ives of which 0 sumed dat a arent rnp tn mires oF vena onbo aed x points with PsP Tent elevations with respect o 4 of civil engineering projects, fons and ross secton® sections an a ering rire gh EE a i teri aes erent lava teen ees ae ene Tayo neied cs rsa pane though «pitt ee tangential tothe level line at a point. the level line at a point. It is com plumb line. ns are referred. The mear: see level a cheek, from any setup ofthe instrument at a tlevation of RL of ine of callimation, when the instrument is correctly levell ‘Known as the height of instrument. : 8.3 LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS ‘The instruments commonly used in direct levelling are: @) ALevel nom eee Dee. 201 (ii) A Levelling Staff re . ) ALevel. The levee horizontal line (Aksar menses of levels to provides orznt ine sight. level campeies (a) A telescope to provide ine of sight (©) A level tube to make the Line of sight horizontal (©) A levelling head to bring the bubble in it enter of run (@) A tripod to support the instrument. ‘These are the following chief types of levels (@) Dumpy Level (0) Wye (or ¥) Level (© Reversible Level ) Tiking Level (@) Dumpy Level. URGPV Dec. 02, June 04, June 05, Nov 071 ‘The dumpy level originally designed by Gravatt, consists of a telescope tube firmly secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws tothe stage carried by the vertical spindle.‘A Teatbood of Basic Civ Bagincering end Engineering Mechenicr ons fore paral sts having thre or icon sree Tuer ites Karyna tere nd telowe nelson {© ret wich in ered onthe pd Delrin P- 1 ea Tite hg te Te Coste abe Qacncagm Ray Shade. AGsteg Screw Foot Serew = A Fig-8.2.Dumpy level. ‘The telescope can be rotated in the horizontal plane about its vertical axis. The (d) Tilting Level. In this case, the line of sight can be tilted slightly without tilting the vertical axis. This feature helps it in quick levelling. wo () Self-reading Staff: I is the one which can be read directly by the instrument ‘man through the telescope. Gi) Target Staff: It contains « moving target against which the reading is taken by staff man, 9 old left hand after keeping the 2 ipod so as to bring the tlewepe to oe sone “d) Levelling up: After approximate in achieved with the help otfeee ey ge ttroment accurate levelling ex: I the image formed by the objective bho heal i dob exiting. Da ies tthe pane Possible. There are two steps to eliminate pera cone @ white pope sate eye o®: Dire ethernet oa ‘Goss air are vsbl dearly and date" 77 and ome the (©) By Focussing the Objectives: Direct tet the Pose eae Oleetves ize ihe telescope awards the staffand ture trac matinee donc? tt Rane 8.5 CLASSIFICATION OF LEVELLING $S.cseneAmoN oF une Levelling can be classified into following main groups, 1, Simple Levelling 1. Simple Leveling Tf the two points are visible from a single setting ofthe instrument and their elevation difference ia not too much then simple leveling canbe performed. Suppose that A and B are ‘wosuch points, For finding their elevation difference following steps ae iavaived Stope: instrument in between A and Bi. at Cby ensuring that it is equidistant » fon bth pnt By acing entrench pute he fet 3t proper! at , focus the telescope, '& Now direct the telescope towards the staff beld vertically at. 4. Take the reading of the staffcoincidng with the central horizontal hair ofthe diaphram, ‘This is taken as back sight.a6 T Fectook of Baie Ci Raging nd Bngincring Mechanics ‘5 Now send the staff man to station B and order him to hold it there. Repeat steps 3 and 4 and record this reading as foresight: c= 150.020 RL= 160.05 Figs. 2.Diflerontia Levelling i ‘dhe two points are either too far apart or are obstructed by intervening ground then, differential levelling can be performed. In this he instrument is setup number of times. The ‘points and the level difference of successive points are determined. This levelling is aloo known ‘5 fly levelling, continuous levelling, or compound levelling. instrument at any intermediate position. In this mothod, total error due to curvature, refraction and imperfect collimation adjustment disappears. (Fig. 8.4 (a) and 8.4(b). 4. Profile or Longitudinal Levelling or) Hore d ~ true i 4 true dferenc in evel of pints and Qe Total ener ‘wading is taken on a bench mark, bench mark. The readings are taken, The distances of ling process is completed. If required, ofthe levelling process. The plot ofas ‘Feaibok of Baie Cl Baginerng ond Bagincering Mechanier 5.Crose-sectioning (AGPY, tune 08 (0) (N), Sept. 09, Jan/Feb. 07, ‘When the width ofthe proposed project isnot in the form ofa strip of small width, but exceeds say 30 m to (0m, it becomes necessary to take levels in transverse direction also. Such operaton of levelling carried out in the crosswise direction is known as erost-sectioning or crass levelling. [Refer Fig. 8.6) 8.6 BOOKING AND REDUCING LEVELS TE. 8.8. Crose-ereing ‘There are two methods of booking and reducing the elevation of points from the obeerved staff readings : © Beg fntranent Method 1 nats th i fartre a Sea tag an NB PN Pee ef arn Ti ete pt aed meee ene Be RL, of BAC Tene tice Porn Se Sey Sie keg eee een ha SEE oak Sage erent nH a ‘is Re te Ri Sina so ese enna tinge enn hy meats Tiere us, ata eres pn ec TS crea eS hme cere me pat then to its preceeding one. If the RL. of the B.S. point is known then the R. following point can be ealeulated, ‘This can be calculated by just adding its rise or subtracting ite fall from the R.L. of Tce called yu Seton [asin | Fa [ores ompareon fis and Fall Method and HU. Method ¢ a oe ae [aie [i nara neta eight oftnstromont cod ro a CES Ite 2 laborious method Its a rapid method. 4. 0.945, ‘3.125 Om 606.07 CPL 2 | Harada te RL otra Thorsoche ata oa aa diate points. e 0855 806.48 3 | Heenan ty | Brainiac RL a a oa coaaas | OR detected a all the points are correlated.| be detected. 8 0.995 — + | Meee trschisotienosrag | Theres no Soda os AOA ~ a Taro of RL. calculation of RL. calculation. 337 325‘The instrument oe coleulate RL of ll the points first reading nee ee gente” the data tn level book and ‘ne was taken on B.M 100.00 (RGPV Dec. 2006) ‘Solution. Gation | BS i an us PS aL RL Remark A 100.875 100 aM 2 9.65 £ 99.59 2 99.45 E Tas 165 [ones | oor or F oo <= a @ 12 =< 050.0 7 0.86 a je the reduced leet of vist] om cel Book ondeeleulat there 4 : = ue z 585 =a © war v5 i= FS co 2.506 305 0057 ‘thmetie Check: Tae5 EBS ~3FS = Last RL- First RL 16 2.555 -4.905 = 97.65 -100 2555 235-9235 Hence Checked a EE _-Baamle 84 The flloingconeutve mading were taken oma ground me (286, 1.925, 1466, 1.005, 1.115, 1385, 2466, 2.195, 2 195 2 160.2 1001165. = The instrument was shified after fourth and seventh reading. Enter the data n level book ‘and calewlate all the R.Ls ifthe first reading was taken on B.M. 100.00. URGPV June 2003) La Solution. = Bas | 96.785 ‘Station [BS as FS, HL RL Remark { a [as Te a. B L 1.335, 98.90 ree ce 1.465, 98.76 ea D 1115 1.025 100.315 99.20 CPt a) E T 1.965 ae ‘Step to Sotve : Observe that, the given readings are gradually increas F Bias aes 99.98 eras [che they suddenly increases after 5 and 11 readings. This indicates that, the Tle 2195 eres shifted after 5 and 11" readings. Then proceed as usual method. + - (Check: BS—EPS = Last RL—First RL : 1.825 8.266 = £9.56-100 + 1644 (6.44 Hence Checked