Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course FME2
Sem/AY 2nd Sem A.Y 2021-2022
Module No. 2
Lesson Title Processes of Ideal Gas
Week
Duration
Date
This lesson presents the five processes of Ideal gas
Description
of the
Lesson

Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning 1. Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics and thermodynamic processes
Outcomes
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives 1. Compute problems related to the different laws of Thermodynamics, pure
substances, vapor and gas power cycles, and reactive systems

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a 3-Hour class discussion on the nature
and types of educational technologies. To have access to the Online
Asynchronous) Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities Lecture Guide

(e-Learning/Self-
Paced)
PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
There are five processes involved in any system undergoing a change in a state
for an ideal gas where it can be nonflow for a closed system or steady flow for an
open system, namely:
1. Isometric or Isochoric Process (𝑉 = 𝑐)
2. Isobaric or Isopiestic Process (𝑝 = 𝑐)
3. Isothermal Process (𝑇 = 𝑐)
4. Isentropic or Adiabatic Process (𝑠 = 𝑐)
5. Polytropic Process (𝑝𝑉 𝑛 = 𝑐)

A. Constant Volume Process (𝑽 = 𝒄)

An Isometric or Isochoric process is a reversible constant volume process. A
constant volume process may be reversible or irreversible. In this process, the
working substance is contained in a rigid vessel. The curve for an isometric
process is called isomer or isochore.

a) Relation between p and T.

𝑇2 𝑝2
=
𝑇1 𝑝1
b) Nonflow work
2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
c) The change of internal energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
d) The heat transferred
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
e) The change of enthalpy
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
f) The change of entropy

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
𝑇2
∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ln
𝑇1
g) Reversible steady flow constant volume
a. 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑤𝑓 + ∆𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝑃𝐸
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −(∆𝑤𝑓 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸)
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝑤𝑓 = 𝑉 (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )

(∆𝑃𝐸 = 0, ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)
2
b. − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
−𝑉(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑉(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑉(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = 𝑊𝑆𝐹
(∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)

h) Irreversible nonflow constant volume process

𝑄𝑉 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑁𝐹

For reversible nonflow, 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 0.

For irreversible nonflow, 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 0.
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

PROBLEMS
1. Ten cu ft of air at 300 psia and 400°𝐹 is cooled to 140°𝐹 at constant
volume. What are (a) the final pressure, (b) the work, (c) the change of
internal energy, (d) the transferred heat, (e) the change of enthalpy, and
(f) the change of entropy?
2. There are 1.36 𝑘𝑔𝑚 of gas for which 𝑅 = 377 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.25, that
undergo a nonflow constant volume process from 𝑝1 = 551.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and
𝑡1 = 60℃𝐶 to 𝑝2 = 165 5𝑘𝑃𝑎. During the process the ahs is internally
stirred and there are also added 105.5 kJ of heat. Determine (a) 𝑡2 , (b) the
work input and, (c) the change of entropy.
3. A closed constant-volume system receives 10.5 kJ of paddle work. The
system contains oxygen at 344 kPa, 278K, and occupies 0.06 cu m. Find
the heat (gain or loss) if the final temperature is 400 K.

B. Constant Pressure (𝒑 = 𝒄)
An isobaric or isopiestic process is an internally reversible process of a
substance during which the pressure remains constant. In this process, the
boundary of the system is inflexible as in a 𝑉 = 𝑐 process. The curve for an
isobaric process is called isobar.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

a. Relation between V and T

𝑇2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

b. Nonflow work
2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
1

c. The change of internal energy.

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)

d. The heat transferred

𝑄𝑝 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

e. The change of enthalpy

∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)

f. The change of entropy

𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ln
𝑇1

g. Steady flow isobaric

a) 𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝐻 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −(∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝐾𝐸
∆𝑃𝐸 = 0

2
b) − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸

0 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝐾𝐸

PROBLEMS
1. A certain gas, with 𝑐𝑝 = 0.529 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅 and 𝑅 = 96.2 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅,
expands from 5 cu ft and 80°𝐹 to 15 cu ft while the pressure remains
constant at 15.5 psia. Compute (a) 𝑇2, (b) ∆𝐻, (c) ∆𝑈 and (d) ∆𝑠, (e) For
an internally reversible nonflow process, what is the work?
2. A perfect gas has a value of 𝑅 = 319.2 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.26. If 120 kJ
are added to 2.27 𝑘𝑔𝑚 of this gas at constant pressure when the initial
temperature is 32.2 °𝐶, find (a) 𝑇2, (b) ∆𝐻, (c) ∆𝑈, and (d) work for a
nonflow process.

C. Isothermal Process (𝑻 = 𝒄)

An isothermal process is an internally reversible constant temperature

process of a substance. The curve for an isothermal process is call isotherm.

a) Relation between p and V

𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2

b) Nonflow work
2 2
𝑐𝑑𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = ∫ = 𝐶 ln = 𝑝1 𝑉2 ln
1 1 𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉1

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
c) The change of internal energy
∆𝑈 = 0

d) The heat transferred

𝑉2 𝑝1
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑉1 𝑝2

e) The change of enthalpy

∆𝐻 = 0

f) The change of entropy

𝑄 𝑝1
∆𝑠 = = 𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇 𝑝2

g) Steady flow isothermal

a. 𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝑒 + ∆𝐻 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑄 − ∆𝑃𝐸 − ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑄
(∆𝑃𝐸 = 0, ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)

2
b. − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
−𝑝𝑑𝑉
From 𝑝𝑉 = 𝐶, 𝑝𝐷𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 0, 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑉

𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉1 ln = 𝑊𝑆𝐹 + ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑊𝑆𝐹
(∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)

PROBLEMS
1. During an isothermal process at 88°𝐹, the pressure on 8 𝑙𝑏𝑚 of air drops
from 80 psia to 5 psig. For an internally reversible process, determine (a)
the ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 and the work of a nonflow process, (b) the − ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝 and the
work of a steady flow process during which ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0, (c) Q, (d) ∆𝑈 and
∆𝐻, and (e) ∆𝑠.
2. During a reversible process there are abstracted 317 kJ/s from 1.134
𝑘𝑔𝑚/s of a certain gas while the temperature remains constant at 26.7 °𝐶.
For this gas, 𝑐𝑝 = 2.232 and 𝑐𝑣 = 1.713 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. The initial pressure
is 586 kPa. For both nonflow and steady flow (∆𝑃𝐸 = 0, ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)
process, determine (a) 𝑉1, 𝑉2 and 𝑃2 , (b) the work and Q, (c) ∆𝑠 and ∆𝐻.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
D. Isentropic Process (𝑺 = 𝒄)
An isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic process. adiabatic simply
means no heat. A reversible adiabatic is one of constant entropy.

1. Relation among p, V, and T.

a. Relation between p and V.
𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘 = 𝐶

b. Relation between T and V.

𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘 and 𝑇1 1 = 𝑇2 2 , we have
1 2

𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑉2

c. Relation between T and p.

𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑘
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑝1

2. Nonflow work
From 𝑝𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶, 𝑝 = 𝐶𝑉 −1
2 2 2
−𝑘
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑘 𝑑𝑉
1 1 1

Integrating and simplifying

𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = =
1−𝑘 1−𝑘

3. The change of internal energy.

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

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 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
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ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
4. The heat transferred
𝑄=0

5. The change of enthalpy

∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

6. The change of entropy

∆𝑆 = 0

7. Steady flow isentropic

a. 𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝐻 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝑃𝐸 − ∆𝐾𝐸 − ∆𝐻

𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆𝐻
(∆𝑃𝐸 = 0, ∆𝐾𝐸 = 0)
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝐾 𝑊𝑁𝐹

2
b. − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑠 + ∆𝐾𝐸

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑐 = 𝑝1/𝑘 𝑉 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑝1/𝑘

2 2
− ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = ∫1 𝐶 𝑝1/𝑘 𝑑𝑝

Integrating and Simplifying

2 2
𝑘 (𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )
− ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1 1−𝑘 1

PROBLEM
1. From a state defined by 300 psia, 100 cu ft and 240°𝐹, helium undergoes
an isentropic process to 0.3 psig. Find (a) 𝑉2 and 𝑡2 , (b) ∆𝑈 and ∆𝐻, (c)
∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉, (d) − ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝, (e) Q and ∆𝑠. What is the work (f) if the process is
nonflow, (g) if the process is steady flow with ∆𝐾𝐸 = 10 𝐵𝑡𝑢?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks

EXERCISES

Solve the following.

1. There are 1.36 𝑘𝑔𝑚 of gas for which 𝑅 = 377 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.25, that undergo a nonflow
constant volume process from 𝑝1 = 551.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑡1 = 60℃𝐶 to 𝑝2 = 165 5𝑘𝑃𝑎. During the
process the ahs is internally stirred and there are also added 105.5 kJ of heat. Determine (a) 𝑡2,
(b) the work input and, (c) the change of entropy.
2. A closed constant-volume system receives 10.5 kJ of paddle work. The system contains
oxygen at 344 kPa, 278K, and occupies 0.06 cu m. Find the heat (gain or loss) if the final
temperature is 400 K.
3. A perfect gas has a value of 𝑅 = 319.2 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.26. If 120 kJ are added to 2.27
𝑘𝑔𝑚 of this gas at constant pressure when the initial temperature is 32.2 °𝐶, find (a) 𝑇2, (b) Δ𝐻,
(c) Δ𝑈, and (d) work for a nonflow process.
4. During a reversible process there are abstracted 317 kJ/s from 1.134 𝑘𝑔𝑚/s of a certain gas
while the temperature remains constant at 26.7 °𝐶. For this gas, 𝑐𝑝 = 2.232 and 𝑐𝑣 =
1.713 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾. The initial pressure is 586 kPa. For both nonflow and steady flow (Δ𝑃𝐸 =
0, Δ𝐾𝐸 = 0) process, determine (a) 𝑉1, 𝑉2 and 𝑃2, (b) the work and Q, (c) Δ𝑠 and Δ𝐻.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Exercises
CRITERIA EXEMPLARY SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING RATING
4 3 2 1

Comprehensive The score of the The score of the SAQ The score of the The score of the
Ability SAQ and and Activities is SAQ and SAQ and
Activities is around 70% to 89% Activities is Activities is
around 90% to Correct. around 40% to around 0% to
100% Correct. 69% Correct. 39% Correct.

Workmanship The neatness of The neatness of the The neatness of The neatness
the solution for solution for the SAQ the solution for of the solution
the SAQ and and Activities is the SAQ and for the SAQ
Activities is very good quality. Activities is and Activities
good quality. standard needed
quality improvement

Accuracy The submitted The submitted work The submitted

work manifests manifest the work
qualities which required qualities partiall
go beyond the y manifest the
requirements required
qualities.
Certain aspects
are
either
incomplete or
incorrect.
Total

Learning Resources

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: THERMODYNAMICS 1