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DBMS 6

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14 views4 pages

DBMS 6

Uploaded by

SAROJ KUMAR
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DBMS

Module 6

Advanced topics

6.1 Object oriented and object relational databases

There are two types of ORM:-

1. Object-Oriented Data Model (OODM)


2. Object-Relational Data Model (ORDM)

These models are used to handle objects:

1) To provide support for complex objects.

2) To provide user extensibility for data types operators and


access methods.

3) There should be mechanism to support:

a) Abstract data type.

b) Data of type ‘procedure’.

c) Rules.

Advantages of ORDM:-

i. Reuse of sharing standard functions can be implemented


centrally, rather than coding it in each application.
ii. It preserves the existing relational applications.
6.2 Data warehousing and data mining

The term “Data Warehousing” was first stated by Bill Inmon in


1990. Data Warehouse (DW or DWH), also known as enterprise
data warehouse (EDW), is a system used for reporting and data
analysis. It is considered as a core component of business
intelligence.

The data stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the systems


such as marketing or sales. The data may pass through as
operational data store and may require data cleansing for
additional operations to ensure data quality before it is used in
the DW for reporting.

The typical Extract, Transform, Load (ETL)-based data warehouse


uses staging, data integration, and access layers to house its key
functions. The staging layer or staging database stores raw data
extracted from each of the disparate source data systems. The
integration layer integrates the disparate data sets by
transforming the data from the staging layer often storing this
transformed data in an operational data store (ODS) database.
The integrated data are then moved to yet another database,
often called the data warehouse database, where the data is
arranged into hierarchical groups, often called dimensions, and
into facts and aggregate facts. The combination of facts and
dimensions is sometimes called a star schema. The access layer
helps uses retrieve data.

The main source of the data is cleansed, transformed, catalogued,


and made available for use by managers and other business
professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market
research and decision support. However, the means to retrieve
and analyze data, to extract, transform, and load data, and to
manage the data dictionary are also considered essential
components of a data warehousing system. Many references to
data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded
definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence
tools, tools to extract, transform, and load data into the
repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata.

Database and information technology has been evolving


systematically from traditional file processing to sophisticated and
powerful database system. The evolutionary path is as shown in
Fig. 6.5.

Data management includes data storage, retrieve and database


transaction processing.

Fig. 6.5 Evolutional Path

Advance Data Analysis: It deals with data warehouse, OLAP,


Data mining techniques. It can be viewed as a result of the
natural evolution of information technology.

Data Mining: Data mining is simply process of extracting or


“mining” knowledge from huge amount of data. It is very much
similar to the mining of pearls from rocks and sands. Data mining
deals with the discovery of hidden knowledge, unexpected
patterns and new rules from large database.
Data and Information: Data is nothing but facts and figures
that is translated in to some meaningful information.

Information and Knowledge: Internet is treasure of


information as well as other many sources like books, news paper
etc. which encode some knowledge.

Data mining and knowledge discovery carry slightly different


meaning. Data meaning is one of the essential steps in knowledge
discovery process because it uncovers the hidden patterns of
evolution.

References

1. “Principles of Database and Knowledge – Base Systems”, Vol 1


by J. D. Ullman, Computer Science Press.

2. “Fundamentals of Database Systems”, 5th Edition by R. Elmasri


and S. Navathe, Pearson Education

3. “Foundations of Databases”, Reprint by Serge Abiteboul,


Richard Hull, Victor Vianu, Addison-Wesley

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