CHAPTER 26

The direction of the current density vector is the same as the direction of the flow of positive charge.
We see that the resistances of conductors (a) and (c) are the
same, and the current through them is the same. Conductor (b)
has a greater resistance, resulting in a smaller current.
Drift Velocity
Chapter 27: Circuit
Definition: EMF is the work done per unit charge to
move a charge from the negative terminal to the
positive terminal of a device. Mathematically, it's
expressed as:
Loop rule and Junction rule:
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Junction Rule
Double loop circuit:
x
Solution:
 Chapter 28

Magnetic Fields
 The right-hand rule is used to determine the
direction of the magnetic force on a moving
charged particle in a magnetic field.
• Index Finger (v): Points in the direction of the
velocity of the charged particle.
• Middle Finger (B): Points in the direction of the
magnetic field .
• Thumb (F): Points in the direction of the
The right-hand rule
magnetic force experienced by a positively
The left-hand rule
charged particle.
If the particle is negatively charged, the force
direction will be opposite to the direction indicated
by the thumb.
Magnitude and direction of electric field?
(a)
(a)
 Contd.
The right-hand rule is used to
determine the direction of the magnetic
force on a current carrying wire in a
magnetic field.
• Index Finger (L): Points in the direction

Right hand rule of the flow of current.

• Middle Finger (B): Points in the
direction of the magnetic field .
• Thumb (F): Points in the direction of
the magnetic force experienced by the
wire.

Left hand rule

This problem involves a wire
suspended in a magnetic field and
requires finding the current needed
to counteract the gravitational force
on the wire, effectively removing the
tension in the supporting leads.

Left hand rule

Magnetic moment
(orientation energy)
 Torque on Current Loop a

Consider rectangular current loop b

• 
 Forces in left, right branches = 0
b B
 Forces in top/bottom branches cancel
 No net force! (true for any shape)
a
Plane normal is  B here
•  But there is a net torque!
 Bottom side up, top side down (RHR)
 Rotates around horizontal axis

• τ  Fd  iBab  iBab  iBA

•   = NiA  “magnetic moment” (N turns)
 True for any shape!!
 Direction of  given by RHR PHY2054: Chapter 19 21
General Treatment of Magnetic Moment, Torque
 = NiA is magnetic moment (with N turns)
 Direction of  given by RHR

Torque depends on angle  between  and B

τ  μ B sinθ
PHY2054: Chapter 19 22
 Torque Example
A 3-turn circular loop of radius 3 cm carries 5A current in a B field of
2.5 T. Loop is tilted 30 to B field.

30

μ  3iπ r 2  3 5 3.14 0.032  0.0339 A  m2

τ  μ B sin 30  0.0339  2.5 0.5  0.042 N  m
Rotation always in direction to align  with B field
PHY2054: Chapter 19 23
Circular Motion of Positive Particle
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F q
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
mv2 mv
 qvB R
R qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 25
 Helical Motion in B Field
Velocity of particle has 2 components
→ → → (parallel to B and perp. to B)
v  v  v v||
 Only v = v sin contributes to circular motion
 v|| = v cos is unchanged
v v
So the particle moves in a helical path B
 v || is the constant velocity along the B field ϕ
 v is the velocity around the circle

mv
R
qB

PHY20 54: Chapter 19 27

Helical Motion in Earth’s B Field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 28
 Magnetic Force
Two particles of the same charge enter a magnetic field with the
same speed. Which one has the bigger mass?
A
x x x x x x x x x x x xx x
B x x x x x x x x x xx x x x
 Bothmasses are equal x x x x x x x xx x x x x x
 Cannot tell without more info
x x x x x xx x x x x x x x
mv
R x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
qB
A B
Bigger mass means
bigger radius

PHY2054: Chapter 19 30
Mass Spectrometer

PHY2054: Chapter 19 31
 Mass Spectrometer Operation
Positiveions first enter a “velocity selector” where E  B and values are
adjusted to allow only undeflected particles to enter mass
spectrometer.
 Balance forces in selector  “select” v
qE  qvB
2
v E/B
 Spectrometer:
Determine mass from 1
v and measured radius r
m1v
r1 
qB
m 2v
r2 
qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 32
Biot Savart law,
Now,
(Infinite straight wire)
Magnetic field for different types of wire:

Semi-infinite straight wire: ∞

Infinite straight wire:

∞

-∞
At the centre of circular arc
[Put a = R]
R
Remember
Ampere’s Law
 Solenoid and Toroid
• A solenoid is a coil of wire, often in the shape of a long,
tightly wound helix.
• When an electric current passes through the solenoid, it
generates a uniform magnetic field inside the coil.
• The magnetic field inside a solenoid is strong and uniform,
while the field outside the solenoid is much weaker.

A toroid is a coil of wire wound in the shape of a

donut or ring (a circular loop).
• A solenoid creates a linear magnetic field along its
axis.
• A toroid generates a circular magnetic field
confined within its loop.
HW: A solenoid has length L= 1.23 m and inner
diameter d = 3.55 cm and carries a current i = 5.57 A

It consists of five closed packed layers each with 850

turns along L. What is B at the center
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is a measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given
area. It helps quantify the strength and extent of the magnetic field over that
area. Magnetic flux is an essential concept in electromagnetism, particularly in
understanding Faraday's Law of Induction

.
Definition of Magnetic Flux:
Magnetic flux through a surface is defined as the product of the magnetic field (B) and the area (A)
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
Faraday's Law is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. It
explains how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a conductor.

Statement:
Faraday's Law states that the induced electromotive force (EMF) in any
closed loop is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux through the loop
Lenz's Law was formulated by Heinrich Lenz in 1834.

Relationship to Faraday's Law:

Lenz's Law is the reason for the negative sign in Faraday's Law. It ensures
that the induced EMF and the resulting current act to oppose the change in
magnetic flux. This opposition is crucial because it upholds the principle of
conservation of energy.

Example of Lenz's Law:

• If a magnet approaches a coil, the induced current will generate a magnetic field that opposes the magnet’s
motion (i.e., it will try to push the magnet away).
• If the magnet is moved away from the coil, the induced current will create a magnetic field that tries to pull the
magnet back towards the coil.