KADAMBA DYNASTY

An inscription believed to be from the

10th century A.D. Kadamba period,
written in Kannada and Sanskrit, has
been discovered in the Mahadeva
temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.

8 JAN - 13 JAN 2024

WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS

.IN
W N
HTSOGI INA
ID M.CO
 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

inside GS-2
1. PRERANA program 16
2. PRITHVI VIGYAN scheme 16
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 3. Inland Waterways Development Council 16
Topics: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earth- 4. Prasadam 16
quakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical
features and their location- changes in critical geographical GS-3
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora
and fauna and the effects of such changes. 1. Direct-to-cell 17
1. India’s first high-resolution landslide susceptibility 2. Zosurabalpin 17
map3 3. Anti-cancer drug camptothecin 17
4. MARCOS 17
5. Bio-Imaging Bank 17
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 6. ‘Clean & Green Villages’ Programme 17
Topics: Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with 7. Tricholime 18
that of other countries 8. E-fuels 18
1. Comparison of the Indian and French Constitutions 9. Plasma waves in the Martian Atmosphere 18
6 10. Krishnarajasagar (KRS) dam 19
Topics: Development processes and the development indus- 11. Income Inequality 19
try- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, 12. Proba-3 Mission 20
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders. 13. ANEEL 20
2. Civil society under siege 7 14. Nasa’s Lunar Gateway Station 20
15. DRDO anti-drone tech - Drone, Detect, Deter and
Destroy (D4 System) 20
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 16. India Club 20
Topics: Food processing and related industries in India- 17. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream (CMFRI)21
requirements, supply chain management. 18. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights
1. Indian Food Processing Sector and export 9 (PPVFR)21
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution 19. Peregrine lunar lander 21
and degradation, environmental impact assessment. 20. Sisal leaves 22
2. NCAP completes Five years 10 21. The oldest evidence of photosynthesis 22
22. Bharat Tex 2024 22
23. Cannabis plant 22
GENERAL STUDIES – 4 24. Clasepi 23
1. Mulya Pravah 2.0: Values and Ethics in Higher Educa- 25. Amaterasu 23
tion 12 26. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - 11 23
27. Thylakoid membranes 23
28. Drishti 10 Starliner 23
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT 29. Recent Reports in News 24
1. Initiatives at the Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) 13 30. Green Fuels Alliance India (GFAI) 24
2. National Cancer Grid 14 31. Tea Industry in India 24
3. Japanese Cultural practices and its use for Disaster 32. Einstein Probe (EP) 25
Management14 33. Darjeeling Zoo 25
4. Lily Gladstone 14
5. Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke 14 MAPPING
6. People’s Manifesto for a Just, Equitable and Sustain- 1. Arunachal Pradesh’s Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary26
able India 15 2. Mauritius 26
3. Krishna-Godavari basin 26
FACTS FOR PRELIMS 4. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) 27

GS-1
1. Kadamba Dynasty 15
2. Chandubi Festival 15

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

GENERAL STUDIES – 1 Online Accessi- The map is available online and acces-
bility sible to the public. It allows anyone to
Topics: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earth- interact with the data without requiring
quakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical technical expertise.
features and their location- changes in critical geographical Future Use The map aims to assist policymakers and
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora organizations in landslide investigation
and fauna and the effects of such changes. and mitigation, and the team plans to de-
velop a Landslide Early Warning System
for India
1. INDIA’S FIRST HIGH-RESOLUTION
LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP
Context:
IIT Delhi’s HydroSense Lab has created India’s first high-res-
olution landslide susceptibility map.

What is Landslide Susceptibility Mapping?

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping involves creating maps
that depict areas prone to landslides based on certain fac-
tors. For example, using data on past landslide events and
factors like slope steepness, soil type, and vegetation cover,
a computer model can analyse these variables to predict ar- About Landslide:
eas at high risk. A landslide is “a movement of a mass of rock, earth or de-
bris down a slope”.
Features of National Landslide Susceptibility Map:
Features Details
Data Sources The map incorporates 1.5 lakh known
landslide events from sources like the
Geological Survey of India (GSI). It also
considers 16 landslide conditioning fac-
tors, including soil cover, tree density,
proximity to roads or mountains, etc.
M a c h i n e Ensemble machine learning methods
Learning Anal- were employed to analyse the data. This
ysis involves using multiple machine learn-
ing models together to mitigate the im- Types of flows
pact of any single model’s limitations. 1. Debris flows: It is a form of rapid mass movement
High-Resolu- The map provides a high-resolution in which a combination of loose soil, rock, organic
tion Mapping overview with a detailed resolution of matter, and slurry that flows downslope. They are
100 sqm., offering insights into landslide commonly caused by intense precipitation or rapid
susceptibility across India. snowmelt.
Identification Familiar areas with high susceptibili- 2. Earth flow: It is a down-slope viscous flow of fine-
of New Risk ty, such as the Himalayan foothills, As- grained material saturated with water.
Zones sam-Meghalaya region, and Western 3. Mudflow: A mudflow is a wet or viscous fluid mass
Ghats, were identified. of fine and coarse-grained material that flows rapid-
ly along drainage channels.
New risk zones, previously unrecognized,
4. Creep: Creep is the slow, steady, downward move-
were also revealed, including parts of the
ment of material under gravity that occurs in a large
Eastern Ghats north of Andhra Pradesh
area
and Odisha.
India’s Vulnerability to Landslides (as per ISRO’s Landslide
Atlas of India)
1. Global Ranking: India ranks among the top five

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
countries globally prone to landslides, witnessing at Effects of landslides:
least one death per 100 sq km annually due to such • Loss of Life: According to the International Disaster
events. Database (EM-DAT), landslides have caused over
2. Primary Cause: Rainfall variability, particularly in the 50,000 fatalities worldwide between 2000 and 2020.
o In the state of Uttarakhand, India, the 2013
Himalayas and Western Ghats, stands as the pre-
Kedarnath disaster resulted in approximate-
dominant cause of landslides in India. ly 6000 deaths.
3. Geographical Vulnerability: Excluding snow-cov- • Environmental Impact: Soil erosion caused by
ered areas, over 12% of the country’s geographical landslides can lead to sedimentation in rivers and
land area is susceptible to landslides. streams, affecting water quality and aquatic life.
4. Regional Breakdown: o The 2014 landslide in Oso, Washington, re-
a. Over 66% of landslides occur in the sulted in significant damage to the Stillagua-
North-western Himalayas. mish River ecosystem.
• Infrastructure Disruption: Landslides can block criti-
i. Rudraprayag and Tehri Garhwal dis-
cal transportation routes.
tricts of Uttarakhand have the high- o In February 2021, the Chamoli disaster led
est landslide density and landslide to the blockage of the Rishi Ganga River and
risk exposure in the country. the destruction of various infrastructure in
b. About 19% are reported in the North-east- the region.
ern Himalayas. • Property Damage: The cost of repairing or rebuild-
c. The Western Ghats contribute to over 14% ing homes, infrastructure, and farmlands can be
of landslide events. substantial.
• Displacement: The United Nations Office for Disas-
5. Impact in the Western Ghats: Despite fewer occur-
ter Risk Reduction (UNDRR) reports that landslides
rences, landslides in the Western Ghats pose signif- triggered by heavy rainfall in Nepal in 2020 dis-
icant risks, especially in Kerala, making inhabitants placed more than 9,000 households, leaving many
vulnerable to fatalities. families without shelter.

Causes of Landslides: Recent examples of landslide disasters in the past year:

Causes of Land- Details • Joshimath Sinking in Uttarakhand
slides • June 2023: A landslide in the Noney district of Mani-
pur, India, killed at least 58 people.
Heavy Rainfall Excessive rainfall saturates the soil, in- • May 2023: A landslide in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, killed
creasing its weight and reducing cohe- at least 232 people.
sion. This weakens slopes, particularly • March 2023: A landslide in Putumayo, Colombia,
during heavy rain, making them more killed at least 323 people.
susceptible to landslides.
Steep Slopes Areas with steep terrain face greater Government Measures for Landslide Impact Mitigation:
landslide risk as gravitational forces act • The National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
more intensely on sloping surfaces, es- (NLSM) Programme (initiated by the Geological Sur-
pecially during heavy rainfall or seismic vey of India in 2014) aims to
activity. i. Map the 0.42 million sq. km land-
slide-prone areas across India at a
Earthquakes Seismic activity can disrupt slope bal- Macro Scale (1:50,000)
ance, triggering landslides. Volcanic ii. Create a dynamic National Land-
eruptions, such as pyroclastic flows, dis- slide Susceptibility Geodatabase
placing soil and rock, also contribute to for India
landslide occurrences. iii. Establish a nationwide repository
Human Activi- Deforestation, mining, construction, on GIS-based Landslide Inventory
ties and excavation alter landscapes, re- a. The goal is to enhance understanding,
move vegetation, and disturb slope bal- assessment, and management of land-
ance. These activities weaken terrain slide-prone regions in the country through
stability, escalating the risk of landslides. comprehensive mapping and geospatial
Underlying Ge- The type of rock and soil beneath an analysis.
ology area influences landslide susceptibili- • National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) under the
ty. Loose, unconsolidated soil is more Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has re-
prone to landslides, while stable bed- leased the Landslide Atlas of India, a detailed guide
rock, typical in the Himalayan landscape, identifying Landslide Hotspots in the country.
is less likely to experience such events.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
NDMA Guidelines:
National Disaster Management Guideline on Management of Landslides and Snow Avalanches
a. Hazard, Vulnerability & Risk Assessment: Identify areas prone to landslide hazards and assess resources at risk
b. Early Warning Systems: Continuous monitoring of movements, stress development, and timely data transmission
c. Investigations for Risk Assessment: Multi-disciplinary investigations for comprehensive risk assessment leading to the
formulation of standards to effectively mitigate the impact of landslides

Way Forward for Landslide Management in India:

Way Forward Details
Landslide Moni- Involves deploying sensors, satellite imagery, and ground-based instruments for detecting ground
toring movement and potential landslide precursors.
NHAI’s Landslip The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) plans to install a landslip detection system on the Ko-
Detection Sys- chi-Dhanushkodi National Highway in Munnar. The system, developed by IIT-Mandi, the Indian Army,
tem and DRDO, aims to provide early warnings about landslips.
Landslide Hazard Generation of reliable landslide hazard maps using advanced tools like UAVs, Terrestrial Laser Scan-
Maps ners, and high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data.
International Learning from Brazil’s SNAKE System, a Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS), to incorporate digital
Best Practices monitoring, forecasting, and alert mechanisms.
Special Purpose Formation of an expert professional group at the national level to study and decide on risk mitigation
Vehicle (SPV) for strategies to recommend permanent fixes for identified landslide hotspots.
Landslide Man-
agement
Awareness Pro- Initiatives aimed at creating a culture of awareness, alertness and preparedness among the public.
grammes
Monitoring Con- Implementing strict monitoring of construction and developmental activities, such as roads and
struction and De- dams, in landslide-prone areas.
velopment
Limiting Agricul- Restricting agriculture to valleys and areas with moderate slopes, controlling large settlements in high
ture and Settle- vulnerability zones.
ments
Afforestation Promoting large-scale afforestation programs and constructing bunds to reduce water flow.
and Water Flow
Control
Encouraging Ter- Encouraging terrace farming, especially in northeastern hill states where Jhumming (Slash and Burn/
race Farming Shifting Cultivation) is prevalent.

Conclusion:
Understanding the causes and effects of landslides is essential for disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. Implement-
ing early warning systems, land-use planning, and sustainable land management practices can help reduce the vulnerability
of communities to landslide hazards. Moreover, international cooperation and sharing of knowledge and best practices are
crucial in addressing the challenges posed.

Insta Links:
Landslide Atlas of India

Mains Link:
Q. Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will
help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides UPSC 2019

Q. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats (UPSC 2021)

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries

1. COMPARISON OF THE INDIAN AND FRENCH CONSTITUTIONS

Context:
Gabriel Attal is the new Prime Minister of France, succeeding Elisabeth Borne. He is known for banning abayas, proposing
mandatory school uniforms, and addressing bullying. Attal is France’s first openly gay Prime Minister and left the Socialist
Party in 2016 to support Emmanuel Macron’s presidential bid.
Similarities and differences between the Indian Constitution and the French Constitution:
Aspect Similarities Differences
Preamble and Both constitutions have a preamble em- French Constitution emphasizes secularism (negative sec-
F u n d a m e n t a l phasizing fundamental principles. ularism: Complete separation between State and Religion);
Rights India’s preamble emphasizes justice, lib- India adopts a more positive approach accommodating di-
erty, equality, and fraternity, mirroring verse religious practices (state promotes all religions).
France’s commitment to liberty, equality,
and fraternity
Fundamental Rights are enshrined in both
constitutions.
Parliamentary Both countries have a parliamentary form The Indian President holds a more ceremonial role with
System of government with a President or Head of limited powers, while the French President possesses
State and a Prime Minister as the Head of more substantial executive authority. This reflects the
Government. semi-presidential system in France.
Directive Princi- Both constitutions include Directive Princi- India’s Directive Principles are more detailed and compre-
ples and Social ples of State Policy (India) and Objectives hensive; France focuses on broad principles without de-
Justice of the Republic (France), guiding the state tailed specificity.
in matters of social and economic welfare.
Federal Struc- Both constitutions provide for the division India has a federal system, while France has a unitary sys-
ture of powers between the centre and the tem
states (India) or regions (France)

A m e n d m e n t Both constitutions allow amendments to India follows a rigid amendment procedure requiring a
Procedures accommodate societal needs. special majority; France has a more flexible approach al-
lowing amendments through a joint session of the Parlia-
ment.
Influence Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other constitutional Montesquieu’s influence
makers

Conclusion
Thus, the Indian constitution is longer, and more elaborate and aims to bring about social change. The French constitution is
more open to interpretation and focuses on upholding republican ideals.

Comparison of the Indian Constitution with other countries:

FEATURE INDIA UK USA RUSSIA JAPAN FRANCE GERMANY
Written/ Written Unwritten Written Written Written Written Written
Unwritten
Flexible/ Both Flexible Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid
Rigid
Unitary / Federal with Unitary Federal Unitary Unitary Unitary Federal
Federal unitary bias

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

Parliamen- Pa r l i a m e n - Pa r l i a m e n - Presidential Semi-Presidential Parliamentary Quasi-Presi- Parliamen-

tary / Pres- tary tary dential tary
idential
Sovereign- S u p re m a c y S u p re m a c y Supremacy of P a r l i a m e n t
ty of Parlia- of Parlia- of Constitu- Constitution with limited
ment ment tion powers
Supremacy S u p re m a c y S u p re m a c y Supremacy of
of Consti- of Parlia- of Constitu- Constitution
tution ment tion
Republic / Republic Constitution- Republic Republic Constitutional Republic Republic
Monarch al Monarchy Monarchy
President Ceremonial Ceremonial Executive Executive Executive Ceremonial
Fundamen- Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
tal Rights

Insta Links:
Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that ganisations (NGOs), have been instrumental in shaping poli-
of Other Countries cy, public discourse, and community development.

Topics: Development processes and the development indus- Role of Civil Society Organisations in India
try- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, Role Examples
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders. Advocacy for So- The National Campaign for Dalit
cial Justice Human Rights (NCDHR) -Eliminates
caste-based discrimination and pro-
2. CIVIL SOCIETY UNDER SIEGE motes Dalit rights.
Community Em- Pratham - Focuses on grassroots ed-
Context: powerment and ucation, enhancing literacy levels
The article highlights the threat to India’s civic space, em- Development among underprivileged children.
phasizing the impact on progressive organizations. Monitoring Gov- Association for Democratic Reforms
ernment Account- (ADR) - Promotes electoral and polit-
What are CSOs? ability ical reforms, advocating for transpar-
These are non-state, not-for-profit, voluntary enti- ency in political funding.
ties formed by people in the social sphere that are separate
E n v i r o n m e n t a l Greenpeace India - Campaigns for
from the State and the market. They represent a wide range
Sustainability ecological sustainability.
of interests and ties and can include community-based
organisations as well as non-governmental organisations Promotion of Civ- Association for Democratic Reforms”
(NGOs). ic Education and (ADR): Raises awareness about dem-
Awareness ocratic values, electoral processes,
Today, about 1.5 million NGOs work in India (i.e., nonprofit, and citizen rights.
voluntary citizens’ groups organized on a local, national, or Response to Hu- Goonj - Works on disaster relief.
international level). manitarian Crises
Promotion of Reporters Without Borders - Advo-
Freedom of Ex- cates for freedom of expression and
pression protects journalists and activists.
Inclusivity Naz Foundation - Works towards
LGBTQIA+ rights, including anti-dis-
crimination and HIV awareness.
Grassroots De- Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
mocracy and Par- (MKSS) - Advocates for the RTI act,
ticipatory Gover- encouraging community participation
Significance of CSO: nance in decision-making processes.
Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) play a pivotal role in dem-
ocratic societies, fostering active, diverse, and critical civic
engagement. In India, CSOs, including non-governmental or-

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
Status of CSOs in India (in terms of restrictions) with ethical/human rights considerations.
Degree of regula- Examples of Organizations
tions Way forward for progressive civil society in India:
1. For Government: The government should recognize
Highly Regulated Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP),
the importance of a strong civil society for the ef-
Amnesty India, Oxfam, Centre for
fectiveness of key laws such as the Right to Informa-
Equity Studies, Lawyers Collective
tion Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences
Moderately Regu- Centre for Policy Research (CPR), Act, and National Food Security Act.
lated ANHAD (Act Now for Harmony and 2. For NGOs:
Democracy) a. Alternate Funding: NGOs are exploring local
Low-Level Regulat- Navsarjan, Save The Children resource mobilization (LRM) and corporate
ed funding through CSR post-new FCRA laws.
b. Charitable Funding: Encouraging collective
Instruments being used to restrict civil society: giving can pool resources for a more signifi-
Instruments Laws and Acts Examples cant impact.
Used c. Technology Utilization: Increased use of
data and digital technology can enhance the
L e g a l Prevention of Charges of money
effectiveness of charitable organizations.
Charges Money Laundering laundering, ED at-
3. For Young Activists: There is a potential for young
Act, 2002 tacks NGOs
activists to join political parties, providing an institu-
Foreign Contribu- FCRA made stringent tionalized moral force to balance electoral and ethi-
tion (Regulation) in 2010 and 2020 cal considerations within party organizations.
Act, 2010 4. The National Policy on Voluntary Sector 2007 aims
Central Bureau of Empowered to inves- to encourage, enable, and empower an independent
Investigation (CBI) tigate NGOs with le- and effective voluntary sector in India. It recognizes
thal impact the sector’s significant contributions to addressing
Restrictions Income-Tax Act, Mandatory renewals issues like poverty, discrimination, and exclusion
on Domestic 2020 amendments of 12A and 80G certif- through various means such as awareness, mobili-
Funding icates zation, service delivery, training, research, and ad-
vocacy.
Income-Tax Collecting data for filing more cases
5. Learning from the Gandhian constructive move-
Surveys
ment, which complemented the Congress system –
Various instruments, including legal charges, specific laws
an electoral and governance machine.
and acts, and restrictions on domestic funding, are being
6. CSOs will need to urgently collaborate with other
used to regulate civil society organizations in India. These
progressive stakeholders.
regulations include charges of money laundering, amend-
7. Private philanthropies and companies need to
ments to laws governing foreign funding, and mandatory
realise that they are the only lifeline for progressive
renewals impacting tax exemptions.
CSOs today.
Impact of these restrictions on CSOs:
Conclusion:
1. Existential threats are faced by civil society actors
The inaction today will directly contribute to the extinction
as their constitutional and civic freedoms are cur-
of civil society – the fifth pillar of Indian democracy. There-
tailed.
fore, by devising new methods of principled coalition we can
2. Migrate to safer avenues/ limit the scope of their
safeguard and eventually further the constitutional idea of
work/ re-align with the govt.
India.
a. This is a grave threat to the system’s integ-
rity because civil society is an indispensable
Insta Links:
safety valve (fixing accountability) for ten-
• Role of Civil society organisations
sions in a polity.
• India’s civil society organisations
3. Unable to speak truth/amplify the voices of the
most vulnerable, enrich policies/legislation through
constructive feedback.
Mains Links:
4. Unable to further the collective good – not in the
Q. Can civil society and non-governmental organisations
national interest.
present an alternative model of public service delivery to
5. Young activists could be inducted into political par-
benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this
ties → could create an institutionalised moral force
alternative method. (UPSC 2021)
within the parties → balance electoral compulsions

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
cessing companies increase sourcing costs and qual-
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 ity issues. Also hampers traceability and adoption
of global safety standards.
3. Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Insufficient cold stor-
Topics: Food processing and related industries in India-
age, refrigerated facilities, and testing laboratories
scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream
close to production centres result in 30-40% food
requirements, supply chain management.
losses and raised transport costs for processors.
Constraint’s scale-up and agility.
1. INDIAN FOOD PROCESSING SECTOR 4. Backward Regulatory Systems: Complex registra-
AND EXPORT tion/licensing norms, high compliance require-
ments, and differential state policies limit new in-
Context: vestments. Outdated systems are unable to ensure
Indian processed food exports have witnessed a remarkable food safety in the wake of more chemical usage. Dig-
150% growth over the past nine years. italization lacking.
5. Low Processing Levels: Of the total agriculture and
Significant Achievements of the Indian Food Processing horticulture produce in India, merely around 10%
sector: undergoes processing, vs 60-80% for developed
1. Investment in the Processed Food sector: India’s nations. Skill gaps limit product diversification and
Food Processing Sector emerged as the sunrise value addition.
sector and attracted FDI investments of about Rs 6. Inadequate link between production and process-
50,000 crore in the past nine years ing: Severe under-penetration of formal post-har-
2. Agricultural Exports: India’s agricultural exports vest infrastructure leads to farmers opting for quick
have reached an aggregate of about $53 billion spot sales rather than supplying processing compa-
during this period. nies under contracts. Hamper’s visibility and ability
3. Geographical Indications (GIs): India boasts 158 to invest in processing equipment.
food and Agri Geographical Indications (GIs), em- 7. Seasonality of operations and low-capacity utiliza-
phasizing the unique and region-specific nature of tion: Seasonal gluts of F&V production cause price
its food products. volatility for farmers, pressing disposal to avoid loss-
4. One District One Product (ODOP) Initiative: Under es.
the ODOP initiative, 708 unique food items have o In contrast, processors work under low gear
been identified across districts, promoting local spe- in lean periods with high idle capacity as raw
cialities. material supply tapers.
5. Global Demand for Indian Foods: There is a bur- 8. Institutional gaps in the supply chain, dependence
geoning demand for Indian foods globally. on APMCs: Reliance on fragmented APMC mandi
6. Potential: India’s food processing market is estimat- intermediaries to aggregate produce adds 3-4 steps,
ed to reach $535 Billion by 2025 wastage and commission fee burdens before linking
to bulk processors. Holds up modernization efforts.
Status:
India’s food processing sector, a shining pillar of the Indian Measures taken by the government to promote the growth
economy, has been booming in recent years. Holding a place of the FPI.
among the largest food processing industries in the world, it 1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY): it
aims to modernize and upgrade the food processing
is responsible for a significant portion – about 32 per cent – sector in India, including the supply chain.
of India’s overall food market. It employs 13 million people a. Under this scheme, the government pro-
directly and about 35 million people indirectly. vides financial assistance for the develop-
ment of food processing infrastructure,
Challenges faced by the FPI: while the food processing in- including cold storage facilities, processing
dustry in India has been on an impressive growth trajectory centres, and logistics support.
in recent years, there are certain issues that are holding it 2. National Cold Chain Grid (NCCG): launched by MoF-
PI, it is aimed at creating a seamless network of cold
back.
storage facilities across the country.
1. Gaps in supply chain infrastructure (i.e., lack of pri- a. This network can help to reduce post-har-
mary processing, storage and distribution facilities); vest losses and improve the quality and
o e.g., More than 30% of the produce from shelf life of food products.
farm gates is lost due to inadequate cold 3. Scheme for Creation of Backward and Forward
chain infrastructure. Linkages: to perishable horticulture and non-horti-
2. Fragmented Supply Chains: High intermediation culture produced by plugging the gaps in the supply
and lack of direct linkage between farmers and pro- chain in terms of availability of raw material and link-
ages with the market.

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4. National Agriculture Market (eNAM): The eNAM Conclusion
platform is a Pan-India electronic trading portal Food processing has a promising future, provided adequate
for agricultural commodities. It provides a common government support is there. It has the capacity to lift mil-
platform for buyers and sellers to trade in agricultur- lions out of undernutrition. The government has its work cut
al products, including fruits and vegetables.
a. This platform can help to reduce supply out to develop industry in a way which takes care of small-
chain inefficiencies and improve price trans- scale industry along with attracting big-ticket domestic and
parency for farmers and other stakeholders. foreign investments.
5. Also, the Logistics challenge of the supply chain is
being taken care of by leveraging the existing PM- Insta Links:
Gram Sadak yojana, BHARATMALA, and SAGAR- • Food processing and related industries in India
MALA schemes.
Mains Links
Transformative approach needed for sustainable develop- Q. What are the reasons for the poor acceptance of a
ment of FPI: cost-effective small processing unit? How can the food pro-
Approach Key Initiatives cessing unit be helpful to uplift the socioeconomic status of
1. Dedicated Food Integrated infrastructure: cold chain, poor farmers? (UPSC 2017)
Parks warehouses, packaging units. Shared
services for collective use by food pro- Q: Elaborate on the policy taken by the government of In-
cessing companies at one site. dia to meet the challenges of the food processing sector.
(UPSC 2019)
2. Assure MSPs Ensure Minimum Support Prices
and Contract (MSPs) for crops. Facilitate contract
Farming farming tie-ups between farmer col- Prelims Links:
lectives and processing companies for Q. With what purpose is the Government of India pro-
mutual demand-supply assurance. moting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (UPSC 2011)
1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food
3. Modernize Cer- Implement the ‘One Nation One Stan-
processing industry.
tification Systems dard’ policy. Revise limits for addi-
2. To increase the processing of perishable items and re-
tives and pesticide residues based on
duce wastage.
updated scientific research.
3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing
4. Skill Develop- Impart processing skills via Pradhan technologies to entrepreneurs.
ment and Innova- Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana. Provide Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
tion tech/financial assistance for small en- (a) 1 only
trepreneurs. Partner with universities (b) 1 and 2 only
on R&D for innovation. (c) 2 and 3 only
5. Incentivize Ex- Provide concessional financing (d) 1, 2 and 3
port-Focused Val- schemes like Champions and re- Ans: B
ue Addition vamped EPCGS. Address trade deficit
through value addition in exports. Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
6. Smart Food Establish hubs with IoT, AI, and block- and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Processing Hubs chain. Monitor the entire food supply
chain for quality, traceability, and ef- 2. NCAP COMPLETES FIVE YEARS
ficiency.
7. Nutraceutical Develop functional foods for specific Context:
Innovation health needs. Fortify foods with es- The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), completing five
sential nutrients, probiotics, and bio- years, faces scrutiny on fund utilization and air quality im-
active compounds. provements in the 131 funded cities.
8. Zero-Waste Implement techniques to utilize every
Processing part of the raw material. Convert food Over the past five years, the National Clean Air Programme
waste into biofuels, create bio-plas- (NCAP) has shown a mixed performance. Studies reveal that
tics, or animal feed from by-products. out of 49 cities assessed for PM2.5 levels, 27 witnessed im-
provements, while for PM10, 24 out of 46 cities saw positive
9. Communi- Establish centres in rural areas for
changes. Notably, cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur
ty-Based Process- local farmers. Reduce post-harvest
stood out for achieving significant reductions in both PM2.5
ing Centres losses and create rural employment
and PM10 levels.
opportunities.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
About NCAP: 4. Improvement: There has been an overall
The Launch: In January 2019, the Ministry of Environment, improvement in Particulate Matter concentration in
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) launched the Nation- 95 cities including 20 cities conforming to the Na-
al Clean Air Programme (NCAP) to prepare clean air action tional Ambient Air Quality Standards in the year
plans. 2021-22 compared to 2017.

The mandate of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): The issue facing NCAP:
1. Aim: It aims to improve air quality in 131 cities 1. Unsatisfactory performance: The CSE in its national
(non-attainment cities (NAC) and Million Plus Cities) analysis of PM2.5 levels in cities for which data is
in 24 States by engaging all stakeholders. available found that between 2019 and 2021, only
2. The cities which are exceeding the National Ambi- 14 of 43 (NCAP) cities registered a 10% or more
ent Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 5 consecu- reduction in their PM2.5 level between 2019 and
tive years are identified as NAC by the Central Pollu- 2021.
tion Control Board (CPCB). a. On the other hand, out of 46 non-NCAP cit-
3. Objective: To achieve reductions up to 40% of Par- ies, 21 recorded significant improvement in
ticulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations their annual PM2.5 value with a 5% or more
by 2025-26, base year 2017. decline between 2019 and 2021.
4. Under NCAP, 132 non-attainment cities have been b. Mumbai witnessed over 38% increase in
identified across the country based on the Air PM2.5 and about 37% in PM10 levels since
Quality data from 2014-2018. 2019.
5. Preparation of the city-specific action plans including 2. Funding issue: For disbursing funds, the Central
measures to strengthen the monitoring network, Pollution Control Board, which coordinates the
reduce vehicular/industrial emissions, and increase programme, only considers levels of PM10, the rel-
public awareness. atively larger, coarser particles. However, PM2.5, the
6. Implementation of the city-specific action plans to smaller, more dangerous particles, aren’t monitored
be regularly monitored by Committees at the Central as robustly in all cities, mostly due to the lack of
and State level namely Steering Committee, Moni- equipment.
toring Committee and Implementation Committee. 3. Compartmentalizing rural-urban areas: The scheme
focuses on air pollution mitigation within cities while
Objectives of NCAP ignoring rural air pollution thus compartmentalizing
1. To augment and evolve effective and proficient am- both.
bient air quality monitoring networks across the 4. Sluggish improvement: The progress is even more
country to ensure a comprehensive and reliable da- sluggish in equipping all manual stations with PM2.5
tabase monitoring, where only 261 stations have PM2.5
2. To have efficient data dissemination and public monitoring facilities.
outreach mechanisms for timely measures for the 5. No carrying capacity studies: None of the 132
prevention and mitigation of air pollution non-attainment cities has completed their carrying
3. To have a feasible management plan for the capacity studies.
prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. a. Carrying capacity is the region’s ability to
   accumulate and disperse emissions while
Performance of National Clean Air Programme: maintaining breathable air quality.
Positive Conclusion
1. Monitoring station: Out of the targeted 1500 It is important that NCAP be made legally binding on respon-
manual monitoring stations to be installed across sible authorities while setting interim (WHO interim targets)
the country, 818 have been installed. and long-term targets to achieve breathable air equivalent
2. Region-specific programme: A city-specific action to WHO guideline levels over the next decade.
plan has been developed for all the major cities of
India. For instance, Delhi, Mumbai etc. Further, enhancing transparency in the allocation and utilisa-
a. 131 cities of the country have developed tion of finances and tracking the indicators through publicly
City Action Plans and Micro Action Plans available information under the PRANA web portal devel-
3. PRANA web portal: The Portal for Regulation of Air oped by CPCB can be a way forward.
Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities which provides
all information related to various policies/programs/ Other Initiatives for Reducing Air Pollution:
schemes/activities of the stakeholders along with 1. National Ambient Air Quality Programme (NAMP)
the progress made towards improvement in air qual- 2. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
ity across the country. 3. Switch to Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) Emission Standards

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4. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid ) Emphasis on Decision-making should be guided solely
Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme Transparency by institutional and public interest, de-
void of biases. Abolishment of discrimi-
Insta Links: natory privileges; emphasis on punishing
• National Clean Air Programme the corrupt.
Core Values Institutions are urged to ensure integri-
Mains Links:
ty, trusteeship, harmony, accountability,
Q. Highlighting the major mandate and objectives of the
inclusiveness, commitment, respectful-
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), evaluate its perfor-
ness, belongingness, sustainability, con-
mance in mitigating pollution in Indian Cities. (15M)
stitutional values, and global citizenship.
Administrative Administration should prioritize trans-
Prelims Links
Accountability parency, fairness, honesty, and the high-
Consider the following statements:
est ethical standards. Refrain from mis-
1. The National Clean Air Programme aims for a reduc-
appropriation and reject gifts that may
tion in particulate matter concentrations in cities that
compromise impartial duties.
don’t meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). Confidentiality The guideline emphasizes maintaining
2. India’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Right to confidentiality and conflicting with the
(NAAQS) meet the WHO’s existing standards. Information right to information. It mandates insti-
Which of the above statements is/are correct? tutions to voluntarily disclose critical in-
(a) 1 only formation for public scrutiny.
(b) 2 only Teacher’s Role Teaching is a noble profession; teachers
(c) Both 1 and 2 are expected to act as role models.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 S t a k e h o l d e r The expectation for staff and student
Solution: A Unions and As- unions to support the administration in
sociations development activities.’

GENERAL STUDIES – 4

1. MULYA PRAVAH 2.0: VALUES AND

ETHICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Context
The University Grants Commission (UGC) is pushing for val-
ues and ethics in higher education through guidelines like
Mulya Pravah 2.0.

What is Mulya Pravah 2.0?

It is a guideline issued by the University Grants Commission
(UGC) in India, aiming to instil human values and profession-
al ethics in higher education institutions. It is a modified ver-
sion of the 2019 Mulya Pravah guideline.

Features of the guidelines:

Features Details
Aim Inculcating human values and profes-
sional ethics in higher education insti-
tutions to build value-based institutions
and promote constitutional values.
Guideline Ob- Instil deep respect for fundamental du-
jectives ties and constitutional values. Develop
a culture of integrity, accountability,
transparency, and inclusiveness in high-
er education institutions.

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Potential Issues with Guidelines Australia The “Values Education” program aims at de-
1. Lack of definition for ‘dignified manner’ may lead to veloping social and emotional intelligence.
suppressing dissent. Promotes values like respect, responsibility,
2. Associations and unions have faced bans, suspen- fairness, and compassion.
sions, and legal battles.
Singapore The “National Education” program aims at
3. Guideline’s effectiveness hinges on sincere imple-
developing national identity, social respon-
mentation efforts
sibility, and civic consciousness. Emphasizes
4. Conflicts, such as the emphasis on confidentiality
values like loyalty, resilience, and social har-
conflicting with the right to information
mony.
5. Reservations about unions’ limited role in protect-
ing members’ rights. Canada Emphasis on developing moral reasoning
6. The guideline may face challenges in practical appli- and ethical decision-making skills. The cur-
cation. riculum promotes values like empathy, jus-
tice, and inclusivity.
For: Ethical concerns regarding Indian educational institu-
tions: Click Here Conclusion:
The ultimate goal of education should be to enhance the
For: Reasons for Prevalence of Unethical Practices: Click quality and integrity of the education system while protect-
Here ing individual rights and promoting a culture of accountabil-
ity and transparency.
For: The implications of the prevalence of unethical prac-
tices: Click Here Insta Links:
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
Thinker view on values in Education:
Mains Links:
Scholar Perspective
Q. Can ethics and morals be taught in educational institu-
Swami Emphasized character-building and tions? If yes, make a case for introducing a course on ethics
Vivekananda moral education for a strong and pros- right from school. (250 Words)
perous nation. Education should focus
on physical, intellectual, and spiritual
development.
Mahatma Gand- Stressed that education without
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
hi values is incomplete. Advocated
for values like truth, non-violence, 1. INITIATIVES AT THE CORBETT TIGER
and compassion to create a just and RESERVE (CTR)
peaceful society. Character develop-
ment is vital in education.
Context:
Rabindranath Advocated for holistic development,
The Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) in India showcases a suc-
Tagore emphasizing the significance of value
cessful revival of tiger populations through wildlife conser-
education. Education should harmo-
vation efforts.
nize individuals with nature and soci-
ety, fostering a sense of responsibility.
Initiatives taken at CTR:
Best practices in the world on education: Initiatives Description
Country Approach Digital and Inten- Adoption of electronic-eye under
sive Patrolling project E-eye and increased foot pa-
Japan “Moral education” focuses on cultivating
trols to combat poaching and monitor
moral responsibility and social conscience.
wildlife movement.
Emphasizes values like honesty, kindness, and
respect. Habitat Manage- Meticulous management of grass-
ment lands and water resources, including
Finland Holistic education includes value education as
the development of palatable grasses
a crucial part. Emphasis on character educa-
and waterholes for the prey base.
tion and ethical development is reflected in
high global rankings. Strategic Corri- Establishment of wildlife corridors to
dors facilitate movement, reduce inbreed-
ing, and contribute to healthier tiger
populations.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

Community Ini- Introduction of the “Living with Ti- Tata Memorial Centre.
tiatives gers” initiative and the beehive fenc-
ing project “Corbee Honey” to miti-
gate human-wildlife conflicts.
3. JAPANESE CULTURAL PRACTICES AND
The “Living with Tigers” initiative fo- ITS USE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
cuses on cultivating safe practices and
behaviours amidst human-wildlife Context:
conflict scenarios. A recent fire incident involving a Japan Airlines (JAL) Airbus
Cultural Impor- Recognition of the tiger’s role in In- A350 and a De Havilland Dash 8 turboprop aircraft at Ha-
tance dia’s religious and mythological ico- neda airport in Tokyo. Despite the severity of the incident,
nography led to increased public and most passengers on the JAL aircraft survived, highlighting
political support. several factors contributing to their safety.

About Jim Corbett National Park Factors Contributing to Passenger Safety in JAL Aircraft In-
Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, later declared cident
a Tiger Reserve in 1973, Jim Corbett National Park is India’s 1. Japanese Culture: The Japanese cultural practice
first national park and the inaugural participant in the Proj- of ‘Kiritsu,’ emphasises self-discipline in various as-
ect Tiger initiative. Located in the Shivalik hills of the Hima- pects of life. The crew’s presence of mind and disci-
layas, it spans Pauri Garhwal, Nainital, and Almora districts plined evacuation procedures played a crucial role.
in Uttarakhand. Recognized for its global prominence, the 2. Superior Aircraft Technology: Modern aircraft like
reserve recorded an impressive increase in tiger density, the Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 use advanced ma-
reaching 260 in 2022 from 231 four years earlier. terials, such as carbon fibre composites, which have
lower burning temperatures compared to traditional
aluminium.
2. NATIONAL CANCER GRID 3. Cabin Crew Competence: The cabin crew’s compe-
tence, guided by safety training, played a significant
Cachar Cancer Centre in Assam, are reducing cancer drug
role.
costs through the National Cancer Grid. This collaborative
4. Safety Training and Track Record
effort involves bulk buying drugs, cutting costs by over 85%,
Usage: The example can be used in DM/ Ethics (to show val-
and making cancer treatments more affordable for patients,
ues such as discipline, quick thinking, and safety conscious-
especially in smaller towns and rural areas.
ness in Japanese culture)
The initiative is led by Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai,
covering a range of generic drugs. The success has attracted 4. LILY GLADSTONE
interest nationwide, with plans to expand to over 100 drugs
and consider broader cancer care purchases. Lily Gladstone made history at the 2024 Golden Globes as
the first Indigenous person to win best actress in a motion
R Ravi Kannan (Ramon Magsaysay Award for 2023), leading picture drama. She began her acceptance speech in the
the hospital’s operations, credits the initiative to cut cancer Blackfeet language, translating to a standard greeting ex-
drug prices for enabling the purchase of quality medicines pressing love and identity.
and providing free treatment to more patients.
What is the Blackfeet language?
Usage: The innovative example can be used to showcase It is the native language of the Blackfeet people, an Indig-
how to address the financial burden on families and the chal- enous group in North America. It is spoken by the Blackfeet
lenge of accessing treatment in remote areas. Nation, primarily in the United States and Canada.

About National Cancer Grid Usage: Using indigenous language on such a mainstream
National Cancer Grid (NCG) is a network of major cancer stage, will help inspire indigenous youth, and help in pre-
centres, research institutes, patient groups and charita- serving the Indigenous Blackfeet language.
ble institutions across India with the mandate of establish-
ing uniform standards of patient care for the prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, providing specialized 5. HANA-RAWHITI MAIPI-CLARKE
training and education in oncology and facilitating collabo-
rative basic, translational and clinical research in cancer. It Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, at 21, became New Zealand’s
was formed in August 2012. It has been established by: the youngest MP in 170 years, making history during the recent
Department of Atomic Energy and with the grant support of national elections. In her inaugural speech, she performed

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
the traditional Maori haka, emphasizing her commitment Others a) Economic Reforms: Focusing on job cre-
to her constituents and her role as a guardian of the Maori ation in small manufacturing and crafts, ex-
language, land, and wisdom. tending employment guarantees to urban
areas.
Maipi-Clarke’s achievements include managing a Maori
b) Social Justice: Addressing inter-faith
community garden and authoring a book. Her lineage in-
conflicts, prioritizing marginalized groups’
cludes notable figures advocating for Maori rights and cul-
rights, and suggesting increased spending
tural preservation.
on education and health.
Usage: The example shows the values such as cultural pride, c) Decentralization: Seeking fuller imple-
unity, resilience, commitment to her community, commit- mentation of panchayat laws and a Nation-
ment to cultural preservation and ethical responsibility. al Environment Commissioner role.

6. PEOPLE’S MANIFESTO FOR A JUST,

EQUITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE INDIA FACTS FOR PRELIMS

Context:
GS-1
The “People’s Manifesto for a Just, Equitable and Sustain-
able India” is a response to India’s crises, released by 85 1. KADAMBA DYNASTY
movements and organizations under Vikalp Sangam. Fo-
cused on ecological sustainability, dignified livelihoods, Context:
and democratic values, the manifesto advocates policy An inscription believed to be from the 10th century A.D.
shifts, emphasizing small manufacturing, crafts, and commu- Kadamba period, written in Kannada and Sanskrit, has been
nity-led initiatives. discovered in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern
It addresses concerns about authoritarianism, decentraliza- Goa.
tion, and societal vulnerabilities. The manifesto presents a • The inscription commemorates the death of Gun-
21-point charter, urging citizens to actively engage in shap- dayya, son of Talara Nevayya, who fought and died
ing a just and sustainable future. fulfilling his father’s desire to capture a gopura of
the port of Goa.

Category Solutions Suggested by the ‘People’s About Kadambas of Goa:

Manifesto’ • The Kadambas of Goa were originally subordinates
Governance a) Power to Local Bodies: Real devolution of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, a powerful dynasty in
of financial and legal powers to village and medieval India.
urban assemblies. • Kadamba Shasthadeva, a prominent figure among
the Kadambas, was appointed as the mahaman-
b) Transparency and Accountability: Com- daleshwara of Goa by Chalukyan emperor Tailapa
prehensive laws ensuring state agency ac- II.
countability, including public audits. • Kadamba Shasthadeva, in alliance with the Chaluk-
c) Independent Institutions: Reviving the yas, achieved military success by overthrowing the
Rashtrakutas.
independence of the Election Commission
• He conquered the city of Chandavara in 960 A.D.
and media. and later expanded his conquests to the port of Go-
Environmen- a) Sustainable Policies: Urging a national pakapattana, which is the present-day Goa.
tal Issues land and water policy emphasizing conser-
vation and community-led efforts. 2. CHANDUBI FESTIVAL
b) Organic Farming: Proposing conversion
to organic farming by 2040. Context:
c) Renewable Energy: Advocating for de- The Chandubi Festival is a vibrant event held near Chandubi
centralized renewable energy and phasing Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district.
out fossil fuels by 2030. • Celebrated for the past 14 years, the festival show-
cases Assamese culture with activities such as folk
music performances, traditional dance shows, local
handicraft exhibitions, and Assamese cuisine stalls.
• The festival has been providing an opportunity to
generate livelihood for different tribes –Rabhas,
Garos, Gorkhas and tea tribes.

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Chandubi lake: Ocean Services, For technology development for
• It was created during a massive earthquake in the
Modelling Appli- oceanic applications, services
year 1897.
• It is a very prosperous wetland of the state that cation, Resourc- (forecast and advisories), and R&D
houses numerous species of aquatic flora and fau- es and Technology activities in the marine and coastal
na. (O-SMART) environment.
Polar Science and Comprising the Antarctic program,
Cryosphere Research Indian Arctic program, Southern
GS-2 (PACER) Ocean program, and Cryosphere
and Climate program.
Seismology and Geo- Encompasses 6 activities including
1. PRERANA PROGRAM sciences (SAGE) Seismological monitoring and mi-
crozonation, and Setting up a facil-
Context:
ity for geochronology.
The Ministry of Education, Government of India, has
launched the ‘Prerana: An Experiential Learning Program’ Research, Education, Incorporating R&D in Earth Sys-
with the aim of providing a meaningful, unique, and inspir- Training and Out- tem Science (RDESS), developing
ing experience to selected students from classes IX to XII. reach (REACHOUT) Skilled manpower in Earth System
Sciences, etc.
Features of the program:
• It is a week-long residential initiative held at a Ver- 3. INLAND WATERWAYS DEVELOPMENT
nacular School where students will be guided by
mentors from prestigious institutions. COUNCIL
• The curriculum, rooted in nine value-based themes,
includes activities such as yoga, mindfulness, med- Context:
itation, experiential learning, thematic sessions, The first Inland Waterways Development Council (IWDC) in
and visits to ancient heritage sites. Kolkata, was recently launched for the development of river
• The program encourages participants to embody cruise tourism in India.
the spirit of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” and con- • The IWDC also launched the ‘Harit Nauka’ guide-
tribute to building a developed India. lines and the ‘River Cruise Tourism Roadmap, 2047.’
• The roadmap aims to enable capacity in 26 addi-
tional waterways, increase the number of cruise
2. PRITHVI VIGYAN SCHEME circuits, and enhance infrastructure, with the goal
of significantly boosting cruise tourism traffic and lo-
cal cruise tourism on National Waterways.
Context: • The IWDC was organized by the Inland Waterways
The Indian government, has launched “PRITHvi VIgyan” Authority of India (IWAI).
scheme for the Ministry of Earth Sciences. • The government has undertaken various measures,
• The scheme, to be implemented between 2021-26, including the Jal Marg Vikas Project, to enhance the
aims to study the atmosphere, ocean, weather, and role of inland waterways and increase the modal
Earth system sciences. share of Inland Water Transportation (IWT) from
• The objectives include enhancing long-term obser- 2% to 5%.
vations of the Earth System, developing modelling
systems for weather prediction, exploring polar
and high seas regions, and developing technology 4. PRASADAM
for oceanic resource harnessing.
It encompasses five ongoing sub-schemes: ACROSS, Context:
O-SMART, PACER, SAGE, and REACHOUT India’s first healthy and hygienic food street, ‘Prasadam,’
was inaugurated by the Union Minister for Health & Family
Program Description Welfare.
• Prasadam aims to connect citizens across the coun-
Atmosphere & Cli- For Research and Development try with pure and safe local and traditional food,
mate Research-Mod- (R&D) of dynamical models and promoting healthy eating habits.
elling Observing providing forecast services. • The food street includes facilities such as a kids’ play
Systems & Services area, drinking water, CCTV surveillance, parking,
(ACROSS) public conveniences, and seating spaces.
• The event also featured the launch of ‘The DART
Book’ by the Food Safety and Standards Authority
of India (FSSAI), providing consumers with simple
tests to check common food adulterations at home.
• Additionally, a mobile food testing van called Food

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Safety on Wheels (FSW) was introduced to conduct drug camptothecin (CPT).
training and awareness activities in remote areas, • Traditionally extracted from Nathapodytes nimmo-
addressing adulteration issues. niana, an endangered plant native to India, the pro-
cess involves a large quantity of plant material.
• The decline in the plant’s population has led re-
GS-3 searchers to explore alternative sources.
• In a previous study, a microbe was identified as a
1. DIRECT-TO-CELL high-yielding alternative.
Now, the researchers have developed a genome-scale met-
Context: abolic model for N. nimmoniana plant cells, paving the way
SpaceX successfully launched the first set of Starlink satel- for sustainable and efficient commercial production of the
lites equipped with direct-to-cell capabilities. Top of Form drug and reducing the need to harvest endangered plants.

About Direct to cell: 4. MARCOS

• Direct-to-cell refers to a technology that enables
communication signals, such as text messages, Context:
voice, and data, to be transmitted directly from Indian Navy Marine Commandos (MARCOS) successfully
space-based satellites to mobile devices (cell
thwarted a pirate hijacking attempt on a Liberian-flagged
phones) without the need for traditional ground-
based infrastructure. vessel in the North Arabian Sea.
• In the context of SpaceX’s Starlink project, direct-to-
cell capabilities allow the delivery of wireless ser- About MARCOS:
vices, including network access and communication MARCOS, formally the Marine Commando Force (MCF), is
services, to mobile users in specific geographical the Indian Navy’s elite special forces unit formed in 1987.
areas using satellite connectivity. It is modelled on the US Navy SEALS and has its Motto: ‘The
• This technology is particularly useful in remote or few, The fearless’. MARCOS operates by sea, air, and land,
underserved regions where establishing traditional collaborating with the Indian Army, especially in Kashmir.
terrestrial networks may be challenging or econom-
Notable operations include Cactus, Leech, Pawan, and Cy-
ically unfeasible.
clone, with a significant role in the 26/11 Mumbai attacks.

2. ZOSURABALPIN 5. BIO-IMAGING BANK

Context: Context:
Researchers have identified a new class of antibiotics, spe- Mumbai’s Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), India’s largest
cifically zosurabalpin, with the potential to combat drug-re- cancer treatment facility, is leveraging artificial intelligence
sistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii. (AI) to address the increasing challenge of cancer cases.
• This antibiotic was found to be effective against • TMH has established a ‘Bio-Imaging Bank’ using
CRAB (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter bau- deep learning to create a cancer-specific algorithm
mannii)-induced pneumonia and sepsis in mouse for early-stage cancer detection.
models. • The project involves a comprehensive repository of
• Zosurabalpin, a drug candidate, was developed radiology and pathology images, linked with clinical
through the optimization of a tethered macrocyclic information, for training and testing AI algorithms.
peptide (MCP) that selectively kills A. baumannii. • The initiative, funded by the Department of Biotech-
• The antibiotic’s unique mode of action involves in- nology in collaboration with other institutions, has
hibiting the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), already reduced radiation exposure for pediatric
an essential process for creating the outer-mem- patients by 40% using AI.
brane structure of Gram-negative bacteria. • The hospital envisions AI playing a transformative
• Zosurabalpin blocks LPS transport, leading to the role in cancer treatment, enhancing precision, and
abnormal build-up of LPS in the cell and the subse- enabling timely diagnoses, particularly in rural In-
quent death of the bacterium. dia.

3. ANTI-CANCER DRUG CAMPTOTHECIN 6. ‘CLEAN & GREEN VILLAGES’ PRO-

GRAMME
Context: Context:
Researchers at the Indian Institutes of Technology Madras The Panchayati Raj Ministry is prioritizing ‘Clean & Green Vil-
and Mandi have successfully metabolically engineered lages’ for the expansion of solar power capacities on a com-
plant cells to increase the production of the anti-cancer mercial basis.

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What is the Clean and Green Villages programme? • Biofuels represented 5% of road transport demand
in 2022, amounting to 2.2 million b/d of oil demand.
• Global biodiesel demand is expected to exceed.
• While biofuels will play a crucial role in the future
of transport, the report acknowledges the contribu-
tions of electric vehicles (EVs) in displacing oil de-
mand.

About E-fuels:
E-fuels, also known as electrofuels, are a type of synthetic
fuel that can be used to power vehicles, ships, and aero-
planes. They are a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and
can be used in existing infrastructure
E-fuels are made from captured carbon dioxide or carbon
monoxide, and hydrogen obtained from water split by sus-
tainable electricity sources. The process uses hydrogen to
bind with the CO2 under high pressure using a catalyst

E-fuels are climate-neutral and can be used to reduce CO2

emissions in the transport and heating market.

9. PLASMA WAVES IN THE MARTIAN

ATMOSPHERE
7. TRICHOLIME
Context:
Context: Scientists, including researchers from the Indian Institute of
The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR) in Kozhikode Geomagnetism (IIG), have detected high-frequency plasma
has successfully developed a new granular lime-based Trich- waves in the Martian Upper Atmosphere using data from
oderma formulation called ‘Tricholime.’ the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MA-
VEN) spacecraft.
What is Trichoderma?
Trichoderma is a fungal biocontrol agent effective against What are Plasma Waves?
soil-borne pathogens in crop production. Plasma waves are short-time scale fluctuations in the elec-
tric and magnetic fields observed in plasmas, which are
What is Tricholime? ionized gases consisting of positively charged ions and free
It is a lime-based formulation, developed by integrating electrons.
Trichoderma and Lime into a single product. Lime helps in
controlling soil acidity. How does it help understand planetary phenomena?
In the context of planetary atmospheres, such as Mars,
Benefits: Tricholime neutralizes soil acidity, promotes plant understanding the presence and characteristics of plasma
growth, protects against pathogens, and simplifies applica- waves helps scientists gain insights into the interactions
tion for farmers. It serves as a bio-pesticide and bio-fertiliz- between the solar wind and the planet’s atmosphere, es-
er, benefiting soil health and supporting sustainable organic pecially in the absence of an intrinsic magnetic field. Unlike
farming. Earth, Mars lacks an intrinsic magnetic field, causing direct
interaction between high-speed solar wind from the Sun and
8. E-FUELS the Martian atmosphere.

Context: About MAVEN orbiter:

The International Energy Agency (IEA) report on “The Role NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)
of E-fuels in Decarbonising Transport” anticipates that bio- spacecraft (launched in 2013 by NASA), is dedicated to study-
fuels will constitute 6% of road transport energy demand ing Mars’ upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and interactions
by 2030. with the sun and solar wind. The mission aims to uncover
the history of Mars’ atmosphere, climate, liquid water, and
Key Highlights of the report: planetary habitability by examining the role of volatiles loss
• In 2022, road transport accounted for nearly all liq- to space over time.
uid biofuel use, but this is projected to marginally
decrease to 98% by 2030.

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10. KRISHNARAJASAGAR (KRS) DAM 2014-15 to 0.402 in AY 2022-23.

• Increasing tax base: The study, referencing CBDT
Context: data, reveals a widening Income Tax base, with the
The High Court of Karnataka has issued a ban on all mining number of individuals filing Income Tax Returns in-
and quarrying activities within a 20-km radius of the Krish- creasing from 70 million in AY 2021-22 to 74 million
narajasagar (KRS) dam in Mandya district (due to concerns in AY 2022-23.
about the potential danger posed to the dam by these ac- • Improving upward mobility: The report attributes
tivities) the decline in income inequality to significant up-
The ban applies to activities already permitted or in opera- ward mobility, with over 36% of individuals in the
tion, and it will remain in force until a comprehensive study lowest income bracket in FY14 moving to higher in-
by experts is completed. The decision on lifting the ban will come levels, resulting in over 21% increase in their
be made by the State Committee on Dam Safety, estab- income during FY14-FY21.
lished under the Dam Safety Act, 2021. • Rising female labour force participation
• Micro Firms moving towards becoming bigger
About Krishna Raja Sagar Dam
firms: There is a positive trend in MSME income,
Built 1932 and changing consumption patterns post-COVID,
Location River Kaveri, Mysore, and Mandya districts, challenging the notion of ‘K’ shaped growth.
Karnataka • Share of Top earners’ declined: The share of top
Named after Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (then ruler of My- earners with income over Rs 10 crores and Rs 100
sore Kingdom) crores has declined from 2013-14 to 2020-21.
Engineer Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah (Bharat Ratna)
About the Gini Coefficient:
(Birthday celebrated as Engineers Day on
The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of the econom-
15th September)
ic inequality across the population in a country or between
Purpose Water supply for Mysore city, Bangalore, countries. It measures the dispersion of income or wealth
and irrigation in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu distribution among the members of a population.
About River The Kaveri River is a perennial, monsoon
Kaveri rain-fed river. It rises at Talakaveri (Brah- The Gini coefficient ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1
magiri Hill) located in the Kodagu district in (perfect inequality). Theoretically, values over 1 are possible
Karnataka. due to negative income or wealth. A Gini coefficient larger
Drainage Basin: Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, than 0.40 is considered high inequality.
Bay of Bengal (south of Cuddalore)
Tributaries: Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Laksh-
mana Theertha, Shimsa, Kabini, Harangi
About Dam India is the 3rd largest dam-owning nation
in India in the world (after the US and China). India
has over 6000 dams with 143 under con-
struction
Initiatives for Dam Safety: Dam Safety Act,
2021; National Committee on Dam Safety
(NCDS); Dam Rehabilitation and Improve-
ment Project (DRIP) Phases-II (co-financed
by World Bank and Asian Infrastructure and
Investment Bank)
About K-Shaped Recovery:
Post-COVID, India is witnessing a ‘K-shaped’ recovery, signi-
11. INCOME INEQUALITY fying disparate economic rebounds for different segments.
Experts note that the affluent are thriving, while the less
Context: privileged encounter challenges, exemplifying a divided re-
According to a recent SBI Research report, income inequal- covery pattern.
ity in India has decreased, indicating a positive trend of up-
ward mobility and the growth of the middle class.

What does the report say:

• The decrease in Gini Coefficient (a measure of in-
come inequality) has decreased from 0.472 in AY

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clear reactors.
The fuel’s benefits include reduced nuclear waste volume,
lower operating costs, and longer-lasting efficiency.

14. NASA’S LUNAR GATEWAY STATION

Context:
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has announced its partic-
ipation in developing a module on NASA’s Lunar Gateway
Station, joining the USA, Japan, Canada, and the European
Union in the project.
• The UAE’s contribution includes developing the
Crew and Science Airlock module, serving as the
entry and exit point for missions and astronauts
travelling to the Moon’s surface from the Lunar
Gateway Station.
• The UAE will also manage and operate the Airlock,
and the first Emirati astronaut will be sent into lu-
nar orbit as part of the project.
12. PROBA-3 MISSION • The lunar space station will function as a space lab-
oratory, supporting various scientific and technical
experiments, with a minimum lifespan of 15 years.

15. DRDO ANTI-DRONE TECH - DRONE,

DETECT, DETER AND DESTROY (D4 SYS-
TEM)
Context:
The Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) has developed a comprehensive integrated an-
ti-drone system, focusing on the detection, identification,
and neutralization of drones.
• The anti-drone technology is designed to counter
various types of drones, including micro drones,
and is suitable for land borders.
• D4 system can instantly detect and jam micro
drones (Soft kill) and use a laser-based kill mecha-
nism to terminate targets (Hard kill).
• Utilizing the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS), it identifies the frequency employed by the
controller and subsequently disrupts the signals.

16. INDIA CLUB

13. ANEEL
Context: Context:
Clean Core Thorium Energy, a Chicago-based company, has India plans to establish its own Protection and Indemnity
developed ANEEL (Advanced Nuclear Energy for Enriched (P&I) entity, named the India Club, to provide insurance for
Life), (named after India’s scientist, Dr Anil Kakodkar) - a fuel ships operating along its coasts and waterways.
that combines Thorium and High Assay Low Enriched Ura-
nium (HALEU). What are P&I clubs?
• ANEEL can be used in India’s existing Pressurized They are mutual insurance associations that offer risk pool-
Heavy-Water Reactors (PHWRs), offering a poten- ing and coverage for third-party risks like cargo damage,
tial game-changer for the country’s nuclear energy war, and environmental hazards.
sector.
• India has the world’s largest reserves of Thorium, Aim:
estimated at 1.07 million tonnes, and ANEEL could The initiative aims to reduce vulnerability to international
facilitate the efficient utilization of Thorium in nu-
pressures, particularly in conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
situation. The India Club will initially focus on insuring ships 18. THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARI-
involved in domestic movements, led by the Ministry of
Ports, Shipping, and Waterways. ETIES AND FARMERS’ RIGHTS (PPVFR)

Global P&I Club: International Group of P&I Clubs: Head- Context:

quartered in London, this group comprises 13 clubs covering The Delhi High Court has ruled in favour of PepsiCo, allow-
about 90% of the world’s ocean-going vessels. ing the company to claim a patent for the potato variety
used in its potato chips.
• Pepsi had filed an appeal under the Protection of
17. ICAR-CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (the
Act) challenging the order of the Protection of Plant
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CMFRI) Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority (the Au-
thority) in the Delhi High Court.
Context: • The decision overturns a previous order that re-
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) voked Pepsi’s patent-protected potato variety, FL
has proposed key policy suggestions, including the introduc- 2027, used in chip production
tion of the Marine Fishery Act, to enhance India’s marine
fisheries sector. The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act,
2001 (PPVFR Act) was enacted by the Parliament of In-
Recommendations of CMFRI: dia. The act’s objectives include:
1. Introduce the Marine Fishery Act: It aims to regu- • Establishing a system to protect plant varieties and
late fishing in areas beyond territorial waters, ad- the rights of farmers and plant breeders
dressing a policy and legislative vacuum. • Recognizing and protecting farmers’ rights for their
contributions to conserving, improving, and making
2. Institutionalize regular stock assessments, estab-
available plant genetic resources
lishing a national guideline for eco-labelling of ma-
Safeguarding researchers’ rights and the larger public inter-
rine fishery resources
est
3. Streamline open sea mariculture with a focus on
sustainability
4. Implement AI-mediated automated mechanisms 19. PEREGRINE LUNAR LANDER
for landing estimation, and tracking fishing vessels.
5. Focused research on deep-sea and non-convention- Context:
al fishery resources A private US spacecraft, part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar
6. Establish an institutional mechanism for overseeing Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, took off with the Per-
deep-sea fishing egrine lander module and Vulcan rocket built by private
7. Strengthening insurance for fishers space companies.
• This mission aims to be the first US spacecraft to
India’s Status in Marine Fisheries: land on the Moon in over 50 years and would have
marked the first landing of a private spacecraft on
India, the third-largest fish-producing country and second in the Moon.
aquaculture lacks comprehensive legislation for managing • The Peregrine Mission-1, a private lunar lander, en-
marine fisheries beyond 12 nautical miles. To address this, countered an “anomaly” and will be unable to make
the government has proposed the Indian Marine Fisheries its planned soft landing on the moon due to a pro-
Bill for sustainable development in the Exclusive Economic pellant leak.
Zone (EEZ).
Initiatives include the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yo-
jana (PMMSY) 2020, the National Policy on Marine Fisher-
ies (NPMF) 2017, and the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infra-
structure Development Fund (FIDF) 2015.

About ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

(CMFRI):
It was established in 1947 under the Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers Welfare in India. In 1967, it joined the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) family and became a
leading tropical marine fisheries research institute globally.
Headquartered in Kochi, Kerala.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

20. SISAL LEAVES

Context:
Scientists at Stanford University are researching the use of
sisal leaves to create a highly absorbent material that could
replace cotton, wood pulp, and chemical absorbents in san-
itary napkins.
• The absorption capacity of the sisal-based materi-
al is reported to be higher than that in commercial
menstrual pads.
• The method developed by the researchers involves
using a decorticator to mechanically separate the
fibres from sisal leaves and employing a process in-
spired by termite guts to delignify the fibres.
• The study claims that the process uses no polluting
or toxic chemicals and can be conducted on a small
scale, making it environmentally sustainable.

21. THE OLDEST EVIDENCE OF PHOTO-

SYNTHESIS
22. BHARAT TEX 2024
Context:
A study published in the journal Nature reveals the oldest Context:
evidence of photosynthetic structures found in a collection Union Minister for Textiles, Shri Piyush Goyal, reviewed the
of 1.75-billion-year-old microfossils known as Navifusa ma- progress of the upcoming mega textiles event, Bharat Tex
jensis. 2024, during a meeting with textile Export Promotion Coun-
• The microstructures identified as thylakoids, mem- cils and ministry officials.
brane-bound structures inside chloroplasts, provide
direct evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis.
• This process, unique to cyanobacteria and related What is Bharat Tex 2024?
organelles in eukaryotes, involves converting water It is a global textile mega-event organized by 11 Textile Ex-
and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen with port Promotion Councils in collaboration with the Ministry
sunlight. of Textiles. It showcases India’s entire textile value chain,
emphasizing fashion, traditional crafts, and sustainability.
The discovery suggests that photosynthesis may have
evolved before 1.75 billion years ago, shedding light on the Aligned with India’s 5F vision, it covers the journey from
evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that played Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign, representing
a crucial role in the Great Oxidation Event around 2.4 billion the textile production process from raw resources to global
years ago. markets.

23. CANNABIS PLANT

Context:
Scientists at CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
(IIIM), Jammu, have discovered that phytocannabinoids,
compounds found in the cannabis plant, exhibit previously
unexplored antibiotic properties.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
• The study specifically focused on tetrahydrocanna- tor.
bidiol (THCBD), a phytocannabinoid, and its efficacy • The inclusion of traditional medical terminologies
against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria contrib- in ICD-11 aims to establish a connection between
uting to antibiotic resistance. traditional medicine and international standards,
• THCBD demonstrated strong antibacterial effects fostering a unified global tradition in healthcare.
against various resistant strains of S. aureus, includ- About ICD:
ing the methicillin-resistant strain. ICD is the international standard for systematic recording,
reporting, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mor-
24. CLASEPI tality and morbidity data.
Source: livemint Previously, ICD-11 included Module-1 which covers tradi-
Akumentis Healthcare Ltd has introduced Clasepi, a canna- tional medicine conditions originating in ancient China,
bis-based medicine designed to treat seizures in toddlers. which is now commonly used in Japan, Korea etc.

The drug, approved by the Drug Controller General of India,

targets seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, 27. THYLAKOID MEMBRANES
Dravet Syndrome, or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Context:
Clasepi contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with content Thylakoid membranes are small pouches located in the chlo-
below 0.1%, and clinical studies have demonstrated its ef- roplasts of plants, storing chlorophyll and playing a crucial
ficacy in reducing seizures, particularly in cases where con- role in photosynthesis.
• Originally found in ancient cyanobacteria, these
ventional antiseizure medications have proven ineffective.
light-sensitive bacteria are believed to have con-
tributed to the oxygen levels in Earth’s atmosphere
25. AMATERASU billions of years ago.
• Recent discoveries, particularly 1.75-billion-year-
old fossilized thylakoid membranes in microfossils
Context: off the coasts of Australia, suggest that thylakoids
Japanese scientists discovered a high-energy cosmic-ray played a key role in the “Great Oxygenation” event
event named ‘Amaterasu,’ making it the second-highest-en- around 2.4 billion years ago.
ergy cosmic ray ever detected. • This event involved the release of oxygen by cyano-
• The energy level of Amaterasu is about 40 million bacteria, initially filling the oceans and eventually
times higher than that produced by the Large Had- escaping into the atmosphere, leading to the trans-
ron Collider. formation of Earth’s atmospheric composition.
• The discovery of such ultra-high-energy cosmic rays The findings open avenues for further exploration of older
(UHECRs) could contribute to understanding cos- cyanobacterial microfossils and testing hypotheses related
mic phenomena and subatomic particles better, as to the emergence of thylakoids and their impact on Earth’s
well as potentially challenging existing theories in early oxygenation.
high-energy particle physics.
• Amaterasu’s unique characteristic is that it appears
to have originated from an empty region of the 28. DRISHTI 10 STARLINER
universe, presenting intriguing possibilities for un-
known astronomical phenomena. Context:
The study of these cosmic rays may offer insights into the The Indian Navy has received its first indigenous medi-
sources of cosmic rays and enhance our understanding of um-altitude long-endurance (MALE) drone, the Drishti 10
high-energy physics beyond the Standard Model. Starliner, developed by Adani Defence and Aerospace.

Features:
26. INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION • The Drishti 10 Starliner, a variant of Elbit Systems’
OF DISEASES (ICD) - 11 Hermes 900 Starliner, is equipped with state-of-
the-art sensors, automatic take-off and landing ca-
pabilities, and a 36-hour endurance.
Context: • It can carry a payload of 450 kg and has the poten-
The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched the tial for weaponization if required.
ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2, incorporating data • The drone is 70% indigenous and will enhance the
and terminology related to Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Navy’s intelligence, surveillance, and reconnais-
sance capabilities.
Medicine.
• The Ministry of AYUSH collaborated with WHO in
preparing this classification, aiming to strengthen
India’s healthcare system, research, development,
and policy-making in the traditional medicine sec-

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29. RECENT REPORTS IN NEWS 30. GREEN FUELS ALLIANCE INDIA

(GFAI)
Report Details Context:
Global Risk Released annually by the World Economic Denmark has introduced the Green Fuels Alliance India
Report 2024 Forum. (GFAI) to enhance collaboration with India in the sustainable
Based on the Global Risks Perception Sur- energy sector, aligning with both nations’ goals of achieving
vey. carbon neutrality.
India’s top five risks: Misinformation and Aim:
Disinformation (MI), Infectious diseases, It aims to advance the green fuels sector, including green
Illicit economic activity, Inequality (wealth hydrogen, through innovation and partnerships. GFAI’s
and income), and Labour shortage. objective is to foster an ecosystem promoting sustainable
Henley Pass- Released by Henley & Partners. energy growth in India, involving businesses, government
port Index Ranks passports based on allowing desti- entities, and research institutions.
2024 (HPI) nations without a prior visa.
India ranks 80th with visa-free access to Background:
62 nations. The initiative is part of the Green Strategic Partnership
signed in 2020 between India and Denmark. The announce-
France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and
ment coincides with India’s push for carbon neutrality by
Singapore share the top spot.
2070 and Denmark’s top ranking in the 2024 Climate Per-
Global Eco- Released by the World Bank Group. formance Ranking.
nomic Pros- Global trade growth in 2024 is expected
pects Report to be half the pre-pandemic average. Other similar partnership initiatives:
2024 1. Global Biofuels Alliance forged by Brazil, India, and
Global growth is projected to slow from
2.6% in 2023 to 2.4% in 2024. the United States
2. India U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership
Developing countries need to increase in-
3. Green / Clean Hydrogen India and Saudi Arabia
vestments, about $2.4 trillion per year, to
4. India-Australia Green Hydrogen Taskforce
tackle climate change and achieve global
5. Quad’s Climate Working Group for Clean Energy
development goals by 2030.
World Em- Released by the International Labour Or-
ployment and ganisation (ILO) 31. TEA INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Social Out-
look Trends
Despite a slowdown, global growth in Context:
2024
2023 was modestly higher than anticipat- The Tea Association of India (TAI) has issued a warning
ed. about challenges reminiscent of the “dark phase” of 2002-
The macroeconomic environment dete- 07 in the country’s tea industry.
riorated significantly in 2023. Real wages
declined in the majority of G20 countries Factors contributing to the crisis in the Tea Industry include:
due to inflation. 1. Stagnant prices: Assam, responsible for 55% of In-
“Digital Trade Joint publication by IMF, World Bank, dia’s tea production, is particularly impacted.
for Develop- WTO, OECD, and UNCTAD. 2. Oversupply
ment” Report The value of digitally delivered services 3. A widening gap between demand and supply
4. Stiff competition from other countries such as Sri
increased nearly four times since 2005,
Lanka, Kenya
growing at an average annual rate of 8.1%
5. Costs of vital inputs grew by 9-15% during the last
from 2005 to 2022.
decade, while tea prices rose by 4%.
Developing economies require increased
international financial and technical sup- For Initiatives by the Tea Board of India: Click Here
port for digital trade-related areas.
Initiatives like WTO-led Aid for Trade,
UNCTAD-led eTrade for All, and World
Bank-led Digital Advisory and Trade As-
sistance (DATA) Fund can help.

24 www.insightsonindia.com
 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
The mission involves international collaboration with The
European Space Agency and the Max Planck Institute for
Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany.

33. DARJEELING ZOO

Context:
Darjeeling Zoo, home to the world’s largest number of snow
leopards in captivity, boasts 14, including six cubs, marking
a success story for India’s lone Conservation Breeding Pro-
gramme.

What is the Conservation Breeding Programme?

The Conservation Breeding Programme is the science of
conserving a species by preventing imminent popula-
tion collapse in the wild due to a large number of elimi-
native pressures (i.e. habitat loss, habitat fragmentation,
industrialization, poaching, illegal trade climate change etc.)

The snow leopard conservation breeding program at Dar-

You can write the keyword “AROMA” Keyword for Tea pro- jeeling Zoo, established in 1985, is the first and only of its
motion: kind in India. A key feature of the program is the careful use
‘AROMA’ of a diverse genetic pool for breeding snow leopards.
• A= Assistance to small growers
• R= Re-energise to create infrastructure to augment ex- About Snow Leopard:
ports and focus on high-value markets
• O= Organic: Promote organic and GI tea
• M= Modernisation: Strengthen local supply chains.
• A= Adaptability: Make tea plantations meet the chal-
lenges of climate change.

About Tea Association of India (TAI) (est. 1956; HQ: Kolkata)

It is predominantly an Association of North Indian tea pro-
ducers in the organized sector of the Indian Tea Industry. It
promotes and protects trade, commerce and industries as-
sociated with tea. Advise and render assistance to members
of the Association. Represent members before industrial tri-
bunals, Tea Board etc

32. EINSTEIN PROBE (EP)

Context:
China has launched a new astronomical satellite named
Einstein Probe (EP) with a lotus-shaped design to observe
transient and violent celestial phenomena in the universe.

The Einstein Probe (EP) satellite features wide-field X-ray More on Snow Leopard:
telescopes (WXT) and follow-up X-ray telescopes (FXT). Its Recently, Kyrgyzstan has officially chosen the Snow Leop-
objectives include capturing initial light from supernova ex- ard as its national symbol
plosions, detecting X-ray signals linked to gravitational wave Topic Details
events, and discovering dormant black holes and celestial Range Countries Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Ka-
objects. The satellite’s X-ray detection tech, inspired by, zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal,
showcases innovative lobster-eye telescopes Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

Global Snow Estimated between 4k and 6.5k world- is renowned for its rich birdlife, offering diverse species in
Leopard Popula- wide; China has the highest population; significant numbers. Notably, Eaglenest is where the Bugun
tion India has around 700-800 individuals liocichla (IUCN: CR), a passerine bird species, was first dis-
covered in 1995 and further observed and described in 2006.
Hemis National Park, Ladakh: Snow
Leopard Capital of the world; State Ani-
mal of Ladakh & Himachal Pradesh
Conservation Ef- Snow Leopard Trust: Focus on commu-
forts Worldwide nity-based conservation programs
Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem
Protection Program (GSLEP): Aims to
secure 20 landscapes across the Snow
Leopard range by 2020
Conservation Ef- Project Snow Leopard (Government of
forts in India India, 2009): Focus on conservation in
high-altitude ecosystems 2. MAURITIUS
Community Involvement: Initiatives
like Himal Sanrakshak recognize local Context:
communities’ role in protection and The Union Cabinet has approved a Memorandum of Under-
conflict reduction standing (MoU) signed between the ISRO and the Mauritius
Snow Leopard Population Count: In- Research and Innovation Council (MRIC) for the develop-
troduced First National Protocol for ment of a Joint Small Satellite.
population monitoring in 2019
About Mauritius:
Ministry’s Recovery Programme: Snow
Mauritius is an island country in the Indian Ocean. It com-
Leopard is on the list of 21 critically en-
prises the main island, Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Bran-
dangered species for recovery
don, forming part of the Mascarene Islands. The capital is
Snow Leopard Conservation Breeding Port Louis. Explored by Arabs in 975, Portuguese and Dutch
Programme: Conducted at Padmaja sailors visited later. Mauritius is ethnically diverse, with Hin-
Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, West duism being the predominant religion. It follows a West-
Bengal minster parliamentary system, boasts high economic and
political freedom, and is classified as a high-income econo-
my. Known for its biodiversity, Mauritius is home to endemic
MAPPING species and, historically, the dodo. It is consistently ranked
as the most peaceful African country.
1. ARUNACHAL PRADESH’S EAGLENEST
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Context:
An IISc study conducted in Arunachal Pradesh’s Eaglenest
Wildlife Sanctuary reveals the threat posed to montane
birds by logging and climate change.

Tropical montane forests, crucial biodiversity hotspots, are

impacted by rising temperatures, prompting bird species to
shift to higher elevations. The study emphasizes the impor-
tance of safeguarding primary forests to mitigate climate
change effects.
3. KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN
About Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary
Context:
It is situated in the Himalayan foothills of West Kameng Dis-
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has success-
trict, Arunachal Pradesh, and is a protected area in India. It
fully initiated crude oil production from its KG-DWN-98/2
borders the Sessa Orchid Sanctuary to the northeast and the
deep-sea project in the Krishna-Godavari basin off the east
Pakhui Tiger Reserve across the Kameng River to the east,
coast of India.
also being part of the Kameng Elephant Reserve. Named af-
ter the Red Eagle Division of the Indian army, the sanctuary

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
This significant development, marked by delays and exten- utes.
sions, aims to bolster ONGC’s overall oil production, com- 4. Fuel, transportation costs & 1 hour travel time will
bating the decline in mature fields. be saved
5. 1st project in India with an open road tolling sys-
About Krishna-Godavari Basin: tem.
It is situated in Andhra Pradesh and the Bay of Bengal is a 6. For the first time in India, Orthotropic steel deck
vast deltaic plain formed by the Krishna and Godavari rivers. technology used
Covering 15,000 sq. km on land and 25,000 sq. km offshore,
it has 5 km thick sediments deposited from Late Carbonif- About the Open road tolling system:
erous to Pleistocene. The basin features upland and coastal It refers to a method of collecting tolls on highways without
plains, flood, and delta plains. Notably, the D-6 block in this requiring vehicles to stop or slow down. Instead of tradi-
basin holds India’s largest natural gas reserves, discovered tional toll booths, open-road tolling uses electronic sensors
by ONGC in 1983. Besides its geological significance, the ba- and cameras to detect vehicles as they pass through desig-
sin is home to the Vulnerable Olive Ridley Sea Turtle. nated tolling points.

About Orthotropic steel deck technology

It is a construction method used in building bridges and oth-
er structures. It involves using steel plates that are specifi-
cally designed to be strong and stiff in one direction while
being flexible in other directions. This allows the steel deck
to support heavy loads, such as vehicles while remaining
lightweight.

4. MUMBAI TRANS HARBOUR LINK

(MTHL)
Context:
Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), also named Atal Bihari
Vajpayee Sewri-Nhava Sheva Atal Setu, India’s longest sea
bridge covering 21.8 km (16.5 km over the sea), has been
inaugurated and is open for public commute.

Features:
1. The bridge is expected to witness over 70,000 vehi-
cles daily, improving connectivity between Mumbai
and Navi Mumbai.
2. It is the longest sea bridge in India (World’s 10th
longest sea bridge)
3. It is expected to alleviate traffic congestion, pro-
mote economic development, and reduce travel
time between Sewri and Chirle to just 15 to 20 min-

27 www.insightsonindia.com