1 ≡ 2 x ln x − ∫ 2x− 2 ≡ ​

​
​

​ ​
​

1 2 x ln x − 4 x
≡ (sin3 2x − sin5 2x) cos 2x ×
​ ​

2 cos 2x
​

Substitute limits
= 4 ln 4 − 4
1 3
≡ (u − u5 )
2
5.5. Integrating Powers of Sine or
​

Now integrate:
Cosine
1 1 u4 u6
∫ (u3 − u5 ) = ( − ) To integrate sin x or cos x with a power:
2 2 4 6
​ ​ ​ ​

The limits are x = 0 and x = π4 . In terms of u, ​

If power is odd, pull out a sin x or cos x and use
u = sin 2 (0) = 0 and u = sin 2 ( π4 ) = 1 ​
Pythagorean identities and double angle identities
Substitute limits If power is even, use the following identities

1 14 16 1 04 06 1 sin2 x = 1
− 12 cos (2x) cos2 x = 1
+ 12 cos (2x)
( − )− ( − )= 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

2 4 6 2 4 6 24
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

′
f (x)
5.3. Integrating f (x)
​

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS

5.6. Integrating cosm x sinn x {W12-P32} Question 5:‎

i. By differentiating cos1 x , show that if y = sec x then dy
dx
= ​ ​

If m or n are odd and even, then: sec x tan x

1
ii. Show that sec x−tan x ≡ sec x + tan x
​

Factor out one power from odd trig function iii. Deduce that:
Use Pythagorean identities to transform remaining even 1
≡ 2 sec2 x − 1 + 2 sec x tan x
(secx−tan x)2
​

trig function into the odd trig function iv. Hence show that:
Let u equal to odd trig function and integrate 1
π 1
∫04 (secx−tan dx = 14 (8 2 − π )
​

x)2
​ ​ ​ ​

If m and n are both even, then: Solution:

Part (i)
Replace all even powers using the double angle identities Change to index form:
and integrate 1 −1 x
cos x = cos ​

If m and n are both odd, then: Differentiate by chain rule:

dy
dx = ​ −1 (cos x)−2 × (− sin x)
Choose one of the trig. functions & factor out one power −1 (cos x)−2 × (− sin x) ≡ cos sin x ≡ sin x × 1
2x cos x cos x ​ ​ ​

Use Pythagorean identity to transform remaining even sin x

× 1
≡ sec x tan x
power of chosen trig function into other trig. function cos x cos x ​ ​

Part (ii)
If either m or n or both = 1, then: Multiply numerator and denominator by sec x + tan x
sec x+tan x sec x+tan x
(secx−tan x)(sec x+tan x) ≡ sec2 x−tan2 x ​ ​

Let u equal to the trig function whose power doesn’t sec x+tan x sec x+tan x
sec2 x−tan2 x ≡ 1 ≡ sec x + tan x
​ ​

equal 1 then integrate Part (iii)

If both are 1, then let u equal either Substitute identity from (part ii)
1
(secx−tan x)2
≡ (secx + tan x)2 ​

{W09-P31} Question 5: Open out brackets

i) Prove the identity (secx + tan x)2
cos 4θ − 4 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ 8 sin4 θ ≡ sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x
ii) Using this result find, in simplified form, the exact value of ≡ sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1
1
∫ 13π sin4 θdθ
​ π
​
≡ 2sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x − 1
6
≡ 2 sec2 x − 1 + 2 sec x tan x
​

Solution:
Part (i) Part (iv)
1
Use double angle identities ∫ (secx−tan
​

x)2
dx ​

2
cos 4θ − 4 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ ∫ 2 sec x − 1 + 2 sec x tan xdx
​

≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2θ − 4 (1 − 2 sin2 θ) + 3 ≡ 2 ∫ sec2 x − ∫ 1 + 2 ∫ sec2 x tan2 x

​ ​ ​

Open everything and clean Using differential from part i:

≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2θ − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3 ≡ 2 tan x − x + 2 sec x
≡ 1 − 2(sin 2θ)2 − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3 Substitute boundaries:
≡ 1 − 2(2 sin θ cos θ)2 − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3 = 14 (8 2 − π )​ ​

≡ 1 − 2 (4 sin2 θ cos2 θ) − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3

≡ 1 − 2(4 sin2 θ(1 − sin2 θ)) − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3
≡ 1 − 8 sin2 θ + 8 sin4 θ − 4 + 8 sin2 θ + 3
6. Numerical Solutions of
≡ 8 sin4 θ Equations
Part (ii)
Use identity from (part i):
1
1 π
∫ 13π cos 4θ − 4 cos 2θ + 3
​

8 ​

6 ​
​

1
π
≡ 18 [ 14 sin 4θ − 2 sin θ + 3θ] 31 π
​

​ ​ ​

6
​

Substitute limits
1
≡ 32 (2π − 3) ​ ​

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS
x5 = 3x3 + 4 − x2
6.1. Approximation x5 − 3x3 + x2 − 4 = 0
Part (iii)
To find root of a graph, find point where graph passes Carry out the iteration using either one of the values that the
through x-axis ∴ look for a sign change root lies in between as the starting point:
Carry out decimal search xn+1 = 3
(3xn + 4
− 1)
Substitute values between where a sign change has
​ ​

xn 2​
​ ​

occurred x0 = 1
​

Closer to zero, greater accuracy

x1 =​
3
(3x0 +​
4
x0 2
​
​ − 1) = 1.8171
​

6.2. Iteration x2 = 3
(3x1 + 4 − 1) = 1.7824
​ ​

x1 2
​
​ ​

To solve equation f (x) = 0, you can rearrange f (x)

x3 = 3
(3x2 + 4
x2 2 − 1) = 1.7765
into a form x = …
​ ​ ​ ​

This function represents a sequence that starts at x₀, x4 = 3

(3x3 + 4
− 1) = 1.7755
x3 2
moving to xr
​ ​ ​ ​

Substitute a value for x₀ and put back into function The positive root = 1.78
getting x1 and so on.
7. Vectors
​

As you increase r, value becomes more accurate

Sometimes iteration don’t work, these functions are
called divergent, and you must rearrange the formula for
x in another way. 7.1. Vector Notation
For a successful iterative function, you need a
convergent sequence. A vector can be represented as AB or a
Ensure to use the full value and not the rounded off The column vector form:
value when carrying out the iteration.

{M16-P32} Question 3:
The equation x5 − 3x3 + x2 − 4 = 0 has one positive root.
(i) Verify by calculation that this root lies between 1 and 2.
(ii) Show that the equation can be rearranged in the form
x = 3 (3x + x42 − 1) ​ ​

(iii) Use an iterative formula based on this rearrangement to

determine the positive root correct to 2 decimal places. Give
the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places.
Solution:
Part (i)
Show a sign change and state it:
5 3 2
(1) − 3 (1) + (1) − 4 = −5
(2)5 − 3 (2)3 + (2)2 − 4 = 8
There is a sign change between the results obtained when
the values 1 and 2 are substituted into the equation,
therefore the root lies between the values 1 and 2.
Part (ii)
Rearrange the equation:
4
x= 3
(3x + x2 ​ − 1) ​

3 4
x = 3x + x2
​
−1

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CAIE A2 LEVEL MATHEMATICS
i. Solve differential equation given in part i and obtain an
expression for t in terms of h and H.
Solution:
Part (i)
First represent info they give us as an equation:
V = 13 πr2 h ​

r = tan 60 × h = h 3 ​

2
∴ V = 13 π (h ​ 3) h = πh3 ​

dV 2
dh = 3πh ​

1
dV ∝
dt − h= ​
−kh 2 ​
​

Find the rate of change of h:

dh dV dV
dt = dt ÷ dh
​ ​ ​

1
dh −kh 2 k −2 3
= = − 3π
​

dt ​

3πh2 ​ h ​
​

Part (ii)
1
dt = −3
​ dh
−Ah 2
​

∫ Adt = ∫ 1 dh
3
−h− 2
​ ​ ​

5
At + c = − 25 h 2 ​
​

Use given information to find unknowns; when t = 0:

5 5
−A (0) + c = 25 (H ) 2 ∴ c = 25 H 2
​

​ ​

When t = 60 :
−A (60) + c = 0
c = 60A
1 5
A = 150 H2 ​
​

Thus the initial equation becomes:

1 5 5 5
− 150 H 2 t + 25 H 2 = 25 h 2
​
​

​
​

​
​

5 5
H 2 (− 150 t + 2) 2 2
5 = 5h
​ ​

​ ​ ​

5
t 2 2h 2
− 150 + =
​

5 ​

5 ​

5H 2
​

5
t 2 2h 2
= −
​

150 ​

5 ​
5 ​

5H 2
​

t = 150 ( 25 − ) = 60 − 60h 2 H − 2
5
2h 2 ​
5 5
​ ​

5 ​

5H 2
​

t = 60 (1 − ( H ) )
5
h 2 ​

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CAIE A2 Level
Mathematics

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