February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 10

P.P.10.1 10 sin( 2 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 10 ∠0°, ω = 2
2H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j4
1
0.2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = - j2.5
jωC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.
-j2.5 Ω 4Ω
V1 V2

+
+
10∠0° A 2Ω Vx j4 Ω −
3Vx
−

V1 V1 − V2
At node 1, 10 = +
2 - j2.5
100 = (5 + j4) V1 − j4V2 (1)

V2 V1 − V2 3Vx − V2
At node 2, = + where Vx = V1
j4 - j2.5 4
- j2.5V2 = j4 (V1 − V2 ) + 2.5 (3V1 − V2 )
0 = - (7.5 + j4) V1 + (2.5 + j1.5) V2 (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

⎡ 5 + j4 - j4 ⎤⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡100 ⎤
⎢ - (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5⎥⎢ V ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where Δ = (5 + j4)( 2.5 + j.15) − (-j4)(-(7.5 + j4)) = 22.5 − j12.5 = 25.74 ∠ - 29.05 °

⎡2.5 + j1.5 j4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎣ 7.5 + j4 5 + j4⎦ ⎡100⎤
⎢V ⎥ = 22.5 − j12.5 ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2.5 + j1.5 2.915∠30.96°
V1 = (100) = (100) = 11.32 ∠60.01°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
7.5 + j4 8.5∠28.07°
V2 = (100) = (100) = 33.02 ∠57.12°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
In the time domain,
v1 ( t ) = 11.32 sin(2t + 60.01°) V
v 2 ( t ) = 33.02 sin(2t + 57.12°) V

P.P.10.2 The only non-reference node is a supernode.

15 − V1 V1 V2 V2
= + +
4 j4 - j 2
15 − V1 = - j V1 + j4V2 + 2V2
15 = (1 − j) V1 + (2 + j4) V2 (1)

The supernode gives the constraint of

V1 = V2 + 20∠60° (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

15 = (1 − j)(20∠60°) + (3 + j3) V2
15 − (1 − j)(20 ∠60°) 14.327 ∠210.72°
V2 = = = 3.376 ∠165.7°
3 + j3 4.243∠45°
V1 = V2 + 20∠60° = (-3.272 + j0.8327) + (10 + j17.32)
V1 = 6.728 + j18.154

Therefore, V1 = 19.36∠69.67° V, V2 = 3.376∠165.7° V

P.P.10.3 Consider the circuit below.

2∠0° A

I3

-j2 Ω 6Ω

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

For mesh 1, (8 − j2 + j4) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

(8 + j2) I1 = j4 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 6 I 3 + 10∠30° = 0

For mesh 3, I 3 = -2

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30° (2)

8 + j2
From (1), I2 = I = (0.5 − j2) I 1 (3)
j4 1

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6 + j4) (0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30°
(11 − j14) I 1 = -(20.66 + j5)
- (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 − j14

20.66 + j5 21.256 ∠13.6°

Hence, I o = - I1 = =
11 − j14 17.8∠ - 51.84°
I o = 1.194∠65.44° A

P.P.10.4 Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10 Ω

-j4 Ω j8 Ω

I2
+ I1
50∠0° V
−
I3
-j6 Ω
5Ω

For mesh 1, − 50 + (15 − j4) I 1 − (− j4) I 2 − 5 I 3 = 0

(15 − j4) I 1 + j4 I 2 − 5 I 3 = 50 (1)

For the supermesh, ( j8 − j4) I 2 + (5 − j6) I 3 − (5 − j4) I 1 = 0 (2)

Also, I3 = I2 + 2 (3)
Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)
(15 − j4) I 1 + (-5 + j4) I 2 = 60 (4)
(-5 + j4) I1 + (5 − j2) I 2 = -10 + j12 (5)

From (4) and (5),

⎡15 − j4 - 5 + j4 ⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 60 ⎤
⎢ - 5 + j4 5 - j2 ⎥⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ - 10 + j12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

15 − j4 - 5 + j4
Δ= = 58 − j10 = 58.86 ∠ - 9.78°
- 5 + j4 5 - j2
60 - 5 + j4
Δ1 = = 298 − j20 = 298.67 ∠ - 3.84°
- 10 + j12 5 - j2

Δ1
Thus, I o = I1 = = 5.074∠5.94° A
Δ

P.P.10.5 Let I o = I 'o + I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to the voltage source and
current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io'

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

(a)

For mesh 1, (8 + j2) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

I 2 = (0.5 − j2) I1 (1)

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 10∠30° = 0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6 + j4)(0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I 1 = 10∠30°
10∠30°
I 'o = I 1 = = 0.08 + j0.556
11 − j14
For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

2∠0° A

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io"

8Ω j4 Ω

(b)

j24
Let Z1 = 8 − j2 Ω , Z 2 = 6 || j4 = = 1.846 + j2.769 Ω
6 + j4
Z2 (2)(1.846 + j2.769)
I "o = (2) = = 0.4164 + j0.53
Z1 + Z 2 9.846 + j0.77

Therefore, I o = I 'o + I "o = 0.4961 + j1.086

I o = 1.1939∠65.45° A

P.P.10.6 Let v o = v 'o + v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to
the current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

30 sin(5t ) ⎯
⎯→ 30 ∠0°, ω = 5
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = -j
jωC j (5)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (5)(1) = j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8Ω

+
+
30∠0° V Vo' -j Ω j5 Ω
−
−

(a)
Note that - j || j5 = -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
Vo' = (30) = 4.631∠ - 81.12°
8 − j1.25
Thus, v 'o = 4.631 sin(5t − 81.12°)

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

2 cos(10 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 2 ∠0°, ω = 10
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = - j0.5
jωC j (10)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (10)(1) = j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+ I

8Ω j10 Ω Vo" -j0.5 Ω 2∠0°

−

(b)

j80
Let Z1 = - j0.5 , Z 2 = 8 || j10 = = 4.878 + j3.9
8 + j10

By current division,
Z2
I= (2)
Z1 + Z 2
Z2 - j (4.877 + j3.9)
Vo" = I (-j0.5) = (2)(-j0.5) =
Z1 + Z 2 4.878 + j3.4
6.245∠ - 51.36°
Vo" = = 1.051∠ - 86.24°
5.94 ∠34.88°
Thus, v "o = 1.051 cos(10 t − 86.24°)

Therefore, v o = v 'o + v "o

v o = 4.631 sin(5t – 81.12°) + 1.051 cos(10t – 86.24°) V
P.P.10.7 If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the
circuit shown in Fig. (a).

4Ω -j3 Ω 2Ω jΩ

Io

1Ω
+
VS j5 Ω
−
-j2 Ω

(a)

Vs = I s Z s = ( j4)(4 − j3) = 12 + j16

We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (b).

V 12 + j16
Let Z = 4 − j3 + 2 + j = 6 − j2 . Then, Is = s = = 1.5 + j3 .
Z 6 − j2

Io

6Ω 1Ω
IS j5 Ω
-j2 Ω -j2 Ω

(b)

(6 − j2)( j5) 10
Note that Z || j5 = = (1 + j) .
6 + j3 3

By current division,
10
(1 + j)
3
Io = (1.5 + j3)
10
(1 + j) + (1 − j2)
3
− 20 + j40 44.72∠116.56°
Io = =
13 + j4 13.602∠17.1°
I o = 3.288∠99.46° A
P.P.10.8 When the voltage source is set equal to zero,
Z th = 10 + (- j4) || (6 + j2)
(-j4)(6 + j2)
Z th = 10 +
6 - j2
Z th = 10 + 2.4 − j3.2
Z th = 12.4 – j3.2 Ω

By voltage division,
- j4 (- j4)(30∠20°)
Vth = (30∠20°) =
6 + j2 − j4 6 − j2
(4 ∠ - 90°)(30 ∠20°)
Vth =
6.324 ∠ - 18.43°
Vth = 18.97∠-51.57° V

P.P.10.9 To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4 8 + j4

+ Vo − + Vo −

5∠0°
V2 Is
VS a
V1 a

+
4 – j2 0.2Vo 4 – j2 0.2Vo 1∠0°
−

b
(a) (b) b

0 − V1 V − V2
At node 1, = 5+ 1
4 − j2 8 + j4
- (2 + j)V1 = 50 + (1 − j0.5)(V1 − V2 )
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V1 (1)

V1 − V2
At node 2, 5 + 0.2Vo + = 0, where Vo = V1 − V2 .
8 + j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

 V1 − V2
5 + 0.2 (V1 − V2 ) + =0
8 + j4
50
V1 = V2 − (2)
3 + j0.5

Substituting (2) into (1),

3 + j0.5
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V2 + (50)
3 − j0.5
50
0 = -50 − (2 + j) V2 + (35 + j12)
37
- 2.702 + j16.22
V2 = = 7.35∠72.9°
2+ j
Vth = V2 = 7.35∠72.9° V

To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).

Vs
At node a, I s = -0.2Vo +
8 + j4 + 4 − j2

8 + j4
But, Vs = 1 and – Vo = V
8 + j4 + 4 − j2 s
8 + j4 1 2.6 + j0.8
So, I s = (0.2) + =
12 + j2 12 + j2 12 + j2
V 1 12 + j2 12.166∠9.46°
and Z th = s = = =
I s I s 2.6 + j0.8 2.72∠17.10°
Z th = 4.473∠–7.64° Ω
P.P.10.10 To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4Ω j2 Ω 4Ω j2 Ω

I3
8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω 8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω a
a

ZN + IN
20∠0° I1 -j4 Ω I2
−

b
(a) (b) b

(4 + j2)(9 − j3)
Z N = (4 + j2) || (9 − j3) =
13 − j
Z N = 3.176 + j0.706 Ω

To find I N , short-circuit terminals a-b as shown in Fig. (b). Notice that meshes 1 and 2
form a supermesh.

For the supermesh, - 20 + 8 I 1 + (1 − j3) I 2 − (9 − j3) I 3 = 0 (1)

Also, I1 = I 2 + j4 (2)

For mesh 3, (13 − j) I 3 − 8 I 1 − (1 − j3) I 2 = 0 (3)

Solving for I 2 , we obtain

50 − j62 79.65∠ - 51.11°
IN = I2 = =
9 − j3 9.487 ∠ - 18.43°
I N = 8.396∠-32.68° A

Using the Norton equivalent, we can find I o as in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN
10 – j5 Ω

(c)
By current division,
ZN 3.176 + j0.706
Io = IN = (8.396∠ - 32.68°)
Z N + 10 − j5 13.176 − j4.294
(3.254 ∠12.53°)(8.396 ∠ - 32.68°)
Io =
13.858∠ - 18.05°
I o = 1.971∠-2.10° A

P.P.10.11
1 1
10 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j20 kΩ
jωC1 j (5 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
3

1 1
20 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j10 kΩ
jωC 2 j (5 × 10 )(20 × 10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 kΩ

10 kΩ 20 kΩ V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
−
+
2∠0° V -j10 kΩ
−

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo

2 − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
At node 1, = +
10 - j20 20
4 = (3 + j)V1 − (1 + j)Vo (1)

V1 − Vo Vo − 0
At node 2, =
20 - j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

2
4 = j6Vo or Vo = ∠ - 90°
3
Hence, v o ( t ) = 0.667 cos(5000t − 90°) V
v o ( t ) = 0.667 sin(5000t) V

Vo − V1
Now, Io =
- j20k
-4
But from (2) Vo − V1 = - j2Vo =
3
-4 3
Io = = - j66.66 μA
- j20k

Hence, i o ( t ) = 66.67 cos(5000t − 90°) μA

i o ( t ) = 66.67 sin(5000t) μA

1 R
P.P.10.12 Let Z = R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC

Vs R
=
Vo R + Z

The loop gain is

Vs R R 1 + jωRC
1/ G = = = =
Vo R + Z R 2 + jωRC
R+
1 + jωRC
where ωRC = (1000)(10 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) = 10

1 + j10 10.05∠84.29°
1/ G = =
2 + j10 10.2∠78.69°
G = 1.0147∠–5.6°
P.P.10.13 The schematic is shown below.

Since ω = 2πf = 3000 rad / s ⎯ ⎯→ f = 477.465 Hz . Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as

Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a frequency of 447.465 Hz. When the schematic
is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

4.775E+02 5.440E-04 -5.512E+01

Frequency VM($N_0005) VP($N_0005)

4.775E+02 2.683E-01 -1.546E+02

From the output file, we obtain

Vo = 0.2682∠-154.6° V and I o = 0.544∠-55.12° mA

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 0.2682 cos(3000t – 154.6°) V
i o ( t ) = 0.544 cos(3000t – 55.12°) mA
P.P.10.14 The schematic is shown below.

We select ω = 1 rad/s and f = 0.15915 Hz. We use this to obtain the values of
capacitances, where C = 1 ωX c , and inductances, where L = X L ω . Note that IAC does
not allow for an AC PHASE component; thus, we have used VAC in conjunction with G
to create an AC current source with a magnitude and a phase. To obtain the desired
output use Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a
frequency of 0.15915 Hz. When the schematic is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 2.584E+00 1.580E+02

Frequency VM($N_0004) VP($N_0004)

1.592E-01 9.842E+00 4.478E+01

From the output file, we obtain

Vx = 9.842∠44.78° V and I x = 2.584∠158° A

⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 × 10 6 ⎞
P.P.10.15 C eq = ⎜1 + ⎟ C = ⎜1 + ⎟(
3 10 × 10
-9 )
= 10 μF
⎝ R 1 ⎠ ⎝ 10 × 10 ⎠

P.P.10.16 If R = R 1 = R 2 = 2.5 kΩ and C = C1 = C 2 = 1 nF

1 1
fo = = = 63.66 kHz
2πRC (2π)(2.5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -9 )