MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test

L01 (Fall 2024)

Part A: Brief responses

1. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function and consider the following two statements.

(i) For each 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, either 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 1.
(ii) Either 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, or 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

(a) Write down the negation of each of the two given statements. Do not use the phrases
“not for every” or “there does not exist / there is no” in your answers.

Negation of (i):

There exists 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that (both) 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 and 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 1.

Negation of (ii):

There exists 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0, and there exists 𝑦 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑓(𝑦) ≠ 1.

Remark: It is acceptable (but not the best) to use the same symbol for 𝑥 and 𝑦.

(b) Determine separately whether statement (i) implies statement (ii), and whether statement
(ii) implies statement (i). Circle either TRUE or FALSE for each of these implications.

(i) ⇒ (ii): TRUE / FALSE

(ii) ⇒ (i): TRUE / FALSE

Page 1 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

2. The following shows the graphs of two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔.

5 5

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
0 5 0 5

(a) Evaluate each of the following limits. Write “DNE” if it does not exist.

lim 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 4
𝑥→4

lim 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = DNE

𝑥→3

lim(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = 1
𝑥→2

(b) Is the function 𝑓 − 𝑔 continuous at 𝟐? Circle your answer.

YES / NO

Page 2 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

3. Consider the following graphs:

Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D

𝜋 𝜋
(1, 1) (1, 1) ቀ , ቁ
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
(−1, −1) (−1, −1) ቀ− , − ቁ
2 2

Graph E Graph F Graph G

−1 1
−1 1

−1
Graph H Graph I

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2

−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
− − −
2 2 2

Graph J Graph K Graph L Graph M

For each of the following functions, identify its graph by writing down the corresponding letter
(A to M) as labeled above.

Function Graph
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| D Function Graph Function Graph
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 B 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(arcsin 𝑥) E 𝑓(𝑥) = arccos(cos 𝑥) J
𝑥) C E M
𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(arccos 𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan(tan 𝑥)
2
𝑓(𝑥) = (√𝑥) A 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(arctan 𝑥) C 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(arccos 𝑥) H

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 D 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsin(sin 𝑥) K 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(arcsin 𝑥) H

Page 3 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

Part B: Short problems

4. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be an odd function which is strictly decreasing on [𝟎, +∞).

(a) Prove that 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on ℝ.

Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ satisfy 𝑎 > 𝑏. We consider the following three cases.

 If 𝑎 > 𝑏 ≥ 0, then 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑏) since 𝑓 is strictly increasing on [0, +∞).
 If 𝑎 ≥ 0 > 𝑏 , then 𝑎 ≥ 0 and −𝑏 > 0 . Note that 𝑓(0) = 0 since 𝑓 is odd.
Since 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on [0, +∞), we have
𝑓(𝑎) ≤ 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓(−𝑏) < 𝑓(0) = 0.
Thus
𝑓(𝑎) ≤ 0 < −𝑓(−𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑏). (𝑓 is an odd function)
 If 0 > 𝑎 > 𝑏, then – 𝑏 > −𝑎 > 0. Since 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on [0, +∞) we
have 𝑓(−𝑏) < 𝑓(−𝑎). Thus we still have
𝑓(𝑎) = −𝑓(−𝑎) (𝑓 is an odd function)
< −𝑓(−𝑏)
= 𝑓(𝑏). (𝑓 is an odd function)
In every case we always have 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑏). Therefore 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on ℝ. ∎

(b) Must 𝑓 be onto? Give a proof if your answer is “yes”, or give a counter-example with
explanation if your answer is “no”.

No, it is possible that 𝑓 is not onto. As a counter-example, let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be the function

𝑓(𝑥) = − arctan 𝑥 .
Then 𝑓 is strictly decreasing on ℝ. But there is no real number 𝑥 with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋, so 𝑓
is not onto.

Page 4 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

5. (a) Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be numbers in the open interval (−1, +∞). Show that if
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0,
then 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0.

Suppose that 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0. Then we have 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1 = 1, i.e.

(𝑎 + 1)(𝑏 + 1) = 1.
Since the numbers 𝑎 + 1 and 𝑏 + 1 are both positive, it must follow that one of them is
≥ 1 and the other is ≤ 1, i.e. either
𝑎≥0 𝑎≤0
{ or { .
𝑏≤0 𝑏≥0
In any case, we have 𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0. Now since it is also given that 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0, we must have
𝑎𝑏 = 0, which implies that either 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 = 0.
 If 𝑎 = 0, then the first equality gives 0 + 0 + 𝑏 = 0, so 𝑏 = 0 too.
 If 𝑏 = 0, then the first equality gives 0 + 𝑎 + 0 = 0, so 𝑎 = 0 too.
So in any case we must have 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0. ∎

(b) Show that the function 𝑓: (−1, +∞) → ℝ defined by

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
√1 + 𝑥
is one-to-one.

Suppose that 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ (−1, +∞) are numbers such that 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏). Then
𝑎 𝑏
=
√𝑎 + 1 √𝑏 + 1
⇒ 𝑎√𝑏 + 1 = 𝑏√𝑎 + 1
2 (𝑏
⇒ 𝑎 + 1) = 𝑏 2 (𝑎 + 1)
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 0
⇒ (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0.
Now there are two possible cases:
 If the second factor 𝑎 − 𝑏 is zero, then we have 𝑎 = 𝑏.
𝑎 𝑏
 If the first factor 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 is zero, then since = we also have
√𝑎+1 √𝑏+1

𝑎√𝑏 + 1 √𝑏 + 1
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 ( ⏟2
)=𝑎 ≥ 0;
√𝑎 + 1 ≥0 ⏟
√𝑎 + 1
>0

thus by (a) we must have 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0.

In any case, we always have 𝑎 = 𝑏. Therefore 𝑓 is one-to-one. ∎

Page 5 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

6. For each of the following limits, evaluate the limit or show that it does not exist. You need to
adequately justify your computational steps in order to receive full credit. Rigorous definition
of limit is not required in this problem.

3 2
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3
(a) lim 2 3
𝑥→+∞
5𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 2

3 2 3 4
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 2+ + 2+0+0 2
lim = lim 𝑥1/2 𝑥 5/6 = =
𝑥→+∞ 2 3 𝑥→+∞ 5 6 0+0+7 7
5𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 2 + +7
𝑥 5/6 𝑥1/2

3 2
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3
(b) lim 2 3
𝑥→0+
5𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 2

3 2 5 1
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 2𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 3 + 4 0+0+4 4
lim+ 2 3 = lim+ 1 5 = =
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 5+0+0 5
5𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 2 5+ 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 6

1 2 3 4 𝑛2
(c) lim ( 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ + 4 )
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 2 3 4 𝑛2 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛2
lim ( + 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ + 4 ) = lim
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛4 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→+∞ 𝑛4
1 𝑛2 (𝑛2 + 1)
= lim
𝑛→+∞ 𝑛4 2
1 1 1
= lim (1 + 2 ) =
𝑛→+∞ 2 𝑛 2

Page 6 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

1
(d) lim+ sin
𝑥→0 𝑥

Consider the two sequences (𝑥𝑛 ) and (𝑦𝑛 ) defined by

1 1
𝑥𝑛 = and 𝑦𝑛 = .
1 1
ቀ2𝑛 + 2ቁ 𝜋 ቀ2𝑛 − 2ቁ 𝜋

Then both sequences (𝑥𝑛 ) and (𝑦𝑛 ) converge to 0 (from the right), and none of their
terms is 0. But
1 1 1 1
sin = sin (2𝑛 + ) 𝜋 = 1 and sin = sin (2𝑛 − ) 𝜋 = −1
𝑥𝑛 2 𝑦𝑛 2
1 1
for every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, so the sequences ቀsin 𝑥 ቁ and ቀsin 𝑦 ቁ converge to different limits.
𝑛 𝑛

Thus according to the sequential limit theorem,

1
lim+ sin does not exist.
𝑥→0 𝑥

2𝑥
(e) lim(cos 𝑥)csc
𝑥→0

1 1
Let 𝑡 = 1−cos 𝑥 so that cos 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡 . Then

1 1 1 𝑡2 1 1 1
csc 2 𝑥 = = = = =− 𝑡+ −
sin2 𝑥 1 − cos 2 𝑥 1 2 −2𝑡 − 1 2 4 4(2𝑡 + 1)
1 − ቀ1 + 𝑡 ቁ

and 𝑡 → +∞ as 𝑥 → 0, so
1 1 1 1 1 1
csc2 𝑥
1 −2𝑡+4−4(2𝑡+1) 1 −2𝑡 1 4−4(2𝑡+1)
lim(cos 𝑥) = lim (1 + ) = lim (1 + ) lim (1 + )
𝑥→0 𝑡→+∞ 𝑡 𝑡→+∞ 𝑡 𝑡→+∞ 𝑡
1 1 1
= 𝑒 −2 ⋅ 𝑒 ቀ4−0ቁ ln(1+0) = 𝑒 −2 ,
in which
1 1
1 4−4(2𝑡+1) 1
lim ( −
1 1
) lnቀ1+ ቁ 1
𝑡 = 𝑒 ቀ4−0ቁ ln(1+0)
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 𝑡→+∞ 4 4(2𝑡+1)
𝑡→+∞ 𝑡
follows from the continuity of the exponential function.

Page 7 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

7. Let (𝑎𝑛 ) be a sequence of real numbers defined recursively by 𝑎1 = 1013 and

6𝑎𝑛 − 3
𝑎𝑛+1 = for every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑎𝑛 + 2

(a) Using mathematical induction or otherwise, show that (𝑎𝑛 ) is bounded from below by 3.

We show 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 3 for every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ by induction.

 It is already given that 𝑎1 = 1013 > 3.
 Suppose 𝑎𝑘 ≥ 3 for some 𝑘 ∈ ℕ. Then
≥0
6𝑎𝑘 − 3 3𝑎𝑘 − 9 3 ⏞
(𝑎𝑘 − 3)
𝑎𝑘+1 − 3 = −3= = ≥ 0,
𝑎𝑘 + 2 𝑎𝑘 + 2 𝑎⏟𝑘 + 2
>0 by
assumption

so 𝑎𝑘+1 ≥ 3 also.
Therefore 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 3 for every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, i.e. (𝑎𝑛 ) is bounded from below by 3. ∎

(b) Using the result from (a) or otherwise, show that (𝑎𝑛 ) is decreasing.

For every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, we have

>0 by (a) ≥0 by (a)

6𝑎𝑛 − 3 2
−𝑎𝑛 + 4𝑎𝑛 − 3 ⏞
(𝑎𝑛 − 1) ⏞
(𝑎𝑛 − 3)
𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛 = − 𝑎𝑛 = =− ≤ 0,
𝑎𝑛 + 2 𝑎𝑛 + 2 𝑎⏟𝑛 + 2
>0 by (a)

so 𝑎𝑛+1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 . Therefore (𝑎𝑛 ) is decreasing. ∎

(c) Using the results from (a) and (b), evaluate

lim 𝑎𝑛 .
𝑛→+∞

Since the sequence (𝑎𝑛 ) is decreasing and bounded from below, according to the

monotone sequence theorem, (𝑎𝑛 ) converges to some real number 𝐿, i.e. lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿.
𝑛→+∞

Now taking limits as 𝑛 → +∞ on both sides of the given condition we have

6𝐿 − 3
𝐿= ,
𝐿+2
i.e. (𝐿 − 1)(𝐿 − 3) = 0. Since 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 3 for every 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, we must have 𝐿 ≥ 3 by the
limit inequality. Therefore 𝐿 = 3, i.e.

lim 𝑎𝑛 = 3.
𝑛→+∞

Page 8 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

8. Show that the equation

cos 2𝑥 = tan 𝑥
has infinitely many solutions.

Let 𝑓 be the function defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 − tan 𝑥 .
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Then 𝑓 is continuous on ቀ− 2 , 2 ቁ. Moreover, at the numbers 0 and in this interval, we
3

have
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(0) = 1 > 0 and 𝑓 ቀ ቁ = cos − tan < 0,
3 ⏟ 3 ⏟ 3
<0 >0

𝜋
so by intermediate value theorem, there exists 𝑐 ∈ ቀ0, 3 ቁ such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, i.e. 𝑐 is a

solution to the given equation. Finally since 2𝜋 is a period of the function 𝑓, 𝑐 + 2𝑛𝜋 is
also a solution to the given equation for every integer 𝑛. Therefore the given equation has
infinitely many solutions. ∎

Page 9 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

9. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be the floor function defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ = 𝑛 if 𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑛 + 1 where 𝑛 is an integer,
that is,
⋮ ⋮
−1 if(−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 if 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 .
1 if 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
{ ⋮ ⋮

(a) Show that

𝑥 − 1 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥
for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

For every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, we have 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑓(𝑥) + 1 from the above definition, which means
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 and 𝑥 < 𝑓(𝑥) + 1.
This is equivalent to
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 and 𝑥 − 1 < 𝑓(𝑥).
i.e. 𝑥 − 1 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥. ∎

(b) Let 𝑔: ℝ ∖ {0} → ℝ be the function

1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥

(i) Evaluate each of the following limits if it exists. The result from (a) may be helpful.

 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0

Since 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 if −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 if 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1, we have

1 −1
lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

and
1 0
lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ = 0.
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Now lim− 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑔(𝑥), so lim 𝑔(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Page 10 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→+∞

According to (a), we have 𝑥 − 1 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥 for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, so we have

𝑥−1
< 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 1 for every 𝑥 > 0.
𝑥
𝑥−1 1
Now since lim = lim ቀ1 − 𝑥ቁ = 1, by Squeeze Theorem we have
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞

lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 1.
𝑥→+∞

(ii) Write down the equation(s) of all asymptote(s) of the graph of 𝑔. For each of the
asymptote(s), indicate whether it is a vertical, horizontal, or slant asymptote.
Explanations or justifications are not required.

𝑥 = 0 (vertical asymptote)
𝑦 = 1 (horizontal asymptote)

(c) Let ℎ: ℝ ∖ {0} → ℝ be the function

1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑓 ( ).
𝑥
(i) Evaluate each of the following limits if it exists. The result from (a) may be helpful.

 lim ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→0

1 1 1
According to (a), we have − 1 < 𝑓 ቀ𝑥ቁ ≤ 𝑥 for every 𝑥 ≠ 0, so
𝑥

1 1 1
𝑥 ( − 1) < 𝑥𝑓 ( ) ≤ 𝑥 ⋅ for every 𝑥 > 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
.
1 1 1
𝑥 ⋅ ≤ 𝑥𝑓 ( ) < 𝑥 ( − 1) for every 𝑥 < 0
{ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
In other words, we have
1 − 𝑥 < ℎ(𝑥) ≤ 1 for every 𝑥 > 0
{ .
1 ≤ ℎ(𝑥) < 1 − 𝑥 for every 𝑥 < 0

Now since lim−(1 − 𝑥) = 1, by Squeeze Theorem we have lim− ℎ(𝑥) = 1; and

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

since lim+(1 − 𝑥) = 1, by Squeeze Theorem we have lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = 1. Thus

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim ℎ(𝑥) = 1.
𝑥→0

Page 11 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

 lim ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→+∞

1 1
For every 𝑥 > 1, we have 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and so 𝑓 ቀ𝑥ቁ = 0. Therefore

1
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim 𝑥𝑓 ( ) = lim (𝑥 ⋅ 0) = 0.
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞

(ii) Write down the equation(s) of all asymptote(s) of the graph of ℎ. For each of the
asymptote(s), indicate whether it is a vertical, horizontal, or slant asymptote.
Explanations or justifications are not required.

𝑦 = 0 (Horizontal asymptote)
𝑦 = −𝑥 (Slant asymptote)

Remark: The following shows the graphs of the functions 𝑓, 𝑔 and ℎ.

2 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

−4 −2 0 2 4

−2

−4

2 2

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
1 1

𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥)
−10 −5 0 5 10 −1 0 1

Page 12 of 13
MATH1013 Calculus IB Mid-term Test
L01 (Fall 2024)

10. (a) Using the laws of exponents and the fact that the exponential function is strictly
increasing on ℝ, show that the inequality
|𝑒 𝑡 − 1| ≤ 𝑒 |𝑡| − 1
holds for every 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.

We consider the following two cases:

 If 𝑡 ≥ 0, then 𝑒 𝑡 ≥ 1; so
|𝑒 𝑡 − 1| = 𝑒 𝑡 − 1 = 𝑒 |𝑡| − 1,
and the inequality holds trivially.
 If 𝑡 < 0, then 𝑒 𝑡 < 1; so
(𝑒 −𝑡 − 1) < 𝑒 −𝑡 − 1 = 𝑒 |𝑡| − 1.
|𝑒 𝑡 − 1| = 1 − 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒⏟𝑡 ⏟
<1 >0

Alternatively: If 𝑡 < 0, then 𝑒 𝑡 < 1; so

𝑡 𝑡 2
(𝑒 |𝑡| − 1) − |𝑒 𝑡 − 1| = (𝑒 −𝑡 − 1) − (1 − 𝑒 𝑡 ) = (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) ≥ 0,

so we still have |𝑒 𝑡 − 1| ≤ 𝑒 |𝑡| − 1.

Therefore in both cases, we have |𝑒 𝑡 − 1| ≤ 𝑒 |𝑡| − 1. ∎

(b) Let 𝑎 be a real number.

(i) What does it mean by saying that the exponential function is continuous at 𝒂?
State the definition as an equality that involves a limit.

lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

(ii) Using the inequality obtained from (a) as well as the rigorous 𝜺-𝜹 definition of limit,
prove the equality of limit you have stated in (b)(i) above.

𝜀
For each 𝜀 > 0, we choose 𝛿 = ln ቀ1 + 𝑒 𝑎 ቁ > 0. Now if 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿, then

|𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎 | = 𝑒 𝑎 |𝑒 𝑥−𝑎 − 1|
≤ 𝑒 𝑎 (𝑒 |𝑥−𝑎| − 1) (by (a), with 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑎)
< 𝑒 𝑎 (𝑒 𝛿 − 1) (exp is strictly increasing)
= 𝜀.

This shows that lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 . ∎

𝑥→𝑎

Page 13 of 13