BALLB II

Computer II
IMP Questions
1. What is flowchart? Draw & explain symbols used in flowchart(7)
A flowchart is a diagram that shows an overview of a program . Flowcharts normally use
standard symbols to represent the different types of instructions . These symbols are used to
construct the flowchart and show the step-by-step solution to the problem. Flowcharts are
sometimes known as flow diagrams.
A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process. It's a diagram that illustrates the
workflow required to complete a task or a set of tasks with the help of symbols, lines and shapes.
Flowcharts are used to study, improve and communicate processes in various fields. They
are excellent tools for breaking down information and making it easy to understand and follow
2. Draw Flow Charts for addition, subtraction of two numbers X & Y store as ANS.(3)
3. Solve any two of the following :
i. Decimal convert into binary.
i) (137)10 = (?) 2

2 137
2 68 1
2 34 0
2 17 0
2 8 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
2 0 1
.
(137)10 = (10001001) 2

ii) (168) 10 = (?)2

2 168
2 84 0
2 42 0
2 21 0
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
2 0 1

(168) 10 = (10101000)2

iii) (146)10 = (?)2

2 146
2 73 0
2 26 1
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 0
2 0 1

(146)10 = (1001010)2
iv) (114)10=(?)2

2 114
2 57 0
2 28 1
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1
(114)10=(1110010)2

V) (126)10=(?)2

2 126
2 63 0
2 31 1
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1

(126)10=(1111110)2

ii. Solve any two of the following binary convert into decimal.
a. (1110001111)2=( )10
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 X
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
512 + 256 + 128 + 0+ 0 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1+ 911

(1110001111)2=( 911)10

b. (000110001)2=( )10

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 X
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0+ 0+ 0+ 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1+ 49

(000110001)2=(49 )10
 c. (111001110)2=()1O
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
8 7 6
2 2 2 25 24 23 22 21 20 X
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 1 1
256 + 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0+ 462
(111001110)2=(462)1O

iii. Octal convert into decimal

1. (2057)8 = (?)10
2 0 5 7
3 2 1
8 8 8 80 X
512 64 8 1
1024 + 0 + 40 + 7 + 1071
(2057)8 = (1071)10

2. (1517)8 =7( ?)10

1 5 1 7
83 82 81 80 X
512 64 8 1
512 + 320 + 8 + 7 + 847
(1517)8 =7( 847)10
 4. Explain the representation of data.(5)
Data refers to the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas. Data can be a
name, a number, the colors in a photograph, or the notes in a musical composition. Data
Representation refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted. Devices
such as smart phones, iPods, and computers store data in digital formats that can be handled by
electronic circuitry.
Binary Number System
The binary number system is the number system having base 2. It is the method of
representing the numbers in the form of 0 and 1. Here the word itself contains the word ’bi’
which means two numerals which are 0 and 1. You can even change the decimal numbers into
binary numbers. The numbers 1 to 10 can be expressed in binary numbers which are mentioned
in the below given table.
Octal Number System
The octal number system, also known as oct, is a base-8 number system. The system uses
digits from 0 to 7. Therefore, if we write 10 octal, it depicts 8, and if we write 100 octals, it
represents 64. When we study the decimal number system, each place is represented using the
power of 10. But when we implement the octal number system, each place is the power of 8.
Decimal Number System
The decimal number system is the one we use on a daily basis, and it uses digits ranging
from 0 to 9, i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Because the entire number allowed in this number
system is 10, the decimal number system’s base number is 10. Any number that is represented
without a base has a base of 10. For instance: 7310,13210,526710 are some examples of decimal
numbers.
Hexadecimal Number System
A hexadecimal number system is a number system in which the base value is 16. This
means that there are 16 symbols used in the hexadecimal system. The hexadecimal symbols are 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. The alphabets used in the hexadecimal system are the
single bit depiction of the decimal numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The hexadecimal system
requires 4 bits to depict any digit. Since there are so many number systems, the hexadecimal
number system is generally denoted using the letter h.

Binary Octal Binary Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal

000 0 0000 0 0000 0 1010 A
001 1 0001 1 0001 1 1011 B
010 2 0010 2 0010 2 1100 C
011 3 0011 3 0011 3 1101 D
100 4 0100 4 0100 4 1110 E
101 5 0101 5 0101 5 1111 F
110 6 0110 6 0110 6
111 7 0111 7 0111 7
1000 8 1000 8
1001 9 1001 9
5. Explain any two gate?(6)
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform basic logical
functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. Most electronic devices we use today will have
some form of logic gates in them. For example, logic gates can be used in technologies such as
smartphones, tablets, other digital equipments.
In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of digital signals coming from
its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean
algebra. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true.
False represents 0, and true represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the
combination of inputs, the binary output will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light
switch, wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it is on -- 1. Logic gates are
commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).
Basic logic gates
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

AND | OR | NOT | NAND | NOR | XOR | XNOR

AND gate -
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the
same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit
symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and
the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the
output is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only when both inputs one AND two are 1.
Truth Table

Input Output
A B AxB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR gate -
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive
"or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then
the output is "false." In other words, for the output to be 1, at least input one OR two must be 1.
Truth Table

Input Output
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT gate -

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic
inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is
0. If the input is 0, then the output is 1.

Truth Table
Input Output
A -A
0 1
1 0

NAND gate -

The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the
logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true."
Otherwise, the output is "true."

Truth Table

Input Output
A B -(AxB)
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR gate -

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if both inputs
are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."

Truth Table

Input Output
A B -(A+B)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate -

The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is "true"
if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if
both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if
the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.

Truth Table

Input Output
A B -(A+B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate -

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is
"true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if the inputs are different.

Truth Table

Input Output
A B -(A+B)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
6. What is network? explain the types of network and advantages of network ?(5)
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a
network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.
Types of networks include:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally
limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, Organizations, or building.
Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations. Servers are
generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the
other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services provided can include printing
and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval,
complete access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.
Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which interacts with
the network through them. Workstations were traditionally considered a desktop, consisting of a
computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or a laptop, with with integrated keyboard, display, and
touchpad. With the advent of the tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPad and
iPhone, our definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of their
ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.
Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are guided by
needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure area, away from humans, and
only accessed through the network. In such cases, it would be common for the servers to operate
without a dedicated display or keyboard. However, the size and speed of the server's processor(s),
hard drive, and main memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other
hand, a workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but might require an
expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every computer on a network should be
appropriately configured for its use.
On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly. Wireless access
to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide
a bridge between computers and networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to
connect hundreds or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity
might be far less.
Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the cable connections
remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary (desktops) are also usually connected by a
cable to the network, although the cost of wireless adapters has dropped to the point that, when
installing workstations in an existing facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less
expensive to use wireless for a desktop.
Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a
metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large
area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a
wide area network (WAN). MANs do not have to be in urban areas; the term "metropolitan"
implies the size of the network, not the demographics of the area that it serves.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the
United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to
connect this type of global network.
Using a WAN, Organizations in India can communicate with places like London in a matter of
seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world apart with workstations
equipped with microphones and a webcams might teleconference in real time. A WAN is
complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks
to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to
be much different than a LAN.

Advantages of Network
User access control
Modern networks almost always have one or more servers which allows centralized management
for users and for network resources to which they have access. User credentials on a privately-
owned and operated network may be as simple as a user name and password, but with ever-
increasing attention to computing security issues, these servers are critical to ensuring that
sensitive information is only available to authorized users.
Information storing and sharing
Computers allow users to create and manipulate information. Information takes on a life of its
own on a network. The network provides both a place to store the information and mechanisms
to share that information with other network users.
Connections
Administrators, instructors, and even students and guests can be connected using the campus
network.
Services
The Organizations can provide services, such as registration, Organizations directories, course
schedules, access to research, and email accounts, and many others. (Remember, network
services are generally provided by servers).
Internet
The Organizations can provide network users with access to the internet, via an internet gateway.
Computing resources. The Organizations can provide access to special purpose computing devices
which individual users would not normally own. For example, a Organizations network might have
high-speed high quality printers strategically located around a campus for instructor or student
use.
Flexible Access
Organizations networks allow students to access their information from connected devices
throughout the Organizations. Students can begin an assignment in their classroom, save part of it
on a public access area of the network, then go to the media center after Organizations to finish
their work. Students can also work cooperatively through the network.
Workgroup Computing
Collaborative software allows many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For
example, educators located at various Organizations within a county could simultaneously
contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document, spreadsheets, or
website.
7. Explain any two input device ? (3)
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows –

1. Typing Keys - These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally
give the same layout as that of typewriters.
2. Numeric Keypad - It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.
3. Function Keys - The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged
in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used
for some specific purpose.
4. Control keys - These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional
arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down,
Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
5. Special Purpose Keys - Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present
between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but
it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
Mouse Advantages
Easy to use
Not very expensive
Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.

Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It
is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in
a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The function of the joystick is similar to
that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer
games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.

Light Pen
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its
photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the
CPU.

Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.

Track Ball
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball
comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.

Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a
digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.

Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can
convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had
been pointed at.

Graphic Tablet
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics and pictorial data into
binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image
manipulation applications.

Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form. The microphone
is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing
music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special
type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of
MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans the text optically, character by
character, converts them into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system
memory.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code
image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code
reader is connected to.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil.
It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for
checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.
8. Explain the any three output device. (4)
i. Monitors
ii. Graphic Plotter
iii. Printer

i. Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the
better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole
character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help. A finite number of characters can be displayed
on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on
the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80
characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and
power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your
wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop
computer, and graphics display.

ii. Graphic Plotter

Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper.
• It interprets computer commands and makes line drawings on paper using multicolored
automated pens. It is capable of producing graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc.
• Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) applications like CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM
(Computer Aided Manufacturing) are typical usage areas for plotters.

iii. Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −
a. Impact Printers
b. Non-Impact Printers
a. Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper.
Very low consumable costs
Very noisy
Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular
because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of
pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out
to form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower)
which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing
in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

b. Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete
page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types −

Laser Printers
Inkjet Printers

Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

Faster than impact printers
They are not noisy
High quality
Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.
Advantages
Very high speed
Very high quality output
Good graphics quality
Supports many fonts and different character size
Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print
characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output
with presentable features. They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have
many styles of printing modes available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet
printers can produce multiple copies of printing also.
Advantages
High quality printing
More reliable
9. Which hardware is get for Internet connection.(6)
a. Routers
Routers are network-enabling electronic devices that help connect two or more packet-
switched networks. They have two primary functionalities. One is to manage traffic
between networks, and the second is to forward data packets to the IP addresses of the
devices.
b. Modem
It is an electronic networking device that modulates and demodulates. It is responsible for
bringing and facilitating the network connections needed at your residence or business
place. Also, with this device, you can connect and use other laptops and smartphones to
access the internet.
c. Ethernet cables
These are network cables that help connect two or more computer systems as a wired
medium. LAN cable or ethernet cables can connect the modem to your system directly
and provide an internet connection.
d. Switch
If you want to connect two or more network devices, a switch can help receive and
forward data packets to the destination devices.
e. High-speed fiber optics cable
The very first hardware you need to purchase is the fiber optics cable. You need to extend
your network to connect your data center to the ISP upstream from whom you avail the
internet connection. Using a wired medium might be expensive. Alternatively, you can use
a wireless link to do the same. As the leading broadband service provider operating across
19 cities in India, ACT Fibernet can help your business here.
f. CAT5e cables
Connect your router and switches through ethernet CAT5e cables. CAT5e type cables help
combat electromagnetic interference (EMI). Using CAT5e will also guarantee that your ISP
will stay up and running for a longer time.
g. Wireless backhauls for spreading your wireless signals
If you want to spread the internet service to multiple other nodes through a wireless
medium, you need to purchase wireless backhauls. They help you connect to the relay
points. If you plan a wireless internet-providing system, backhauls will help broadcast the
data signals from one premise of your network to the other. Installing wireless backhaul is
the same as installing switches and routers. You can fit these backhauls on towers, at the
top of buildings, and other areas at a higher altitude. Keeping these devices at a higher
elevation will improve the network's quality.
h. Mounting antennas at relay points
A relay point is a node in the network through which an ISP will send the information.
Often, the signal fades when it traverses a long distance. Mounting an antenna or
repeater to amplify the signal is a good solution to overcome this problem.
10. Write the types of software? Application, System.(9)
In a computer system, the software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tells a
computer what to do. Or in other words, the software is a computer program that provides a set
of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the computer what to do.

System Software
System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware and provides the basic
functionality to the users as well as to the other software to operate smoothly. Or in other words,
system software basically controls a computer’s internal functioning and also controls hardware
devices such as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc. It is like an interface between
hardware and user applications, it helps them to communicate with each other because hardware
understands machine language(i.e. 1 or 0) whereas user applications are work in human-readable
languages like English, Hindi, German, etc. so system software converts the human-readable
language into machine language and vice versa.
Features of system software:
Let us discuss some of the features of System Software:
System Software is closer to the computer system.
System Software is written in a low-level language in general.
System software is difficult to design and understand.
System software is fast in speed(working speed).

System software is less interactive for the users in comparison to application software.

Types of system software:

It has two subtypes which are:

Operating System: It is the main program of a computer system. When the computer system ON it is
the first software that loads into the computer’s memory. Basically, it manages all the resources such
as memory, CPU, printer, hard disk, etc., and provides an interface to the user, which helps the user to
interact with the computer system. It also provides various services to other computer software.
Examples of operating systems are Linux, Apple macOS, Microsoft Windows, etc.

Language Processor: As we know that system software converts the human-readable language into a
machine language and vice versa. So, the conversion is done by the language processor. It converts
programs written in high-level programming languages like Java, C, C++, Python, etc(known as source
code), into sets of instructions that are easily readable by machines(known as object code or machine
code).

Device Driver: A device driver is a program or software that controls a device and helps that device to
perform its functions. Every device like a printer, mouse, modem, etc. needs a driver to connect with
the computer system eternally. So, when you connect a new device with your computer system, first
you need to install the driver of that device so that your operating system knows how to control or
manage that device.

Application Software

Software that performs special functions or provides functions that are much more than the basic
operation of the computer is known as application software. Or in other words, application software is
designed to perform a specific task for end-users. It is a product or a program that is designed only to
fulfill end-users’ requirements. It includes word processors, spreadsheets, database management,
inventory, payroll programs, etc.

Features of application software:

Let us discuss some of the features of Application Software:

An important feature of application software is it performs more specialized tasks like word
processing, spreadsheets, email, etc.

Mostly, the size of the software is big, so it requires more storage space.

Application software is more interactive for the users, so it is easy to use and design.

The application software is easy to design and understand.

Application software is written in a high-level language in general.

Types of application software:

There are different types of application software and those are:

General Purpose Software: This type of application software is used for a variety of tasks and it is not
limited to performing a specific task only. For example, MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

Customized Software: This type of application software is used or designed to perform specific tasks
or functions or designed for specific organizations. For example, railway reservation system, airline
reservation system, invoice management system, etc.
Utility Software: This type of application software is used to support the computer infrastructure. It is
designed to analyze, configure, optimize and maintains the system, and take care of its requirements
as well. For example, antivirus, disk fragmenter, memory tester, disk repair, disk cleaners, registry
cleaners, disk space analyzer, etc.

Difference between system software and application software

 11. Explain the five tags of H.T.M.L.?(4)

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to develop
web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML
specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published
in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which
is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.

1. Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also
has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and
<h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that
heading.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>

2. Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of
text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
3. Line Break Tag
Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This
tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as
there is nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment on time.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>

4.HTML tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc. into rows
and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows
and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left aligned by
default
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
5. IMG
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way on
your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax to use
this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has no
closing tag.
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

6. HTML List
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or
more list elements. Lists may contain −
<ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
<dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is
created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
 12. Write down steps for creating Email on gmail.(5)

You can use your username and password to sign in to Gmail and other Google products like YouTube,
Google Play, and Google Drive. Follow the steps, create your Gmail account and start sending emails.

Step 1: Visit Google account creation page, accounts.google.com

Step 2: Click on Create account.

Step 3: The sign-up form will appear. Enter your first and last name.

Step 4: Choose a Username for your account. (Here you can also use an existing email address)

Step 5: After choosing a username, enter a password. Type the password again to confirm. (As per
Google's instruction always use 8 or more characters with a mix of letters, numbers & symbols)

Step 6: At last tap on Next. (Right corner of the screen)

Step 7: On the next page enter your phone number to verify your account. (It is a two-step verification
process for security)

Step 8: On the given mobile number you will receive a text message from Google with a verification code.
Enter the verification code and tap on Verify.

Step 9: On the next page enter your DOB in the specified fields.

Step 10: Choose a Gender.

Step 11: Tap on Next.

Step 12: Read, Google's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy will appear on the screen and click on I agree.

Account has been created. From now onwards every time you sign in you just have to enter your email id
and password. And every time you sign-in don't forget to sign-out because it prevents others from viewing
your emails.
 13. How to send and receive the e-mail write down the steps?(6)

You can use your username and password to sign in to Gmail and other Google products like YouTube,
Google Play, and Google Drive. Follow the steps, create your Gmail account and start sending emails.

Step 1: Visit Google account creation page, accounts.google.com

Step 2: Click on Create account.

Step 3: The sign-up form will appear. Enter your first and last name.

Step 4: Choose a Username for your account. (Here you can also use an existing email address)

Step 5: After choosing a username, enter a password. Type the password again to confirm. (As per
Google's instruction always use 8 or more characters with a mix of letters, numbers & symbols)

Step 6: At last tap on Next. (Right corner of the screen)

Step 7: On the next page enter your phone number to verify your account. (It is a two-step verification
process for security)

Step 8: On the given mobile number you will receive a text message from Google with a verification code.
Enter the verification code and tap on Verify.

Step 9: On the next page enter your DOB in the specified fields.

Step 10: Choose a Gender.

Step 11: Tap on Next.

Step 12: Read, Google's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy will appear on the screen and click on I agree.

Account has been created. From now onwards every time you sign in you just have to enter your email id
and password. And every time you sign-in don't forget to sign-out because it prevents others from viewing
your emails.
14. Explain the terms inbox, Sent item, draft, folder.(2)

Inbox

All incoming mail lands in the Inbox, even when you specified a rule to move specific e-mails, the e-
mail is first delivered to the Inbox and then moved to the destination folder.

Drafts

The Drafts folder contains items that have not yet been sent. An e-mail is saved to the Drafts folder
when a user composes the e-mail and then clicks the Save button in the Gmail Mail Inspector window.
Think of this folder as your in-progress tray.

Sent Items

The Sent Items folder contains all items that have been sent. When a user composes an e-mail and
clicks the Send button, the e-mail is first moved to the Outbox folder and after it has been successfully
sent it is moved to the Sent Items folder.

Outbox

As mentioned above, when a user sends an e-mail it is first moved to the Outbox folder. Depending on
the size of the e-mail it might remain in the Outbox folder for some time. As soon as the e-mail is
successfully sent it is moved to the Sent Items folder.

Deleted Items

Any items the user deletes in Gmail are moved to the Deleted Items folder. Items can be moved back
to other Gmail folders from the Deleted Items folder if needs be. It is also possible to recover deleted
items that are no longer in the Deleted Items folder, which will be discussed later on in this article.
15. Explain the website or What do you mean by WWW.(4)

A website is a collection of many web pages, and web pages are digital files that are written using
HTML(HyperText Markup Language). To make your website available to every person in the world, it
must be stored or hosted on a computer connected to the Internet round a clock. Such computers are
known as a Web Server.
The website’s web pages are linked with hyperlinks and hypertext and share a common interface and
design. The website might also contain some additional documents and files such as images, videos, or
other digital assets.
With the Internet invading every sphere, we see websites for all kinds of causes and purposes. So, we
can also say that a website can also be thought of as a digital environment capable of delivering
information and solutions and promoting interaction between people, places, and things to support
the goals of the organization it was created for.
Components of a Website: We know that a website is a collection of a webpages hosted on a web-
server. These are the components for making a website.
Webhost: Hosting is the location where the website is physically located. Group of webpages (linked
webpages) licensed to be called a website only when the webpage is hosted on the webserver. The
webserver is a set of files transmitted to user computers when they specify the website’s address..
Address: Address of a website also known as the URL of a website. When a user wants to open a
website then they need to put the address or URL of the website into the web browser, and the asked
website is delivered by the webserver.
Homepage : Home page is a very common and important part of a webpage. It is the first webpage
that appears when a visitor visits the website. The home page of a website is very important as it sets
the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of the pages on the website.
Design : It is the final and overall look and feel of the website that has a result of proper use and
integration elements like navigation menus, graphics, layout, navigation menus etc.
Content : Every web pages contained on the website together make up the content of the website.
Good content on the webpages makes the website more effective and attractive.
The Navigation Structure: The navigation structure of a website is the order of the pages, the
collection of what links to what. Usually, it is held together by at least one navigation menu.
How to access Websites?
When we type a certain URL in a browser search bar, the browser requests the page from the Web
server and the Web server returns the required web page and its content to the browser. Now, it
differs from how the server returns the information required in the case of static and dynamic
websites.
Types of Website:
Static Website
Dynamic Website

Static Website: In Static Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which are prebuilt source
code files built using simple languages such as HTML, CSS, or JavaScript. There is no processing of
content on the server (according to the user) in Static Websites. Web pages are returned by the server
with no change therefore, static Websites are fast. There is no interaction with databases. Also, they
are less costly as the host does not need to support server-side processing with different languages.

Dynamic Website: In Dynamic Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which is processed
during runtime means they are not prebuilt web pages, but they are built during runtime according to
the user’s demand with the help of server-side scripting languages such as PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET and
many more supported by the server. So, they are slower than static websites but updates and
interaction with databases are possible. Dynamic Websites are used over Static Websites as updates
can be done very easily as compared to static websites (Where altering in every page is required) but
in Dynamic Websites, it is possible to do a common change once, and it will reflect in all the web
pages.
16. Write note on CPU.(3)

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
Memory or Storage Unit
Control Unit
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Computer Architectures

Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other
units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or
the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of
memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely,
Arithmetic Section
Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above
operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and
merging of data.
17. Write a note on R.D.M.S.?(3)

A relational database is a collection of information that organizes data in predefined relationships

where data is stored in one or more tables (or "relations") of columns and rows, making it easy to see
and understand how different data structures relate to each other. Relationships are a logical
connection between different tables, established on the basis of interaction among these tables.
the relational database model allows any table to be related to another table using a common
attribute. Instead of using hierarchical structures to organize data, Codd proposed a shift to using a
data model where data is stored, accessed, and related in tables without reorganizing the tables that
contain them.
Think of the relational database as a collection of spreadsheet files that help businesses organize,
manage, and relate data. In the relational database model, each “spreadsheet” is a table that stores
information, represented as columns (attributes) and rows (records or tuples).

Attributes (columns) specify a data type, and each record (or row) contains the value of that specific
data type. All tables in a relational database have an attribute known as the primary key, which is a
unique identifier of a row, and each row can be used to create a relationship between different tables
using a foreign key—a reference to a primary key of another existing table.
The main benefit of the relational database model is that it provides an intuitive way to represent data
and allows easy access to related data points. As a result, relational databases are most commonly
used by organizations that need to manage large amounts of structured data, from tracking inventory
to processing transactional data to application logging.
There are many other advantages to using relational databases to manage and store your data,
including:
Flexibility
It’s easy to add, update, or delete tables, relationships, and make other changes to data whenever you
need without changing the overall database structure or impacting existing applications.
ACID compliance
Relational databases support ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) performance to
ensure data validity regardless of errors, failures, or other potential mishaps.
Ease of use
It’s easy to run complex queries using SQL, which enables even non-technical users to learn how to
interact with the database.
Collaboration
Multiple people can operate and access data simultaneously. Built-in locking prevents simultaneous
access to data when it’s being updated.
Built-in security
Role-based security ensures data access is limited to specific users.
Database normalization
Relational databases employ a design technique known as normalization that reduces data
redundancy and improves data integrity.
18. Explain any two Network topologies.(5)

A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. Both
logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.

Bus Topology

In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable.Bus topology may have
problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, Bus topology either uses
CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple
forms of networking where a failure of a device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the
shared communication line can make all other devices stop functioning.

Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one direction and as
soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.

Star Topology

All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub device, using a point-to-
point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and hub
As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all other
hosts fails. Every communication between hosts, takes place through only the hub.Star topology is not
expensive as to connect one more host, only one cable is required and configuration is simple.

Ring Topology

In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a circular
network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the
existing structure, the administrator may need only one more extra cable.

Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring. Thus, every connection in the ring is a point of
failure. There are methods which employ one more backup ring.

Mesh Topology

In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-
to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to-point
connection to few hosts only.

Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have direct point-to-point
links. Mesh technology comes into two types:
Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the network. Thus for
every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the most reliable network structure
among all network topologies.

Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts connect to
each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need to provide reliability to
some hosts out of all.

Tree Topology

Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use
presently. This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus topology.

This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in LANs, a network is
bifurcated into three types of network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where computers are
attached. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as mediator between upper
layer and lower layer. The highest layer is known as core layer, and is central point of the network, i.e.
root of the tree from which all nodes fork.

All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection between them.Similar to the Bus topology, if the
root goes down, then the entire network suffers even.though it is not the single point of failure. Every
connection serves as point of failure, failing of which divides the network into unreachable segment.

Hybrid Topology

A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be hybrid topology.
Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating topologies.

The above picture represents an arbitrarily hybrid topology. The combining topologies may contain
attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies. Most WANs are connected by means of Dual-
Ring topology and networks connected to them are mostly Star topology networks. Internet is the
best example of largest Hybrid topology
19. Give any 5 application of internet.(7)

1) On-line communication:

Computer users around the world use the E-mail services to communicate with each other
extensively.

2) Feedback about products:

Commercial organizations are also using the internet to gather information about the satisfaction
of existing products and market opportunities of new products.

This is usually accomplished by putting up an interactive survey application by the organization on

a WWW site on the Internet.

3) Product promotion:

Several commercial organizations are effectively using the internet services for promoting their
products by the use of different social networks.

4) Customer Support Service:

Many organizations are also using the internet to provide timely customer support.

5) On-line shopping:

The Internet has also facilitated the introduction of a new market concept, which consists of
virtual shops. These shops remain open 24 hrs all the year round and are accessible to make
purchase all around the world.

6) On-line journals and magazines:

There are many WWW sites on the internet, which consists of an electronic version of many
journals and magazines.

7) Real-time updates:

It helps to provide news and other happenings that may be on-going in different parts of the word
but with the use of the internet, we come to know about the real-time updates in every field be it
in business, sports, finance, politics, entertainment and others very easily.

Many time the decisions are taken on the real-time updates that are happening in the various
parts of the world and for this, the internet is very essential and helpful.

8) Research:

In order to do research, we need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and
that was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier.
Since, the internet came into life, everything is available in just a click. The user just has to search
for the concerned topic and will get hundreds of references that may be beneficial for the
research and since, the internet is here to make research activity easy and hence, public user can
take a large amount benefit from the research work that have been done.

9) Education:

Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide. There are a number of books,
reference books, online help centers, expert`s views and other study oriented material on the
internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun to learn.

10) Financial Transaction:

It is a term which is used when there is an exchange of money. With the use of internet in the
financial transaction, the work has become a lot easier. Payments, Funds transfer, banking
transactions can be done through on-line banking service.

11) Entertainment:

The Internet is also used for entertainment. Such as chatting with friends, sharing videos, watching
movies, listening music, live telecast of sports and other events, playing games, etc.

12) Job Search:

Using internet, searching job has become an easier task. There are an endless amount of websites
on the internet that provided news about a vacancy in various post as required.

13) Blogging:

There are many people who are very much interested in writing blogs and for them the internet is
the best place. They can not only write blogs as per their wish but can also publicize their work so
that their work reaches to most of the people and they get appreciated.
20. What is operating system? Explain the types of operating system. Functions of Operating
System.(4)

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An
operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
The primary purposes of an Operating System are to enable applications (softwares) to
interact with a computer's hardware and to manage a system's hardware and software resources.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System,
VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc. Operating systems is found almost in every device like mobile
phones, personal computers, mainframe computers, automobiles, TV, Toys etc.
Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
Memory Management
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory
is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address. Main memory
provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it
must in the main memory. An Operating System does the following activities for memory
management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are
not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how
much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.
Processor Management
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when and for
how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating System does the
following activities for processor management −
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
 Device Management
An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does the
following activities for device management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
An Operating System does the following activities for file management −
Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often known as
file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
Other Important Activities
 Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents unauthorized
access to programs and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays between request for a service and
response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging
and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and users − Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
Types of Operating System
Batch operating system
The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user
prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To
speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The
programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs
with similar requirements into batches.
Time-sharing operating systems
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a
particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is
termed as time-sharing.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so
frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction
processing, the processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of
computation. That is, if n users are present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the
user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.
Distributed operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and
multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.
he processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are
referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
Network operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose
of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple
computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other
networks.
Real Time operating System
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the
system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the
response time. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the
operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device
in a dedicated application.
 21. Differentiate between LAN , WAN & MAN.(3)

Parameter LAN MAN WAN

Full Form LAN is an acronym for MAN is an acronym for WAN is an acronym for
Local Area Network. Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network.
Network.

Definition and LAN is a network that MAN is a The WAN network spans
Meaning usually connects a small comparatively wider to an even larger locality. It
group of computers in a network that covers has the capacity to
given geographical area. large regions- like connect various countries
towns, cities, etc. together. For example, the
Internet is a WAN.

Network The LAN is private. The MAN can be both The WAN can also be both
Ownership Hospitals, homes, private or public. Many private or public.
schools, offices, etc., may organizations and
own it. telecom operators may
own them.

Maintenance Very easy to design and Comparatively difficult Very difficult to design and
and Designing maintain. to design and maintain. maintain.

Speed LAN offers a very high MAN offers a moderate WAN offers a low Internet
Internet speed. Internet speed. speed.

Delay in It faces a very short It faces a moderate It faces a high propagation

Propagation propagation delay. propagation delay. delay.

Fault Tolerance The LAN exhibits a better The MAN exhibits a The WAN also exhibits a
fault tolerance than the lesser fault tolerance. lesser fault tolerance.
rest of the networks.

Congestion The congestion in the It exhibits a higher It exhibits a higher

network is very low. network congestion. congestion in the network.

Communication LAN typically allows a MAN allows multiple A huge group of

Allotment single pair of devices to computers to interact computers can easily
establish a simultaneously with interact with each other
communication. But it each other. using the WAN.
may also support more
computers.

Uses Schools, homes, It basically covers a It covers an entire country,

colleges, hospitals, city, a small town, or a subcontinent, or an
offices, etc., can privately any given area with a equivalent area.
use it. bigger radius than the
LAN.
22. Write short note on multimedia.(3)

Multimedia is an interactive media and provides multiple ways to represent information to the user in
a powerful manner. It provides an interaction between users and digital information. It is a medium of
communication. Some of the sectors where multimedia is used extensively are education, training,
reference material, business presentations, advertising and documentaries.

Definition of Multimedia

By definition Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive manner

with the use of a combination of text, audio, video, graphics and animation. In other words we can say
that Multimedia is a computerized method of presenting information combining textual data, audio,
visuals (video), graphics and animations. For examples: E-Mail, Yahoo Messenger, Video Conferencing,
and Multimedia Message Service (MMS).

Multimedia as name suggests is the combination of Multi and Media that is many types of media
(hardware/software) used for communication of information.

Following are the common components of multimedia:

Text- All multimedia productions contain some amount of text. The text can have various types of
fonts and sizes to suit the profession presentation of the multimedia software.

Graphics- Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. In many cases people do not like
reading large amount of textual matter on the screen. Therefore, graphics are used more often than
text to explain a concept, present background information etc. There are two types of Graphics:

Bitmap images- Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from devices such as digital
cameras or scanners. Generally bitmap images are not editable. Bitmap images require a large amount
of memory.

Vector Graphics- Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a small amount of
memory. These graphics are editable.

Audio- A multimedia application may require the use of speech, music and sound effects. These are
called audio or sound element of multimedia.Speech is also a perfect way for teaching. Audio are of
analog and digital types. Analog audio or sound refers to the original sound signal. Computer stores
the sound in digital form. Therefore, the sound used in multimedia application is digital audio.

Video- The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as a picture in
television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of information in small duration of
time. Digital video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life objects. Video have highest
performance demand on the computer memory and on the bandwidth if placed on the internet.
Digital video files can be stored like any other files in the computer and the quality of the video can
still be maintained. The digital video files can be transferred within a computer network. The digital
video clips can be edited easily.
Animation- Animation is a process of making a static image look like it is moving. An animation is just a
continuous series of still images that are displayed in a sequence. The animation can be used
effectively for attracting attention. Animation also makes a presentation light and attractive.
Animation is very popular in multimedia application

Applications of Multimedia

Following are the common areas of applications of multimedia.

Multimedia in Business- Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia
technology along with communication technology has opened the door for information of global wok
groups. Today the team members may be working anywhere and can work for various companies.
Thus the work place will become global.

Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising- By using multimedia marketing of new products can be
greatly enhanced. Multimedia boost communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the
marketing and advertising personnel.

Multimedia in Education- Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider
an example of an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the
pictures, increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just playing the rhymes.Several other
multimedia packages are available in the market which provide a lot of detailed information and
playing capabilities to kids.

Multimedia in Bank- Bank is another public place where multimedia is finding more and more
application in recent times. Bank displays information about its various schemes on a PC monitor
placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and internet banking have become very popular.
These use multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks give service to their customers
and also in educating them about banks attractive finance schemes.

Multimedia in Hospital- Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of
patients in critical illness or accident. The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer screen
and can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the screen.

Multimedia Pedagogues- Pedagogues are useful teaching aids only if they stimulate and motivate the
students. The audio-visual support to a pedagogue can actually help in doing so. A multimedia tutor
can provide multiple numbers of challenges to the student to stimulate his interest in a topic.

Communication Technology and Multimedia Services- The advancement of high computing abilities,
communication ways and relevant standards has started the beginning of an era where you will be
provided with multimedia facilities at home
23. Explain working with table in Excel.(3)

Excel tables provide an array of features to effectively analyze and manage data such as calculated
columns, total row, auto-filter and sort options, automatic expansion of a table, and more.
Typically, a table contains related data that are entered in a series of rows and columns, though it
can consist of a single row and/or column. The screenshot below shows a difference between a
usual range and a table:
3 ways to create a table in Excel
1. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table. This will insert a table with the default
style.Insert an Excel table with the default style.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Format as Table, and select one of the predefined table
styles.Insert an Excel table with the selected style.
3. If you prefer working from the keyboard rather than using a mouse, the fastest way to create a
table is pressing the Excel Table shortcut: Ctrl+T
Advantages Table in Excel
1. Integrated sorting and filtering options
Sort in ascending or descending order, by color, or create a custom sort order. Sorting and filtering
options in an Excel table
2. Column headings are visible while scrolling
When you are working with a large table that does not fit on a screen, the header row always
remains visible when you scroll down. If this doesn't work for you, just be sure to select any cell
inside the table before scrolling.
3. Easy formatting (Excel table styles)
A newly created table is already formatted with banded rows, borders, shading, and so on. If you
don't like the default table format, you can easily change it by selecting from 50+ predefined styles
available in the Table Styles gallery on the Design tab.
4. Automatic table expansion to include new data
Usually, adding more rows or columns to a worksheet means more formatting and reformatting.
Not if you've organized your data in a table! When you type anything next to a table, Excel
assumes you want to add a new entry to it and expands the table to include that entry.A table
expands automatically to include new data.
5. Quick totals (total row)
To quickly total the data in your table, display the totals row at the end of the table, and then
select the required function from the drop-down list. To add a total row to your table, right click
any cell within the table, point to Table, and click Totals Row.
6. Calculating table data with ease (calculated columns)
Another great benefit of an Excel table is that it lets you calculate the entire column by entering a
formula in a single cell.
7. Easy-to-understand table formulas (structured references)
An indisputable advantage of tables is the ability to create dynamic and easy-to-read formulas
with structured references, which use table and column names instead of regular cell addresses.
8. One-click data selection
You can select cells and ranges in a table with the mouse like you normally do. You can also select
table rows and columns in a click.
9. Dynamic charts
When you create a chart based on a table, the chart updates automatically as you edit the table
data. Once a new row or column is added to the table, the graph dynamically expands to take the
new data in. When you delete some data in the table, Excel removes it from the chart straight
away. Automatic adjustment of a chart source range is an extremely useful feature when working
with data sets that frequently expand or contract.
10. Printing only the table
If you want to print just the table and leave out other stuff on the worksheet, select any sell within
your table and press Ctrl+P or click File > Print. The Print Selected Table option will get selected
automatically without you having to adjust any print settings: Printing only the table
To insert a new row or column inside a table, use the Insert options on the Home tab > Cells
group. Or, right-click a cell above which you want to insert a row, and then click Insert > Table
Rows Above; to insert a new column, click Table Columns to the Left.Inserting a new row inside
the table
To delete rows or columns, right-click any cell in the row or column you want to remove, select
Delete, and then choose either Table Rows or Table Columns. Or, click the arrow next to Delete on
the Home tab, in the Cells group, and select the required option:Deleting table rows or columns
To resize a table, i.e. include new rows or columns to the table or exclude some of the existing
rows or columns, drag the triangular resize handle at the bottom-right corner of the table
upwards, downwards, to the right or to the left:Resizing an Excel table

How to select rows and columns in a table

Generally, you can select data in your Excel table in the usual way using the mouse. In addition,
you can use the following one-click selection tips.
Selecting a table column or row
Move the mouse point to the top edge of the column header or the left border of the table row
until the pointer changes to a black pointing arrow. Clicking that arrow once selects only the data
area in the column; clicking it twice includes the column header and total row in the selection like
shown in the following screenshot:Selecting a table column or row
24. Explain any two charts in Ms-Excel. (2)
A chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts (also known as graphs) have been an
integral part of spreadsheets. Charts generated by early spreadsheet products were quite crude,
but they have improved significantly over the years. Excel provides you with the tools to create a
wide variety of highly customizable charts. Displaying data in a well-conceived chart can make
your numbers more understandable. Because a chart presents a picture, charts are particularly
useful for summarizing a series of numbers and their interrelationships.
Types of Charts
There are various chart types available in MS Excel as shown in the below screen-shot.
Charts
 Column − Column chart shows data changes over a period of time or illustrates
comparisons among items.
 Bar − A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items.
 Pie − A pie chart shows the size of items that make up a data series, proportional to the
sum of the items. It always shows only one data series and is useful when you want to
emphasize a significant element in the data.
 Line − A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals.
 Area − An area chart emphasizes the magnitude of change over time.

Column Chart
A Column Chart typically displays the categories along the horizontal (category) axis and
values along the vertical (value) axis. To create a column chart, arrange the data in
columns or rows on the worksheet.
A column chart has the following sub-types −
Clustered Column.
Stacked Column.
100% Stacked Column.
3-D Clustered Column.
3-D Stacked Column.
3-D 100% Stacked Column.
3-D Column.

Bar Chart
Bar Charts illustrate comparisons among individual items. In a Bar Chart, the categories
are organized along the vertical axis and the values are organized along the horizontal
axis. To create a Bar Chart, arrange the data in columns or rows on the Worksheet.
A Bar Chart has the following sub-types −
Clustered Bar
Stacked Bar
100% Stacked Bar
3-D Clustered Bar
3-D Stacked Bar
3-D 100% Stacked Bar
Pie Chart
Pie charts show the size of items in one data series, proportional to the sum of the items.
The data points in a pie chart are shown as a percentage of the whole pie. To create a Pie
Chart, arrange the data in one column or row on the worksheet.
A Pie Chart has the following sub-types −
Pie
3-D Pie
Pie of Pie
Bar of Pie

Line Chart
Line charts can show continuous data over time on an evenly scaled Axis. Therefore, they
are ideal for showing trends in data at equal intervals, such as months, quarters or years.

Line chart −
Category data is distributed evenly along the horizontal axis.
Value data is distributed evenly along the vertical axis.
To create a Line chart, arrange the data in columns or rows on the worksheet.
A Line chart has the following sub-types −
Line
Stacked Line
100% Stacked Line
Line with Markers
Stacked Line with Markers
100% Stacked Line with Markers
3-D Line

Area Chart
Area Charts can be used to plot the change over time and draw attention to the total
value across a trend. By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area chart also shows
the relationship of parts to a whole. To create an Area Chart, arrange the data in columns
or rows on the worksheet.
An Area Chart has the following sub-types −
Area
Stacked Area
100% Stacked Area
3-D Area
3-D Stacked Area
3-D 100% Stacked Area
25. Write the procedure for making mark sheet in MS excel.(2)

PROCEDURE:
STEP: 1. First go to file menu and choose new sub menu and select worksheet option and click ok.
STEP : 2. Enter the fields RegNo, studentsname, subject- English, Maths, Science, Social, Total,
Average, Result and grade.
STEP :3. Enter the RegNo, names, and marks and grade.
STEP: 4. To find the total, Enter the Formula=sum(ex:C3:H3) this will give the total at the marks.
STEP: 5. Enter the formula in the formula bar finding average.=average(total/noofsubjects)
STEP: 6. In the result column type the formula in the formula menu as
=IF(AND(English>=40,Maths>=40,Science>=40,Social>=40),”pass”,”fail”) the result of the student
will be displayed.
STEP : 7. In the grade column the formula in the formula bar
=IF(cellNo>=100,”Distinction”,IF(cellNo>=60,”First”,IF(cellNo>=50,”SE(NO)”,IF(cell
No>=40,”NIL”).This will give the grade of the student.
STEP : 8. Save the file.
26. Explain the page setup option in Ms-word.(2)
Page Setup in Word lets you change the structure and layout of pages in a Microsoft Word
document. The “Page Setup” group on the “Page Layout” tab of the Ribbon contains buttons that
let you make changes to the page setup of the document. In addition to these buttons, you can
also click the “Page Setup” dialog box button in the lower right corner of the “Page Setup” group
to open the “Page Setup” dialog box. Here you can change any aspect of the document setup you
choose. This dialog box consists of three tabs: “Margins,” “Paper,” and “Layout.” Let’s examine the
page setup options you can set in this dialog box.

On the “Margins” tab, you can set the margins for the document. Set the top, bottom, left,
and right margins to the length or width you desire by either typing the measurement units into
the boxes provided or by using the spinner arrows at the right end of each spinner box. You can
also set the “Gutter” margin, which is the amount of wasted space allotted for binding, if you are
printing a document that you wish to bind. You can also use the “Gutter position:” drop-down to
select the side of the document where you want the gutter margin to appear.

In the “Orientation” section, select either a portrait or landscape page orientation for your
document or document section. In the “Pages” section, select the method for printing multiple
pages from the “Multiple pages:” drop-down.
On the “Paper” tab in the “Page Setup” dialog box, select the size of the paper onto which you
will be printing this document. In the “Paper Source” section, set to which tray of your printer you
will print the first page of your document if you have a multi-tray printer, and then make a tray
choice for the subsequent pages.

On the “Layout” tab, set section break behavior in the “Section” area, if desired. You can
also set some of the options for headers and footers in the “Headers and footers” section. This
replicates the functionality shown in the “Headers & Footers” context tab. However, you can set
your options here, if you prefer.

In the “Page” section, set the vertical alignment of the page using the drop-down available.
This lets you change the vertical alignment of the text on the page to the center, top, or bottom of
the page. You can also set line numbers and page borders here, if desired, by clicking either of the
two buttons for those options at the bottom of the page and then making the settings you desire.

At the bottom of this dialog box, on all of the tabs, is the “Apply to” drop-down where you
can choose which part of the document you want the page properties you just set to affect. You
can apply your changes to the entire document, just the section that you are working on (if you
used a section break), or everything in the document from this section forward. After you set your
options for Page Setup in Word for your document, click “OK.”
27. Explain the edit menu in MS Words.(2)
The edit menu contains some important features that you need to know. As its name suggests, the
edit menu is used to edit your document. These are the features you are going to find when using
the edit menu.
Undo – This tool is useful especially when you mess with your document and you want to go back
to its previous state. For instance, if you accidentally delete text and you want it back, just click on
edit and then select undo. You can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Z or use the short cut icon
located on the standard toolbar.

Redo – This command is used to reverse changes made by the undo command. For example, if
you've deleted some information and you want it back, you can use the redo command.

Cut – This is used to remove contents (an object or text) from your document and copy it on the
clipboard. These contents can then be pasted somewhere else or discarded.

Copy – This command can be used for duplicating your contents. Unlike the cut command, once
you copy, the original text is left in its place. After copying, the contents are placed on the
clipboard. The copied contents can then be pasted in the desired place.
The office clipboard

Paste – This command is used to place the contents you cut or copied to where you want. For
example, I can cut my second paragraph and paste it at the end of my text so that it is last. I can
simply highlight the text, go to the edit menu and click copy. Then I will click where I want to have
the contents and then go to edit once more and click on paste. The shortcut for paste is Ctrl + V, or
you can right click on where you want the text and select paste.

Paste special – This command is used for special or advanced pasting, where the inserted contents
will have special formatting that you can select.
The Clear, Select All, and the Find Commands

Clear – There are two types of clear commands: one for erasing (removing) selected formatting
and the other for erasing selected contents.

Select all – This is a very important command for selecting all contents. Its keyboard shortcut is
Ctrl + A.

Find – This is like the Google of Microsoft word. This command is used for searching for words and
text phrases within your document. Simply type the word or phrase you want to find and hit the
find next button. If the item you are looking for is found, it will be highlighted. If not found, you
will be alerted.
Replace – The replace tool is used for replacing words or phrases. You input the text you are
searching for in 'find what', and then type on where it is written 'replace with', the word, phrase
or special marks you want to use for replacement.

With the more button, you can specify more search parameters. For instance, you can format the
word you are going to replace with and change the font, paragraph formatting, and tabs.

Go to – The 'go to' command can be used to take you to any of the following; Page, Section, Line,
Bookmark, Comment, Footnote, Endnote, Field, Table, Graphic, Equation, Object, and Heading.
28. Write note on Power Point(2)
MS PowerPoint is a program that is included in the Microsoft Office suite. It is used to make
presentations for personal and professional purposes.
It is a presentation-based program that uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a presentation more
interactive and interesting.
The file extension of a saved Powerpoint presentation is “.ppt”.
A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other features is also known as PPT.
The following elements can be added to a Powerpoint slide :
Clip Art, Graphs, Tables, Photographs, Charts, Media Clips, Videos
PowerPoint presentations are useful for both personal and professional usage. Given below are a
few of the major fields where PPT is extremely useful:
Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common mode of education
today, PowerPoint presentations can help in making education more interactive and attract
students towards the modified version of studying
Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be extremely important.
Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more evidently and clearly which may be ignored
by the viewer if being read
Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits, MS PowerPoint can
be used
Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint. Different patterns,
photograph, etc. can be added to the resume
Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a presentation, depicting the
growth of a company, business, student’s marks, etc. is easier using PPT
29. What is algorithm? (2)
An algorithm is a procedure used for solving a problem or performing a computation. Algorithms
act as an exact list of instructions that conduct specified actions step by step in either hardware-
or software-based routines.
Algorithms are widely used throughout all areas of IT. In mathematics and computer
science, an algorithm usually refers to a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem.
Algorithms are also used as specifications for performing data processing and play a major role in
automated systems.
Algorithms can be expressed as natural languages, programming languages, pseudocode,
flowcharts and control tables. Natural language expressions are rare, as they are more ambiguous.
Programming languages are normally used for expressing algorithms executed by a computer.
Algorithms use an initial input along with a set of instructions. The input is the initial data
needed to make decisions and can be represented in the form of numbers or words. The input
data gets put through a set of instructions, or computations, which can include arithmetic and
decision-making processes. The output is the last step in an algorithm and is normally expressed
as more data.

a. Write an algorithm for sum of 5 numbers.

Step 1: Declare six variables. Five to store the five numbers and one for storing their sum.
Step 2: Take the numbers as input from the user and store them.
Step 3: Add the numbers to calculate their sum and store the result.
Step 4: Print the sum as the result.
Step 5: End the program.

b. Write an algorithm for average of 5 numbers.

Step 1: Declare six variables. Five to store the five numbers and one for storing their sum.

Step 2: Take the numbers as input from the user and store them.

Step 3: Add the numbers to calculate their sum.

Step 4: Divide sum by 5 and store the result.

Step 5: Print the average as the result.

Step 6: End the program.

c. Write an algorithm for calculating area of circle.

STEP 1: Take radius as input from the user using std input.
STEP 2: Calculate the area of circle using, area = (3.14)*r*r
STEP 3: Print the area to the screen using the std output.
30. Explain Structure of HTML.(2)
HTML is a web language. It is used to design web pages or to arrange a website's page
layouts. HTML stands for HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE, and as the name implies, it is a markup
language rather than a programming language. So, no such error can occur during the execution
of HTML code. HTML code was rendered by the browser. It was not compiled or interpreted.
HTML uses specified tags and attributes to instruct browsers on how to display text, which
includes what format, style, font size, and pictures to display. HTML is a case-insensitive language.
Case insensitive means that there is no distinction between upper and lower case (capital and
small letters), which are both viewed as the same; for example, 'P' and 'p' are both the same here.

An HTML document is divided into two parts:

1. Head part- The title and metadata of a web document are contained in the head element.
2. Body part- The body element includes the information that you wish to display on a web page.
To make your web pages HTML 4 compatible, include a document type declaration (DTD)
before the HTML element. When you create a new web page, many web publishing software
will automatically add DTD and basic tags. The first tag on a web page shows the markup
language used for the document. The tag offers information about the web page. Finally, the
content appears in the tag.

31.
 31. What is Report, Labels in Access.
32. Write the procedure for create a table in MS-Word.
33. What do you mean by search engine? Enlist the names of popular search engine.
34. Explain History of Internet.
35. What is Browser ?
36. Write note on Cyber Café
37. Explain Recycle bin.
38. Write short note on data processing.
39. How to change column width and row height in Ms. excel write down the steps.
40. How the create new slide in power points explain it.
41. Explain the secondary storage devices