Slide 1

City gas metering-

CITY GAS PIPELINES AND METERING gas meters,
Transmitters. SCADA,
Chromatography

Slide 2
ADVANTAGES
Accurate, Simple, Economical device.
Can not handle wide range of flow rates
Range ability 3.5:1
Accuracy +,- 0.5%

Slide 3 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAS METERS.

Utilize the differential pressure sensor to measure an inferential type of flow
meter
The performance of this type of meter depends on the accuracy of the
differential pressure sensor incorporated, as well as the design of the pressure
dropper inside the flow channel could not have a wide measurement range turn-
down ratio (maximum detectable flow rate over minimum measurable flow rate)
smaller than 4:1
These meters can provide fairly accurate measurement
Can be used at gas stations where flow rate is relatively stable.
Pressure dropper or orifice within the flow channel creates additional pressure
loss other than the normal ones due to pipeline transportation
High pressure loss is detrimental to the gas delivery capability for the end user
applications. Meters with the differential pressure sensing technology are not the
best solution for the city gas distribution applications for its small measurement
range and sensitivity to the environmental conditions. Differential pressure
measurement in a larger pipeline may not be useful due to the presence of
large undesirable pressure loss.
Slide 4
ADVANTAGES

Basics similar to an orifice meter.

Low pressure loss
Range ability 3.5:1
Accuracy +, - 1%

Slide 5 COMMON MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS

Hydrate Formation:
Hydrates may be formed at orifice.
Prevention
Use of Hydrate inhibitors
Installation of heaters along the lines

Slide 6
PULSATING FLOW
Sudden change in pressure and flow
Sources
Reciprocating systems- compressors and
engines
Improperly sized valves and regulators
Two phase flow conditions
Slide 7 PULSATING FLOW

Prevention:
Location of meter
Reduce the amplitude of pulsation by placing volume
capacity, flow restrictions
Operate pressure differential as high as possible

Slide 8
SLUGGING
Accumulation of liquid in the gas flow line In low pressure at low
spots, restricting gas flow In High pressure lines liquid swept
through orifice Installation of liquid accumulators

Slide 9
SOUR GAS.

Corrosion and accelerated hydrate formation.

Slide 10
ROTAMETER

Throttled by construction
Pressure differential constant.
Float, free to move up & down
Float rise until pressure differential remains constant.
Range ability: 10:1
Accuracy +,-1%
Repeatability:+,-5%

Slide 11
VORTEX SHEDDING FLOW METER

Slide 12
VORTEX METER
Flow separated from object leads to vortices or
turbulent vortices
Rate of vortex directly proportional to volumetric
flow rate
Inversely proportional to diameter of object
Range ability 15:1
Accuracy +- 2. 5% , Repeatability 1%.
Slide 13
THE SONIC METERS

The Sonic• meters are based on

ultrasonic and electronic
platform

Slide 14 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE

Transducer A

Piezoelectr ic t r a nsd u cers g en era te a n d d etect

w av es
W a v e s tr avel at the s p e e d of s o u n d r elative to the
m o v i n g fluid
So u n d w ill tr avel faster w ith the flow of g a s t han
a g a i ns t the flow of g a s
E n a b li ng the m e ter to d e termine g a s velocity
Vo lu m e = v elocity x cr oss s ectiona l ar ea of flow tube

Transducer B

Slide 15
ULTRASONIC FLOW METER
There are two fundamental measurement principles in the
ultrasonic gas meter technology, transit time or time-of-flight
and Doppler shift.
In the time-of-flight measurement configuration, a pair of
transmitter/detector was placed at a distance apart inside
the flow
The time difference between the signal transmitted from
upstream to downstream and the one from downstream to
upstream is proportional to the gas flow rate
Slide 16
ULTRASON IC M ETERIN G

Using Transit-time Technology

T ypical transit-time ultrasonic
flow meter system utilizes two
transducers that function as both ultrasonic transmitter and receiver.
The flow meter operates by alternately transmitting and receiving a
burst of sound waves between the two transducers and measuring the
transit time that it takes for sound to travel between the two
transducers.
The difference in the transit time measured is directly and exactly
related to the velocity of the liquid in the pipe.

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Slide 17 ULTRASONIC METERING

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Slide 18 ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT

Ultras onic puls es are

Single Path – Low Flow produced with - and
ag ains t - the g as
s tream. Puls es flowing
with the g as v elocity
s peed up; puls es
flowing ag ainst the g a s
v elocity slow down.
T he difference
is us ed to calculate the
g a s s peed or v elocity
within the k nown area.
Slide 19
ULTRASONIC METERS

Slide 20
● Advantages Disadvantages
● No mechanical
● Low pressure loss
across meter backup
● Reliability on
● No mechanical
components electronics
● Velocity profile effects
● Bi-directional flow
● Complex calibration
requirements
● On site power
requirements
● System complexity

Slide 21
ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
Computes flow velocity.
Measures time difference.
Two transducers are used
Range ability 50:1
Accuracy +,- 1% .
Outside pipe, don’t disturb flow.
Portable, offer applicability to large pipes.
Slide 22
DOPPLER SHIFT METER

For the meters employed with the Doppler shift principle, the
ultrasonic signal sent via the ultrasonic transmitter across the flow
channel is deflected by the particles inside the flow stream. The
measured Doppler frequency shift is proportional to the flow
speed of the particles that are traveling at the same speed
along with the flow stream

Slide 23
ULTRASONIC METERS
However, due to the high cost and difficulties for
the transducers configured in small gas
pipelines, the ultrasonic gas meters were largely
limited to the usage in large pipelines replacing
turbine meters or orifice flow meters for custody
transfer

Slide 24
CORIOLIS METER
To measure mass flow rate
Measure the force resulting from the acceleration
The “swinging” is generated by vibrating the tube(s) in
which the fluid flows
The amount of twist is proportional to the mass flow rate
of fluid passing through the tubes
Sensors and a Coriolis mass flowmeter transmitter are
used to measure the twist and generate a linear flow
signal
Slide 25
CORIOLIS METER

Slide 26
CORIOLIS METER

Slide 27 CORIOLIS M ETERING

HOW DOES THE MASS FLOW METER

WORK?

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Slide 28
FLOW TUBE OSCILLATE
AT 180 DEGREE
(OPPOSITE
DIRECTION)

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Slide 29
CORIOLIS M ETERING

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Slide 30
ADVANTAGES
Insensitive to pressure , temperature and viscosity.
Higher accuracy than most flow meters
Can be used in a wide range of gas and liquid flow conditions
Capable of measuring hot (e.g., molten Sulphur) and cold (e.g., cryogenic
helium, liquid nitrogen) fluid flow
Low pressure drop
Suitable for bi-directional flow.
Highly Reliable.
Easy to Install
Capable of measuring difficult handling fluid.
Independent of flow profile and turbulence. Straitening vanes not required.
Slide 31
DISADVANTAGES
High initial set up cost-Expensive
Clogging may occur and difficult to clean
Larger in over-all size compared to other flow meters
Limited line size availability;
Sensitive to vibration.
High flow velocities : High Pressure drop.
Difficulty measuring low pressure gases.

Slide 32
PROBLEMS IN RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Often experience many unexpected conditions including
privacy constraints that make it very difficult for repair and
maintenance.
Makes it almost impossible for in situ adjustment of
measurement with respect to the change of environmental
factors, i.e., temperature and pressure that in fact have great
impact to the volumetric capacity of gas inconvenient as most
of the meters are installed inside residential private area

Slide 33
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
The size of the diaphragm meters for higher flow rate becomes
very bulky creating many logistical difficulties
Diaphragm meters have their well acknowledged performance
in large measurement range, long term reliability, reasonable
accuracy, applicability for various gas compositions, low cost to
manufacture, as well as, operation without external power.
Slide 34
COMMERCIAL SECTOR
For commercial applications, rotary meters are commonly
used as the diaphragm meters cannot withstand high gas
pressure and handle the required high gas flow rate.

Slide 35
TURBINE GAS METERS
For industrial users with even higher pressure and larger flow rate that rotary
meters cannot handle, turbine gas meters are often used. Unlike the rotary
meters, the turbine gas meters are “inferential meters” as gas flow rates
(volume) are calculated from the measurement of gas flow speed.
Turbine gas meters can be applied to high pressure and are acknowledged as
primary standard with temperature and pressure compensation for custody
transfer they have a small dynamic measurement range and are not suitable for
commercial or residential gas metering. they have a small dynamic
measurement range and are not suitable for commercial or residential gas
metering.

Slide 36
TURBINE METER
Positive Displacement Meter.
Turbine or propeller Turns.
Speed proportional to velocity of gas.
Driving torque proportional to the fluid density and square root of
velocity.
Rangeability 100:1.
Accuracy +,-0.25%
Repeatability +,- 0.05%
Slide 37

EVC

Slide 38 TURBINE METERS

• Working Principle:-

• Turbine meters measures the volume flow

through a pipe from the rotation of a turbine
blade in the flow stream.

• The incoming gas is forced on the perimeter of

the nose cone where the kinetic energy of the
gas displaces the rotor blades.

• To make the rotor spin with an angular

velocity proportional to the velocity of the gas.
A mechanical or electric readout is calibrated to
give volume flow through the meter.

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Slide 39 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

Below are the installation requirement of Turbine Meter.
Slide 40 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
Flow Profiler

Slide 41 TURBINE METERS

1. Good Accuracy 0.5%.

2. Higher line size up to 24’’. 1. Sensitive to dust.
3. Higher Pressure Class 600# 2. Straight run length 10 D & 5D required
4. Higher flow rate 25,000 M3/Hr 3. Flow strainer Required
5. Durable & less maintenance 4. Costly
6. Precise Electrical output. 5. Low rangeability 1:20
7. Inline fault detection provision

Slide 42
CALCULATIONS

Volume Correction factor(VCF) is used to convert meter cubic meter (M3) reading to
standard cubic meter SCM.
We follow the thumb rule here, Metering line pressure + atmospheric pressure will be
the VCF.
For example, what will be the VCF if metering pressure is 100 mbar.
so VCF = Metering line pressure(0.1 Bar) + atmospheric pressure(1.01325 Bar) =
1.11325= 1.1(Round off).

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Slide 43
G- RATING
Gas Meter Designation G Q max . M3/ h Q min M3/ h
0.6
1
1.6
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
40
65
43

Slide 44
G- RATING
Gas Meter Designation G Q max . M3/ h Q min M3/ h
Q=G x 1.6 Q min =G/100

0.6 0.96 0.006

1 1.6 0.01
1.6 2.56 0.016
2.5 4 0.025
4 6.4 0.040
6 9.6 0.060
10 16 0.100
16 25.6 0.160
25 40 0.250
40 64 0.400
65 104 0.65 44

Slide 45 CALCULATIONS

G- Rating defines the meter maximum flow called Q max.

For example, if we need to find out G16 meter Max flow then
16 x 1.6= 25.6 =25 M3/Hr. (Round figure)

Rangeability/Turn Down ratio & G rating both defines meter minimum flow Q min.

For example, if we have rangeability of 100:1 of G16 meter then Qmin will be 16/100 =0.16
M3/Hr.

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Slide 46
SMART METERING INFRASTRUCTURE

Provides instant data access and management of the actual

usage of electricity, water and gas.
Current smart gas meter is simply the addition of an
electronic device to the existing diaphragm meters in most
cases

Slide 47
REMOTE DATA COLLECTION OF METERS
GSM: Global System For Mobile Network

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