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Lecture 6 - Creep Test

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Lecture 6 - Creep Test

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Creep test

Prof. Abdalla M Abdalla


Creep Test

A typical creep test consists of subjecting a specimen to a constant load or stress while maintaining the temperature constant ( >
o.4 Tm) ; deformation or strain is measured and plotted as a function of elapsed time as illustrated in figure 2.

Figure 1 creep test set-up

For metallic materials most creep tests are conducted in uniaxial tension using a specimen having the same
geometry as for tensile tests.
Fig (2) Typical creep curve of strain versus time at constant stress and constant elevated temperature
Creep Stages:
Following the instantaneous deformation (elastic region), there are three stages:

1-Primary Creep: starts at a rapid rate as a result of dislocations movements and slows
with time due to the work hardening (low temperature) which ties-up the dislocations
at grain boundaries.

2- Secondary Creep: has a relatively uniform strain rate due to the balance between
work hardening and annealing (thermal softening). This is often the stage of creep that
is of the longest duration

3- Tertiary Creep: has an accelerated creep rate and terminates when the material breaks
or ruptures. This acceleration due to with the formation of voids and micro-cracks at
grain boundaries.
Cavitation Phenomenon:
- In tertiary region, rupture occurs due to the pore formation (cavitation) at grain boundaries.
- Cavities form on grain boundaries that are perpendicular to the applied force
- Eliminating the grain boundaries altogether should enhance the creep-rupture life
- This was the motivation for developing single crystal alloys.

Figure -3- Cavity coalescence at grain boundaries


Design Parameters
Most important design parameters in creep are:
•Measure Steady state creep rate
•Measure Rupture life time tr (stress rupture test). Similar to creep test except
the stress is higher

Note: both of designs strongly depend on temperature and stress applied

Creep Test. Stress Rupture Test


Measures strain versus time at constant Measures stress versus time to rupture at
temperature and load or stress constant temperature

Relatively low loads and creep rates. Higher loads and creep rates
Long duration, 2,000 to 10,000 hours. Not .... Shorter duration, less than 1,000 hours
always to fracture typically. Always to fracture

Strain measured accurately using Simpler less sensitive strain measuring


sensitive equipment (inductance gauges) equipment (dial gauges). Time and strain to
to determine creep rate. Strains typically fracture measured. Strains typically up to
less than 0.5%. 50%.
Fig (3): Effect of temperature and stress on creep behavior
Data extrapolation method

One of the most popularly used techniques in representing creep-rupture data is Larson-Miller Time –temperature
parameters. This parameter can be derived from the stress and temperature dependence of the creep rate or time to rupture.
The rate equation generally can be written in the form of the Arrhenius equation and expressed as

PLM= T [C + log (tr)]


where C is a constant (usually on the order of 20), for T in Kelvin and the rupture lifetime in hours, P LM is Larson-Miller
parameter.

Example: Using the Larson–Miller data for S-590 iron shown in Figure 4, predict the time to rupture for a component
that is subjected to a stress of 140 MPa at 800 C
Solution
From Figure 4 , at 140 MPa the value of the Larson–Miller
parameter is 24x103 , for T in K and in h; therefore,

24x103 = T [C + log (tr)]


24x103 = ( 800+273) [ 20+ log (tr)]
20+ log (tr) = 22.37
tr= 233 hour (9.7 days).
Figure -4- Logarithm stress versus the Larson–Miller parameter
for an S-590 iron.
Design Considerations to avoid Creep
•Reduce the effect of grain boundaries:
•Use single crystal material with large grains.
•Addition of solid solutions to eliminate vacancies.
•Employ materials of high melting temperatures.
.

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