STATISTICAL INTERVALS

ENGR. LEONEL C. TINGSON, RCHE, RCHT, SO2

FIRST SEMESTER, A.Y 2024-2025

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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STATISTICAL INTERVAL
Statistical intervals can
manifest as plus or-minus
limits on test data,
represent a margin of
error in a scientific poll, or
indicate the level of
confidence associated with
a predicted value.
MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this, it is expected that the students will be
able to:
1. Construct confidence intervals using single sample and
multiple sample.
2. Construct a prediction for a future observation.
3. Construct a tolerance interval for a normal distribution.
4. Explain the three types of interval estimates; confidence
intervals, prediction intervals and tolerance intervals.
MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
A CI is a range of values that
likely contains the true value of
a population parameter (like the
mean or proportion). The
confidence level, usually 90%,
95%, or 99%, indicates the
probability that the true value
falls within the interval.
MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known
If 𝑥 is the sample mean of a random sample of size n from a normal
population with known variance 𝜎 2 , a 100(1 − α) % confidence
interval on μ is given by

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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known
ASTM Standard E23 defines standard test methods for notched bar impact testing of
metallic materials. The Charpy V-notch (CVN) technique measures impact energy and is
often used to determine whether or not a material experiences a ductile-to brittle
transition with decreasing temperature. Ten measurements of impact energy (J) on
specimens of A238 steel cut at 60∘C are as follows: 64.1, 64.7, 64.5, 64.6, 64.5, 64.3, 64.6,
64.8, 64.2, and 64.3. Assume that impact energy is normally distributed with σ = 1 J. We
want to find a 95% CI for μ, the mean impact energy.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known

1 1
64.46 − 1.96 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 64.46 + 1.96
10 10

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known
HOMEWORK 1
The average zinc concentration recovered from a sample of
measurements taken in 36 different locations in a river is
found to be 2.6 grams per milliliter. Find the 95% and 99%
confidence intervals for the mean zinc concentration in the
river. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.3
gram per milliliter.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Choice of Sample Size
Confidence Interval provides a range of values within which the true
population parameter (like the mean) is likely to lie. The precision of
this interval is determined by the margin of error (E), which is
influenced by the sample size (n) and the population standard
deviation (σ).

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Choice of Sample Size

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Choice of Sample Size
Consider the CVN test described in Example1 and suppose that we want to
determine how many specimens must be tested to ensure that the 95% CI
on μ for A238 steel cut at 60°C has a length of at most 1.0 J. Because the
bound on error in estimation E is one-half of the length of the CI.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
One-Sided Confidence Bounds on Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known

Consider the CVN test described in Example1 and suppose that we want to
determine how many specimens must be tested to ensure that the 95% CI
on μ for A238 steel cut at 60°C has a length of at most 1.0 J. Because the
bound on error in estimation E is one-half of the length of the CI.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
All trademarks, images and symbols belongs to it’s respective owners. Usage of any image
requires prior notification and consent.
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
One-Sided Confidence Bounds on Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Known
HOMEWORK 2
In a psychological testing experiment, 25 subjects are selected randomly and
their reaction time, in seconds, to a particular stimulus is measured. Past
experience suggests that the variance in reaction times to these types of
stimuli is 4 sq. sec and that the distribution of reaction times is approximately
normal. The average time for the subjects is 6.2 seconds. Give an upper 95%
bound for the mean reaction time.

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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Large-Sample Confidence Interval on the Mean

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Large-Sample Confidence Interval on the Mean
An article in the 1993 volume of the Transactions of the American Fisheries Society reports the results of
a study to investigate the mercury contamination in largemouth bass.

A sample of fish was selected from 53 Florida lakes, and mercury concentration in the muscle tissue was
measured (ppm). Find an approximate 95% CI on μ. The mercury concentration values were

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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requires prior notification and consent.
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Large-Sample Confidence Interval on the Mean

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Confidence Interval on the Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Unknown

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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL: SINGLE SAMPLE
Confidence Interval on the Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Unknown

The sample mean is 𝑥 ̅ = 13.71,

and the sample standard deviation
is s = 3.55.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL

The sample mean is 𝑥 ̅ =

13.71, and the sample
standard deviation is s =
3.55.

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL

MATH403: Engineering Data Analysis. Copyright 2024 Leonel C. Tingson. All rights reserved.
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CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL: t-distribution

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