MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Renewable Energy Technology Subject Code: 22661

Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 Attempt any FIVE ( 2X5 =10) 10

a Classification of Dryers 1 mark

The various types of solar dryers are: each type
1. Natural convection or direct type solar dryers (cabinet dryers)
2. Forced circulation solar dryers
i) Direct gain type and
ii) Indirect gain type)
b Types of Solar PV cell- 1/2 marks
a) Single crystal silicon solar cell each type
b) Multi crystalline silicon solar cell (Name of
c) Amorphous silicon (A-si) solar cell any four
d) Gallium arsenide (Ga-AS) solar cell type )
e) Copper indium (gallium) diselenide (CIS /CIGS ) solar cell
f) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar cell
g) Organic Solar cell
h) Thin film solar cell (TFSC)
i) Concentrated solar cell
j) Bio hybrid solar cell

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c Advantages of Ni- Cd batteries over lead acid batteries 1/2 marks
1. No need for electrolyte- no spilling and freezing each
2. Less sensitive to temperature
(any four
3. Less sensitive to rate of discharge points )
4. Battery can remain discharged for long duration without charging.
5. Faster charging rate,
6. Longer storage period
7. Long life,
8. Low maintenance.
d Classification of wind energy conversion system 1 Marks
A) According to the axis of rotor for each
i) Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) (Any two type
ii) Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) of
classification)
B) According to capacity -
i)Small wind energy systems – Small (20 kW)
ii)Intermediate wind energy system- Intermediate (20-500 kW)
iii)Large wind energy system - Large (500 kW - 5MW)
C) According to application
i)Commercial wind energy system
ii)Domestic wind energy system
D) According to arrangement –
i)Stand-alone wind energy system
ii) Grid connected wind energy system.
e Following situation must be consider during selection of micro hydro power station- 1 mark
1) Micro hydro schemes are used in remote areas, where electric utility grid (transmission for each
lines) does not exist. situation
2) Availability of natural flow of water to meet electricity power requirement up to 100 KW.
3) Where long and continuous water streams available in hilly areas. These plants meet the
power requirement of hilly areas.

f Specification of small biogas power plant 2 marks

(any four
1.Digester diameter – 13 to 16 m (60 m3per day production) points of
2.Type – combined heat and power station specification)
3. Rated power output- 75 KW with Otto gas engine.
4. Heat output (kW)- 90 KW
g The main components of the Wind Biogas Hybrid System are 1/2
1) Wind Turbine marks
2) Synchronous Generator each
3) Voltage regulator (any four
4) Voltage source convertor components)
5) Biogas Plant
6) Biogas Engine ( I C engine)

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2 Attempt any THREE ( 4X3 =12) 12

a Maintenance procedure for commercial water heating system

(1 mark
Maintenance procedures consist of Inspection, Possible repairs and replacement of
each for
some parts. component
Before any maintenance is carried out, ensure that the solar water heater and conventional wise
electric heaters are off. maintenanc
Component wise maintenance procedure are carried out as followed – e
procedure)

(Any four)

1. Visually Check for Leaks.

Check the inlet and outlet pipes, the T&P (temperature & pressure) relief valve, and the
drain valve. If you see any water leaking or weeping around the valve body, it’s best to
replace that part.
2. Test the Temperature & Pressure (T&P) Valve.
The T&P valve is one of the most important safety devices in water heaters. If the pressure
or temperature inside the tank gets too high, it will open to release water to prevent the
tank from an explosion.
3. Drain & Flush the Tank to Remove Sediment.
Over the course of 12 months, sediments and minerals will accumulate at the bottom of
the tank. To do a deep flush, drain all the water until the tank is empty. Then do a flush to
remove the built-up sediment. Sediment degrades the efficiency of water heaters, causing
more energy spend to heat the same amount of water.
4. Check the Insulation of the Pipes.
Insulation will help to reduce the amount of heat loss. Check for proper insulation, and
repair / replace if needed.

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b Working Principle of silicon PV cell –

2 marks
Neat
sketch

Fig- silicon PV cell

Working Principle-
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin layer of 2 marks
phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. working
An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials are principle.
in contact, called the P-N junction.
When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, the photons (positively charged) are
absorbed by semiconductor material such as silicon.
The electrons get highly charged and flow through the material from n type semiconductor
to P type semiconductor. This generates the electromotive force (emf), thereby producing
electric current, i.e. electricity.
This electrical field provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons,
resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load.
c Advantages of VAWT over HAWT – 2 marks
1. Power is produced in any wind direction. for
2. A strong supporting tower is not required since most of its components are placed advantage
( any four)
on the ground.
3. Low production cost compared to horizontal axis wind turbines.
4. Yaw drive and pitch mechanism are eliminated since there is no need for the turbine
to the wind direction.
5. Easy installation
6. Low maintenance costs
7. Easy to transport from one place to another.
8. Suitable for areas with extreme weather conditions.
9. They are installed in urban areas.
10. Low risk for humans and birds because blades move at relatively low speeds.
Limitation of VAWT over HAWT -
1. Efficiency is low because only one blade works at a time. 2 marks
2. VAWTs create noise pollution. for
limitation
3. The initial push to start is required so that the blades can start spinning.
( any four)
4. Vertical axis wind turbines are very less efficient because of the additional drag
created when the blades rotate.

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5. Vibration is relatively high because the airflow near the ground creates turbulent
flow.
6. This vibration increases bearing wear which may result in to increase in
maintenance cost.
d Typical Layout of micro hydro power plant-
2 Marks
for neat
labeled
sketch

2 Marks

(½ marks
each
Functions of various components of micro hydro power plants are – function of
any four
1. Diversion structure – A diversion weir is design to divert and maintain constant flow in component
channel. )
2. Desilting tank –Used to trap and remove suspended matters , silt ( i.e. sand, soil, clay ,
mud or deposited sediments), pebbles( small stones) etc. so as to minimize erosion
damage to turbine runner
3. Water Channel or conductor system- Water flows through the water channel. It is
design in such a way that, the water will flow with least loss of head due to friction.
4. Forebay tank – Forebay tank is a temporary storage of water which is finally used for
electricity generation. It stores water when less power demand and stored water is
supplied to turbine when higher electricity demand. Trash Rack are also provided to
prevent entry of trash, debris etc.
5. Penstock- Penstock is a water conduit system (i.e. pipeline) connecting forebay with
turbine. Penstock should be design in such a way that head loss due to friction is
minimum.
6. Turbine – Turbine is used to convert kinetic energy of water into mechanical power at
shaft.
7. Generator- Generator coupled with turbine convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
8. Power House- It is water way to discharge the water from turbine back to the river.
After producing useful mechanical work, the water is leaving the turbine is discharged
through tailrace.

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3 Attempt any THREE ( 4X3 =12) 12

a Advantages of Parabolic collector over flat plate collector 1 mark for

1. Absorber area is small each
2. Concentration ratio is high varying from 4 to 3000 advantage.
3. Higher temperatures obtained up to 3000 0C (Any four)
4. Used for power generation.
5. It has high collector efficiency.
6. The cost of heat storage system is less due to storage of high temperature.
7. Required less quantity of water.
8. Used for small distributed power source.
b Industrial applications of solar photovoltaic system. 2 Marks
1. SPV power plants for
2. Food processing Industrial
applications
3. Chemical production
4. water desalination, (any four)
5. Cathodic protection of oil pipe line.
6. Mineral processing industry.
Commercial applications of solar photovoltaic system.
1. Solar lantern
2. Solar home system 2 Marks
3. SPV street light for
Commercial
4. SPV traffic signal system applications
5. Building integrated power system
6. SPV pumping system (any four)
7. Solar operated system TV system
8. Solar signal system for navigation
9. Weather monitoring
10. Battery charging
c Comparision of Floating Drum and Fixed dome type biogas plant
Sr. Floating Drum biogas plant Sr. Fixed dome biogas plant
( at least 4
No No
points)
1 Concrete, bricks, sand ,lime and 1 Bricks, Cement, sand and lime
steel material is used for material is used for construction of 1 marks
construction of plant. plant. each point
2 High initial cost. 2 Less costly.
3 Regular filling and regular 3 Regular filling and irregular
discharge system is used discharge system is used
4 Digestion period is 40 to 60 days 4 Digestion period is 30 to 50 days
5 Special treatment for gas 5 Gas storage dome is required to
tightness is not required to gas give special treatment for gas
storage drum. tightness and painted periodically.
6 Less suitable for colder region. 6 Suitable for colder region.
7. Constant gas pressure. 7 Variable gas pressure.
8 High maintenance cost. 8 No maintenance problem due to
absence of movable parts.
9 Less scum problem 9 Problem of scum formation

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d KVIC biogas plant ( Floating drum type biogas plant)

2 marks
for figure

Fig- KVIC biogas plant

Construction-
It consists of slurry inlet tank, gas valve, floating gas holder (dome), outlet tank, inlet pipe, 2 marks
digester, partition wall. for
The plant consist of digester made of masonry construction in the form a well below the construction

ground level .There is a steel dome for gas collection which float on slurry (floating gas
holder) made of mild steel. A partition wall provided in the digester improves circulation
which is necessary for fermentation. It consists of inlet for feeding animal dung slurry and
an outlet pipe for sludge.
A pressure of about 100 mm of water column is built in floating gas holder which is
sufficient to supply gas up to 100m. This gas pressure also forces out digested slurry
through a sludge pipe. ( i.e. outlet pipe)
4 Attempt any THREE ( 4X3 =12) 12

a Routine maintenance procedure for small wind turbine power plant 4 marks
Wind turbine routine maintenance refers to the process of keeping wind turbines running for detail
maintenance
smoothly. It includes routine inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and repairs.
procedure
Wind turbine maintenance tasks include turbine inspection, turbine cleaning, turbine
Lubrication and turbine repair.
Wind turbine routine maintenance activities are wide-ranging, with technicians working
through extensive checklists.
In general, the work carried out will include :
1. Inspection of the electrical cabinet, gearbox, generators, yaw system, and brake.
2. Assessing the blades and blade pitching
3. Examining and tightening bolts
4. Surveying the tower foundation
5. Measuring oil and lubrication levels, sampling, and if necessary, replacing
6. Alignment of the drive train
7. Evaluating the nacelle
8. Checking ventilation, air filters, and shock absorbers
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9. Repairing cracks and corrosion
10. Inspecting bearing and connections.
b Advantages of microhydro power plant 2 marks for
1) Fuel free source of power. Advantages
(any four
2) This plant is free from pollution. points )
3) Its operation and maintenance cost is less.
4) It has no stand by losses.
5) Hydraulic turbines can be started speedily.
6) The plant has longer service life.
7) Good co-relation with demand
8) No change in efficiency with the age.
9) Reasonable payback period of 10 or less than 10 year.
10) Constant electricity generation over long periods.
Limitations of Microhydro Power plant
2 marks for
1) High cost of power generation per unit limitation
2) High managerial & administrative cost due to installation at isolated and remote areas. (any four
3) Low load factor or utilization of power. points )
4) Unstable operation due to changes in water stream flow in different season.
5) Generation depend on availability of water.
6) Susceptible losses due to extreme climatic condition leading to flooding , thereby
damaging equipment
c Maintenance procedure of micro hydro power System 4 marks
To operate microhydro power plant in good condition for a long period, water way for any
facilities, electric equipment, transmission and distribution lines should be maintained one type
properly. of
maintenance
General maintenance procedure of micro hydro is as power plants follows: procedure
1) Preventive maintenance- .
 Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance of plant and equipment.
 It Improves equipment life & avoid unplanned maintenance activities.
 PM is inspection, replacement; repair of any component based on time & set parameter.
 It includes painting, lubrication, cleaning, adjusting and minor component replacement to
extend the life of equipment & facility.
 Main purpose is to minimize break down & excessive deterioration
Maintenance of following various systems are required-
1. intake and water ways
2. Sedimentation basin
3. Head race
4. Forebay
5. Penstock / conduits
6.Turbine
7. Generator
8. Transformer, transmission and distribution lines
9.load stabilizer system.
2) Predictive maintenance-
 This ensures ability to judge when a piece of equipment is going to fail & replace the
same before it does.
 It requires some form of testing &analysis which help in predicting a failure.

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 These include vibration monitoring, oil analysis, temperature system ampere reading,
resistance reading of motors, efficiency in power generation output, leakage of oil & water.
 All these things can be captured and tracked by computer system. This analysis can
predict the failure.
d Layout of Solar biogas hybrid system -

3 Marks
for layout

1 marks
for
specification
Specification of Solar biogas hybrid system -
Consider specification of any manufacturer of Solar-biogas hybrid system.

e Installation procedure of wind –solar hybrid system

The installation of wind solar hybrid system is feasible, when following situations exits
1. Average annual wind speed is at least 4 m/s
2. Ample sunlight is available at least for one season.
3. A grid connection is not available
4. To generate clean power.
5. To gain energy independence from local electric utility grid. 1 mark
Installation procedure- each
1) Installation of wind energy conversion system- system
This include installation of following components as per the design- (any four
a) Wind turbine & system)
b) Generators ( Permanent magnet synchronous generator or any other type)
2) Installation of solar PV system-
This include installation of following components as per the design
a) PV module,
b) Charge controller &
c) control box for D.C. bus
3) Installation of battery bank
Once the individual renewable source is place, the Battery bank for storage could be
Installed.
This includes selection and installation of charge controller and other allied system
necessary for operation.

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4) Various convertors (D.C. /A.C., A.C. / D.C.) are used to connect solar PV power with
wind energy conversion system. Depending upon nature of load (DC/AC/Both) the
convertor installed for power conversion.

5. Attempt any TWO ( 6X2 =12) 12

a Parabolic collector – 2 Marks

for neat
sketch

Fig.- Parabolic collector

Construction –
 This type is line focusing type collector. The cross-section area of such collector
is in parabolic shape. 2 marks
 In this type of collectors, the solar radiations falling on the area of the parabolic for
reflector are concentrated at the focus of parabola. construction
 When the reflector is manufactured in the form of a trough with parabolic cross-
section, the solar radiations gets focused along a line.
 Mostly cylindrical parabolic concentrators are used in which the absorber is placed
along the focus axis.
 In this collector pipe is used as an absorber with a selective coating.
 Parabolic reflectors are usually made of highly polished or silvered glass or of a
film of aluminized plastic on a firm base.
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Working-
In this the collector pipe is used as an absorber with a selective coating. Parabolic trough
2 marks
reflectors are usually made of highly polished or silvered glass or of a film of aluminized
for
plastic on a firm base. Instead of the reflector having a continuous form, the reflector may working
be made of a large number of flat mirror strips on the parabolic firm base.
A parabolic trough or parabolic cylinder collector is shown in Fig. In order that the
solar radiations are always focused on a line with respect to changes in sun’s elevation by
the parabolic reflector, either the trough or the collector pipe is rotated continuously about
the axis of absorber.
The orientation of the trough type collectors is kept in the east-west or north-south
directions.
b Grid connected Solar PV system (interactive system) 3 marks

( 1 marks
neat
sketch and
2 marks
for
explaination)

Grid- connected solar PV systems are designed to operate in accordance with the
electric utility grid.This electric utility grid act as an energy storage system, which means
that the PV system does not need to include battery storage. The electricity demand of the
load is primarily meet by the solar PV array. Depending upon the relative output power,
excess power from the solar array is feed to the grid.
The primary component in grid connected PV system is the power conditioning
unit.( DC- AC inverter)The inverter convertes DC power generated by the PV array into AC
power consistent with the voltage and power quality requirement of the particular
utilityity grid.
The bidirectional interface is made between the solar pv system AC output circuits and the
electric utility network typically at on site distribution panel.
The solar PV system should supply the AC power produced to fulfill the load
demand of on-site electrical loads first. When the power output of solar pv system is
greater than the on- side load demand then excess power can be feed to electricity utility
grid.At night and during other periods when the demand of electrical load is greater than
the power put of solar pv system, then the excess electric power demanded is
automatically pulled from the electric utility.

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2) Stand alone Solar PV system or Off-grid connected solar PV system
They supply power to the system independently without the use of any common grid
or connection to any other system. It operates autonomously and independently. Stand
alone system commonly used for backup power where connecting to grid are very costly. It 3 marks
may or may not use energy. It can be used to power DC loads and also AC loads using an ( 1 marks
inverter. Hybrid stand alone system may include other power producing devices also for neat
backup. sketch
(Any one from
Stand alone PV system is a simple system to install or run compare with other forms of both)
off grid systems like wind turbines, hydroelectric systems etc. and
Stand alone system may be of any one of the categories given below- 2 marks
a) Stand alone Solar PV system without battery or Direct coupled PV system for
explaination)

b) Stand alone Solar PV system with battery

c Wind turbine power plant-

2 marks
for neat
sketch

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All wind turbine power system have the following basic components:
1) Tower structure- Supports rotor, generator, nacelle, and other components in nacelle.
4 marks
Smaller wind turbine use lattice or tubular towers.
for
Height of smaller wind turbines may have equal to several times of the rotor diameter to component
place rotor in high wind speed. and their
2)Rotor with blades- function
To extract energy from wind and convert it in to rotational motion. (1 mark
It has two or three blades of wood or high density glass fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) of each)
aerofoil section. Rotor diameter is 2m to 25 m and are assembled on hub.
Any 4
3) Nacelle – component
The nacelle houses the gear box, generator, high & low speed shafts, brakes and control
equipments.
4) Gear box-
Mechanical power generated by rotor blade is transmitted to the generator through two
stage gear box. Gear box is provided for increasing shaft speed.
5) Generator- To convert mechanical energy into electricity.
6) Speed control system-
Pitch control of blades: A system where the pitch angle of blade changes according to
the wind speed for efficient operation.
7) Yaw control – Small HAWT have tails to keep the rotor facing directly into the wind.

Note- Also consider any one Vertical axis wind turbine power plant.
6 Attempt any TWO ( 6X2 =12) 12

a Forced convection (Indirect gain type) solar dryers are very efficient and faster. 2 marks
These can be used at low as well at high temperature drying of large quantity of for
agricultural products like drying of food grains, paddy, tea, coffee, tobacco etc. selection
of suitable
dryer.
Forced Convection Solar Dryer - Indirect Gain Type

2 marks
for neat
sketch

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Working
 The working is similar in principle to active hot air heating system. 2 Marks
 It consists of an array of solar collectors in which the surrounding air is forced by a for
blower. explaination
 The heated air is supplied to the dehydrator for drying the products. The excess hot air
is supplied to rock storage tank where the excess solar heat can be stored.
 The hot air temperature to the dehydrator can be controlled by passed fresh air with
the help of dampers and temperature controllers.
 The humid hot air is exhausted to surroundings after drying the food products in the
dehydrator.
b Installation Procedure of Biogas Plant 3 marks
Any typical biogas plant starts with Project proposal and pre feasibility study. After this for
installation
detailed planning of plant is done. procedure
The general procedure may be followed for plant installation is
1. Dimension marking
2. Excavation works
3. Preparation of digester bottom
4. Building the digester
5. Integrating heating tubes
6. Building the gas holder
7. Technology installation
8. Installing the insulation
9. Gas processing unit
10.Mixing technology
11.Solids feeder
12.Biogas storage
13.Cover membrane
14.Monitoring and Controlling
15.Digestate substrate storage
Maintenance procedure of Biogas Plant
1) Removal of sediments in digester
Sediment formation & its problem minimize by some basic measures are 3 marks
i) Regularly emptying of prestorage and storage tanks for
ii) Establishing sufficient prestorage capacity maintenance
iii) Applying adequate stirring method procedure
iv) Adequate placement of the pumping pipe stubs to avoid sand circulation.
v) Avoid feedstock with high sand content. vi) Sand evacuation from digesters
2) Measures against foam layers
The foam formation and swimming layer on the surface of biomass can cause clogging of
gas lines. To prevent this
i) Gas lines should install as high as possible inside the digester.
ii) A foam sensor can be installed in the gas area of digester to start automatically
spraying foam retardant inside digester.
3) Steps performed to improve and maintain reactor for its long life
i) Clean and lubricate primary gas valve
ii) Clean and lubricate gas faucets
iii) Clean or repair gas lamp
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iv) Clean and repair water drain and overflow
v) Repair pipeline to stop leakage
vi) Clean the stoves
vii) Replace rubber hose
c Wind - Solar hybrid power system -

2 marks
for neat
sketch

 Above block diagram shows solar wind hybrid system for an isolated location.
 During favorable wind period, wind turbine generator generates A C power. 2 marks
for
 It may use directly and connected to AC load. The excess AC power is converted to DC by explaination
rectifier and stored in battery bank.
 During the day time and favorable sun shine, the solar PV system converts solar radiation
received directly into DC power. It is stored in battery bank.
 The DC power is converted to AC power by inverter and this power is supplied to various
consumers through consumer control device.
 Battery acts as storage system. It stores excess power when demand by consumer is less
than power produced by wind solar hybrid system.
 Also if power produce by wind solar hybrid system is less the additional energy needed by
consumer is supplied from battery.
Operating procedure of wind – solar PV hybrid system-
The wind – solar REHS can operate in two modes- 2 marks
1. Simultaneous mode- produces energy concurrently. for
2. Sequential mode- produces electricity alternatively. operating
a. The wind – solar REHS may work in stand-alone or grid connected mode. procedure
b. If load demands less power than production capacity, then excess amount of power
is used to charge battery. If battery is full charged the excess power is feed to local
utility grid.
c. At peak load duration if renewable subsystem cannot meet load demand, the
conventional diesel generator supplies the necessary load. This power is used for
load supply. Battery is not charged by power of generator.
d. If no solar radiation or no wind speed, the generator supplies full load.
e. The purpose of diesel generator and battery system is to fulfill the excess demand
load, whenever needed.

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