uNit D: PriNciPleS & ApplIcAtioNs of eNeGrY

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Energy: The ability to do work

➔ The sun is the most important energy source. The sun produces radiant (light)
energy and heat energy that gives life to everything on Earth

Who Uses Energy the Most?

➔ Industry - Uses 52%

➔ Transportation - Uses 23%
➔ Residential - Uses 13%
➔ Commercial - Uses 12%

Sample Question: Think about the electrical devices in your home or school. Where
does it come from? Be specific.

Sample Answer: Energy is made at generating stations by huge generators. These

generators can use a variety of sources such as water, coal, natural gas or wind. The
current is sent through transformers to move power across cities and municipalities.

Two Forms of Energy

There are many types of energy but they all fall under 2 forms:
 1. Potential energy: Stored in an object

2. Kinetic energy: Energy at work

★ Everything has potential energy, even things that are not moving or not living

Types of Energy

Radiant energy: Energy that travels in waves, like visible light and x-rays

Chemical energy: Energy stored in bonds of atoms and molecules often released when
heated

Mechanical energy: Energy that moves an object

Thermal energy: Energy from the movement of particles. Heat is created when
particles move quickly

Nuclear energy: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, released when the nuclei are
combined or split

Electrical energy: Energy delivered by electrons, usually moving through a wire

Elastic potential energy: anything to do with elastic

Gravitational potential energy: when gravity is pulling something down

Different Forms of Energy

All forms of energy can be converted to another form of energy

In Canada, most electricity is made by converting Kinetic energy into electrical

energy using a device called a generator

The 3 main sources of energy used to generate electricity in Ontario are:

1. Hydroelectric (falling water)

2. Thermoelectric (fossil fuels)
3. Nuclear (uranium)

O.P.G → Ontario Power Generation

Different types of Electricity

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectric sources convert the kinetic energy of moving water to electrical energy

➔ EXAMPLE: water flowing through a dam spins giant turbines, which spin a
generator to produce electrical energy

Thermoelectricity

Thermoelectricity sources convert the chemical energy of burning fossil fuels into
heat that boils water into steam. This kinetic energy of the hot steam spins a turbine
to generate electrical energy.
Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy sources convert the energy released from the splitting of uranium (or
any nuclear) atoms into heat that boils water into steam. The kinetic energy of the
hot steam spins a turbine to generate electrical energy.

The Law of Conservation of Energy

● It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted
from one form of energy into another

➔ This means that any given system will always have the same amount of energy,
unless energy is added from another source

Transformation of Energy

Chemical (apple) into Mechanical (riding a bike)

Electrical (plug) into light (lamp)

Chemical (battery) into light (flashlight)

Bow & Arrow: elastic potential energy into kinetic energy

Ukulele strummed: mechanical energy into sound energy

Match struck: mechanical & chemical energy into light & heat energy
What is Energy?

Electricity: is a flow of electrical power that is a result of charged particles, which can
be carried by wires

Electrical charge: is produced when an atom gains or loses an electron

● An atom is ordinarily uncharged, but can gain or lose electrons through friction
or rubbing together (Static electricity)

➔ A positive charge: created when there are more protons than electrons

➔ A negative charge: created when there are more electrons than protons

● Electrical charges can also be moved in a stream or path through conducting

materials like copper and most metals (current electricity)

Current electricity: Moving electricity, especially through a wire

Static electricity: A build-up of electrical charge on the surface of an object

Examples of static electricity:

- Rubbing a balloon on your hair

- Rubbing your feet against the carpet
- Rubbing a plastic pen on a cloth
Sample Question: What happens when you rub a balloon on a woolen sweater?

Sample Answer: When you rub a balloon on a wool sweater or your hair, electrons get
transferred from the wool or the hair to the balloon. So the balloon ends up with a net
negative charge and the sweater or hair (having lost negative charges) gets a net
positive charge.

SIDE NOTE: wool, hair and almost anything with fur - always charging
- positively charged
- Giving electrons

● The rubbing of certain materials against one another can transfer negative
charges or electrons

➔ EXAMPLE: if you rub your shoe on the carpet, your body collects extra
electrons. The electrons cling to your body until they can be released. As you
reach and touch the doorknob, your body will try to become electrically neutral
again and give the extra electrons to the metal conductors your touching (the
doorknob), giving you a small shock
Attraction and Repulsion

● Electrostatic forces between charged objects can cause the objects to either
attract or repel

➔ Objects with like charges (both have positive charges or both have negative
charges) will repel

➔ Objects with unlike charges (one is positive and the other is negative) will
attract - opposites attract!

Induced Charge
 Induced Charge: a charging method that charges an object without actually
touching the object to any other charged object

● When a charged object is brought close to a neutral material, the

electrons on the neutral material will either move toward the charged
object (if it has a positive charge) or away from the charged object (if it
has a negative charge)

➔ In other words, the neutral material ‘picks up’ charge on its near and far side,
relevant to the charged object. This phenomenon is called an ‘induced charge’

➔ The result is that a normally neutral material will have a slight charge when it’s
near the charged object and it is enough for the two to attract

Energy Source Form Explanation

 Hydro Hydro uses the power of flowing water to generate electricity

Coal Coal is a cheap energy source that is burned for energy. Coal
is a fossil fuel.

Natural Gas Natural gas is a fossil fuel found underground. It emits less
carbon dioxide than coal when burned.

Biomass Biomass involves burning organic materials to produce steam,

which turns a turbine which generates electricity.

Wind Wind uses the power of wind to turn a turbine which generates
electricity.

Solar Solar energy converts the sun's light and heat into energy.

Geothermal Geothermal uses the internal heat from the Earth’s crust to
produce energy.

Nuclear Nuclear energy uses the power of nuclear fission to generate

steam which turns a turbine to generate electricity.

Nuclear Fission

1. A neutron hits the nucleus of a big atom (like uranium)

2. The atom breaks into two smaller pieces

3. When the atom splits, it releases a lot of energy (heat and light).

4. The split also releases more neutrons

 5. These new neutrons can split other atoms, causing a chain reaction

Electrical Circuits

An electrical current (same thing as current electricity): refers to the movement of

electrons within a circuit

An electrical circuit: is the loop in which an electrical current flows

3 basic components of a simple circuit

Power source: Where the energy in the circuit comes from.

➔ EXAMPLE: battery

Load: The thing in the circuit that is using the electricity

➔ EXAMPLES: lightbulb, toaster, blender

Conductor: The conductor is the material that is used to connect the power source to
the load and the load back to the power source again.

An electrical conductor: A material which electricity can flow through

➔ EXAMPLE: Most metals, tap water (with high mineral content)
Resistor: A material with properties that make it difficult to for electricity to flow
through them
➔ EXAMPLES: steel, carbon

Insulator: A material that completely stops an electric flow

➔ EXAMPLES: plastic, rubber, ceramics, glass

Differences and similarities between static and current electricity

Static Both Current

Can be made naturally Both are a form of Relies on a material that

(lighting, friction) electricity can move electricity

Build-up of electrons Requires a load, conductor

and power source
Does not need a circuit
Requires a primary energy
Insulators are involved source (usually a battery)
because that's where the
charges are built up Steady flow of electrons

Conductor everyday examples:

- A penny
- Metal fork
- Tin can
- Tap water
Insulators everyday examples:

- Glass cup
- Plastic bottle
- Ceramic mug
- Wooden window frame
- Eraser (rubber)
- Distilled water

Series Circuit: A circuit that has more than one load, but only one path that the
electrons (the electricity) flow through
➔ EXAMPLES: Freezer, fridge, flashlight, old holiday lights (not LED), oven

Parallel Circuit: A circuit that has more than one load and multiple paths that the
electricity (electrons) can flow through

★ Electricity always flows from the negative terminal in the battery (or any other
power source) to the positive terminal

Circuit Drawing Guide

Component Drawing Explanation

Lamp/lightbulb A transducer which converts

electrical energy into light

Resistor A resistor restricts the flow of

 electrical charge

One Cell A single battery cell

3 Cells A collection of battery cells

(make a battery) (three)

Open switch A switch that is open

(light turned off)

Closed switch A switch that is closed

(light turned on)

Fuse A safety device which will blow

(melt) if the current flowing
exceeds a specific value

Buzzer A transducer which converts

electrical energy into sound

Motor A transducer which converts

electrical energy into kinetic
energy (motion)

Bell A transducer which converts

electrical energy into sound

Wire The wire that connects

everything

Voltmeter Voltage is measured using a

voltmeter
 Ammeter Electrical current is measured
using an ammeter

Voltage: is the force that pushes an electrical current (electrons) and in most cases
voltage is provided by the power source
➔ V - unit for voltage
➔ Higher voltage indicates a greater electrical force

Voltmeter: A voltmeter is a device that measures the potential difference across 2

points in the circuit. It is connected in parallel to the 2 points in the circuit

Current: is the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor

➔ Measured in amperes/amps
➔ A - unit for amperes

Ammeter: The ammeter is connected in series with the load to measure the electrical
current flowing through it. The ammeter has a very low resistance and it does not
change the current when connected

Direct Current: in a direct current, the direction of the current is always the same

Ohmmeter: Used to measure the resistance of a component of a circuit

3 factors that affect the amount of flow in an electrical circuit

1. The number of lamps or components in a circuit

2. The resistance of of each component in a circuit
3. The number of cells (e.g. batteries) in a circuit
 Voltage and current

★ The current will always be the same in a circuit regardless of where the
ammeter is attached

● The sum of the voltage in each of the components of a circuit will equal that
voltage of the cell
➔ Formula: Vsum = V1 + V2

● The sum of the resistance of each component of a circuit will equal the total
resistance of the circuit
➔ Formula: Ω = R1 + R2

★ In a series circuit, the resistance of the circuit will increase as the number of
lamps in the circuit increases
➔ EXAMPLE: If a series circuit had 3 lamps and one battery with 120V, each
lamp would only glow at only 40 volts making them dimmer than a series
circuit with only one lamp and a 120V battery, because the lamp would
have the full 120V and glow very bright

Potential difference: another word for voltage

Similarities and differences between series circuits and parallel circuits

Series Both Parallel

- Same current, different voltage - Both have loads - Different current, same voltage
- If one of the loads does not - Both have conductors - Other loads cna operate if one
operate, the rest of the circuit will load does not work
not work - Both have power sources
- Complex design
- Simple design - The bothe move electrical
current

● In a parallel circuit, it doesn’t matter how many loads you add, the voltage (the
brightness) will be the same for each load

● In a series circuit, the more loads you add, the less voltage they will have (they
will be dimmer) because you have to divide the total voltage between the loads

★ Loads count as resistor and they slow the current

Ohm's Law

● Ohm's Law is a simple formula that shows the relationship between voltage (V),
current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit

➔V=IxR
➔ I = V/R
➔ R = V/I

Resistance

● The longer a cable, the more resistance it has

➔ Electrons in the current collide with the atoms in the material
 ➔ Shorter cables have fewer collisions

● The wider the cable, the less resistance it has

➔ More space for the electrons to flow
➔ Less collisions