EEE 6202 Advanced

Tl
Telecommunication
i ti Engineering
E i i

D Md
Dr. Md. Farhad
F h d Hossain
H i
Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: [email protected]
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building
 Introduction to
Communication Systems

2
 What is Telecommunications?

• Technology
gy concerned
with communicating from
a distance
• Includes mechanical
communication and
electrical communication
• We are interested in
electrical communication
• Unidirectional vs.
bidirectional

3
 Multitude of Communications
Communication: Transfer of information
 Telephone network
 Internet
 Radio and TV broadcast
 Wireless mobile communications
 Wi-Fi
 Satellite communications
 Deep-space communications
 Smart power grid, healthcare…

4
 Basic Communication System

SSpeech
h
Music
Pictures
PC

 Communication involves the transfer of information from one

point to another through a succession of processes

 Three basic elements

– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for transmission
– Channel:
 the physical medium which transports the message signal and delivers it to a receiver
 introduces
i d attenuation,
i di
distortion,
i noise,
i iinterference
f
– Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message
5
 Channel Impairments (1)
Attenuation:

 Signal attenuation or degradation exists in all media

 Increases with distance
 Wireless medium has the highest attenuation
 Optical fibers have less attenuation, e.g., 0.3 dB/km

6
 Channel Impairments (2)
Distortion:
 Signals distort during travel through medium (why?)

 Inter-symbol interference due to distortion

7
 Channel Impairments (3)
Noise:

 Channel noise/ External noise

 Random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system
g medium and interferes with the transmitted message
via the communicating g
 Interference from nearby channels, human made noise (automobile ignition
radiation, microwave oven), natural noise (lightning)
 External
E t l noise
i can b
be minimized
i i i d with
ith proper d
design
i

 Receiver background noise/Internal noise

 Thermal noise and random emission in electronic devices
 One of the main problems in communication
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 Channel Impairments (4)
Multi-user Interference:

Interference of waves

 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

 Co-channel interference (CCI)
 Adjacent channel interference (ACI)
 Inter-carrier
I t i iinterference
t f (ICI)

9
 Channel Capacity
 Shannon's Capacity Formula (1948):
C = B log2 (1 + SNR), bps
C = capacity (bps), B = channel bandwidth (Hz),

 Capacity increases linearly with bandwidth

bandwidth, but only logarithmically with
signal strength
 Shannon's limit tells us what can be achieved. But, it tells nothing on
how to accomplish it
 Is it possible to achieve error free communication over a noisy channel?
(
(Think) )

 Two primary resources in communications:

 Transmitted power (should be green)
 Channel bandwidth (very expensive)

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Duplexing Modes

11
Data Delivery Modes

12
 Telecommunication Networks
 Telecommunications infrastructure of a network
operator consists of a set of networks
 transmission network
 switching network
 access network
t k
 signaling network
 Mobile network
 intelligent network
 management
g network

 Each network performs a particular function towards

the provision of the service to the customer
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PSTN (1)

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 PSTN (2)
The transmission network enables carrying all kinds of traffic (voice, video, data).
It consists of nodes called multiplexers and links among multiplexers. The goal of the
multiplexer is to multiplex/demultiplex traffic onto/from the link. There exists three
multiplexing
lti l i technologies:
t h l i PDH,
PDH SDH and dD D-WDM.
WDM TheTh link
li k technology
t h l i generally
is ll
optical fiber but may also be coax, radio, etc. A transmission network generally consists
of hundreds of multiplexers and tens of thousands of kilometers of optical fiber.

The switching network enables switching the traffic from the sender to the
appropriate destination. A switching network consists of switches. All switches rely on
the transmission network which provides digital trunks to send the traffic to an adjacent
switch A switch receives traffic from the transmission network at input ports
switch. ports, applies the
switching function which forwards the traffic to output port.

The voice network is using the circuit switching technology. That means that prior to
enabling users exchanging their traffic, there is a need of reserving resources on the
path between the sender/caller and the receiver/callee. To reserve resources, all
switches on the path exchange signaling information. Signaling information is data. In
the case of circuit switching
switching, signaling data is carried over a separate network
network, ii.e.,
e a
signaling network called Signaling System 7 (SS7). This is out-of-band signaling.

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 PSTN (3)
The intelligent network is used in the voice network for the provisioning of
services such as freephone, premium rate, virtual private network, account card
calling, etc. It consists of a set of application servers containing service logic and
service data.

The access network is the network which enables attaching the user equipment
to the switching/transmission network
network. The subscriber has a subscriber line
line, which
may be an analog line, an ISDN line, a leased line, an ADSL line, etc., to connect
to the PSTN.

EMSs (El
EMS (Element M
Management S Systems)) are sold
ld with
i h the
h equipment
i b
by the
h telecom
l
vendor. EMSs enable operators to manage their equipment.

The OSS (Operation Support System) is the management of the network and the
services.

The BSS (Business Support System) is the interface to and the management of the
customer.
t

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A Comprehensive System Model

17
 OSI (Open System Interconnected) Model
 Developed by International standard organization (ISO) in 1984
 Logical (abstraction) layers: Conceptual model
 Similar functions are grouped into different layers

OSI model for Computer Network

(e.g., encryption)

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 OSI (Open System Interconnected) Model
Understanding from analogy (Letter Delivery)

The interaction
Th i t ti between
b t layers
l in
i the
th
OSI model

19
 Benefits of Layered Architecture

 Layered architecture simplifies the communication

network design

 It is easy to debug network applications in a layered

architecture network

 The communication system management is easier

 Research/work on a layer can be done independently

 Any disadvantage of layered architecture? (Think carefully)

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Past, Present and Future: Mobile Traffic

Ref: Ericsson Mobility Report, Nov 2017 21

Past, Present and Future: Mobile Data Sources

Ref: Ericsson Mobility Report, Nov 2017 22

 Past, Present and Future: Mobile Data Types

Ref: Ericsson Mobility Report, Nov 2017

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Past, Present and Future: Applications

24
Past, Present and Future: IoT

2008

25
Past, Present and Future: IoT

26
Past, Present and Future: Cellular Systems

Ref: Ericsson Mobility Report, Nov 2017

27
 Desired Features of a Good Communication Systems

• Low delay (measured in sec)

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 Challenges in Modern Communication Systems
RAN = Radio Access Network

Features of NGMN
RNC = Radio Network Controller
RAN BTS = Base Transceiver Station
BSC = Base Station Controller
ASN = Access Service Network

 Coexistence of heterogeneous
CSN = Connectivity / Core Service Network
PCF = Packet Control Function
UE PDSN = Packet Data Service Node
UE

interacting networks
SGSN = Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS GGSN = Gateway GPRS Support Node
HS = Wi
Wi-Fi
Fi Hot Spot
UE = User End
BSC
SES = Satellite Earth Station

 All-IP based network UE

SGSN
WSN
GSM /

 Very large network with huge GPRS / EDGE

GGSN
SES Internet

complexity

 Highly dynamic in nature AHN

(MANET / VANET)
P2P Network

IP backbone

 Automatic operation and maintenance

PDSN GGSN

 Distributed
Di ib d control,
l not centralized
li d PCF
WLAN (Wi-Fi /
Bluetooth)
CSN
GW
CDMA2000 WiMAX 2

 Distributed, adaptive and scalable PCF

GGSN

WCDMA /
CSN
GW

architecture SGSN
UMTS / LTE
SGSN
WMAN (WiMAX)
ASN
GW
ASN HS
GW HS

 Self-organizing,
S lf i i self-adapting,
lf d i self-
lf BSC RNC

managing and self-optimizing system

UE
RNC BSC
RAN
RAN

 Services available: RAN

BTS

Any Time,
Time Any Where,
Where Any
BTS
Node B Node B
RAN

Situation and Any How UE

UE
UE

29
 Challenges
Random
Channel
Nature

Low Latency
Requirement

High Speed
Heterogeneity
Mobility

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