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M4L3

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11 views4 pages

M4L3

Uploaded by

Masum Alom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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M4 L3 Notes

Donald Norma’s Interaction


model concentrates on User’s
view of the interface. GOAL

It consists of seven stages as follows:

User to establish Goal

User to formulate Intention

Decides on action on the interface


EXECUTION EVALUATION
Executes the action

Perceives system state

Interprets system response SYSTEM


Evaluates system with respect to goal.

Normans Model with Example:

Task: Save My Sketch

GOALS

I will now save my sketch in Paint Mental model: Check in my folder


to my folder HCIDesign234. (Goal) HCIDesigner234 if doc is safe in
file. (Evaluation)
Mental model: I need to Progress bar completes & menu dissolves
select save option in the (Interpretation)
file Menu (Intention)
Action: Click on Label ‘Save’ Observe progress bar. (Perception)
(Execution)

Sketch saved as document in file


Another way of depicting Normans 7 stage Action model is shown in figure bellow:

7 Stages of Action: An Approximate Model

(Execution) Goals (Evaluation)


/ \
Intention to Act Evaluation of interpretations
v ^
Sequence of Actions Interpreting the perception
v ^
Execution of the action sequence Perceiving the state of the world
v ^
\ (THE WORLD) /

7 Stages of Action: 1 for goals, 3 for execution, 3 for evaluation:

Norman applies the Model to explain why some interfaces cause problems to the users.
He uses the terms “Gulf of execution’ and ‘Gulf of evaluation’.

Gulf of Execution represents the difference between user’s formulation of the action to
reach their goals and the actions allowed by the system.

User’s formulation of action =/ Actions allowed by the system.

The Gulf of Evaluation is the difference between physical presentation of system state
and the expectations of the user.

User’s Expectation is different from =/ system’s presentation.

Mismatch between Actions & Specifications


Actions
specification This gap is termed as Intentions
Gulf of Execution

Ideal Mapping= Physical system reacts as user User


expects

This gap is termed as


Through Gulf of Evaluation Cognation
Interface
Interpretation required
Normans model (also some times called as Gulf Model) is useful in understanding the
reasons of interface failures from the users point of view. The Seven stages of action
model is an elaboration of the Gulf model.

_____________________________________________________________

Models of the User Interface: Moran’s (1981) Top Down classification of


Interface Components

Conceptual Component: Task Level


Semantic Level
Communication Component: Syntactic Level
Interaction Level
Physical Component: Spatial Layout Level
Device Level

Task Level: task level is to analyse the user's needs and to structure the task domain in
such a way, that a computer system can play a part in it. The task level describes the
structure of the tasks which can be delegated to the computer system.

Semantic level describes the set of objects, attributes, and operations, the system and
the user can communicate. Semantics is about how the user interprets it and makes
meanings out of the system.

Syntactic level describes which conceptual entities and operations may be referred to
in a particular command context or system state.

Interaction level describes the translation of commands and objects into the
associated physical actions and the structure of the interaction, including typing / mouse
usage rules.
Common Interaction Styles in GUIs:

Command Line
Menus
Natural language (Speech, Gestural,)
Query- Dialogue (Question Answer)
Forms (Filling)
WIMP (Windows- Icons- Menus- Pointer)
Point & Click
Three Dimensional
Virtual Reality

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