School Of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

National University of Sciences and Technology

Manufacturing Processes Lab (Fall 2024)

Name: Talha Javed CMS: 416341

Batch: BE ME-14 Section: A

PART MANUFACTURING ON CNC USING MANUALLY

WRITTEN CODE

OBJECTIVES:

▪ Understand the toolpath generation process and its application in CNC machining for precise
manufacturing.
▪ Gain practical experience in setting up and calibrating CNC machines for efficient and optimal
performance.
▪ Familiarize with work offsetting, CNC machine operations, and review G-code and M-code.

CNC MACHINES:

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CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines are automated systems that use computer programs to
control tools and perform precise machining operations. They are essential in modern manufacturing for
producing components with high accuracy, efficiency, and consistency. By relying on pre-programmed
software, CNC machines reduce human error, improve productivity, and enable complex machining
tasks.

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES:

CNC Milling:

CNC milling machines are versatile tools used to remove material from a workpiece with rotating cutting
tools. They can create complex shapes, holes, and contours. The machine we used featured a spindle
capable of speeds up to 3000 RPM, making it suitable for medium-speed machining tasks. These
machines are ideal for applications requiring precision and adaptability to a variety of materials.

CNC Turning:

CNC turning machines are designed to produce cylindrical parts by rotating the workpiece while cutting
tools shape its surface. They are commonly used for shafts, bushings, and other round components.
Turning machines excel in high-speed operations and are ideal for repetitive, symmetrical designs.

CONTROL PANEL:

Both the milling and turning machines were operated using a CNC control panel, which acts as the
primary interface for programming, adjusting settings, and monitoring the machining process. The
control panel enables operators to:

• Input and edit G-code commands.

• Adjust tool paths, spindle speed, and feed rates.
• Monitor real-time machining progress.
• Fine-tune settings for precision and efficiency.

These features ensure accurate and reliable machine performance, making the control panel a crucial
component of CNC operations.

SOFTWARE USED:

CNC programming involves creating instructions, typically in G and M codes, to control machine
movements, speeds, and feed rates. These codes enable automated and repeatable machining processes,
ensuring high precision and consistent output.

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For simple geometries, manual programming using standardized G-code syntax is sufficient. However,
for intricate designs, CAD-CAM software is commonly employed. The process includes:

1. Design: Creating a 2D drawing or 3D model of the desired part.

2. Toolpath Generation: Using the software to generate G and M codes based on the selected tools,
machining strategies, and material specifications.
3. Simulation: Visualizing the machining process to identify and resolve potential issues.
4. Execution: Transferring the code to the CNC machine for production.

This software-driven approach simplifies the programming of complex components, enhances precision,
and reduces setup times, making CNC machining more efficient and adaptable to various industries.
DRAWING AND DRAWING PROCEDURES:

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DISCUSSION:

CNC programming with G and M codes serves as the backbone of modern automated manufacturing. G
codes manage the geometric and motion-related aspects of machining, such as tool positioning and path
execution, while M codes control auxiliary functions like spindle operation, coolant flow, and tool

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changes. Together, they provide a robust framework for creating precise and repeatable machining
processes.

During this study, we explored the practical application of G and M codes in CNC machining. This
involved generating toolpaths, setting up work offsets, calibrating tools, and validating machine
programs. The hands-on experience highlighted the significance of accurate programming in ensuring
optimal machine performance.

We also observed the critical role of CAD-CAM software in simplifying the programming process,
particularly for complex geometries. By automating code generation based on design inputs, the software
reduces errors and saves time while maintaining high precision. This integration of technology is essential
for meeting the evolving demands of industries that require intricate and high-quality components.

CONCLUSION:

The study underscores the indispensable role of G and M codes in CNC programming, which enable
seamless automation, high precision, and consistent production. These codes form the foundation of CNC
operations, ensuring accurate tool movements and managing essential auxiliary functions.

By mastering G and M codes and leveraging advanced tools like CAD-CAM software, manufacturers
can enhance production efficiency and meet the increasing complexity of modern manufacturing
requirements. This hands-on experience emphasized the importance of both technical knowledge and
practical skills in effectively utilizing CNC technology.

The integration of these principles into industrial practices not only optimizes productivity but also drives
innovation in the manufacturing sector, making CNC machining a cornerstone of modern engineering.

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