Program PPSL UIN

Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
 SUBJECT AREA

1.THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH.

2.RESEARCH FOR ACADEMIC
SUCCESS.
3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
4.THE TYPES OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY.
5.NOVELTY IN RESEARCH.
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
Research is a systematic exploration or
investigation to …
• uncover new insights,
• expand knowledge,
• create new knowledge,
• challenge existing
paradigms,
• solve complex problems,
and
• advance our understanding
of the world.
 To produce new
knowledge.

The Main
To empower us
Goal of with knowledge.
Research
To have a detailed
analysis of things.
 Basic exploration.

Multifacet
ed Forms
Applied solutions.

of Clinical investigations.
Research
Social analyses.
THE INTRINSIC POWER OF
RESEARCH
• TO SHAPE THE PRESENT.
• TO ADDRESS CHALLENGES FOR BRIGHTER FUTURE.
• TO BUILD ADVANCEMENTS & GAIN INSIGHTS.
• TO UNDERSTAND & DISCOVER BOTH KNOWLEDGE
& OUR LIVES.
• TO COMBINE KNOWLEDGE & INNOVATION FOR THE
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.
• TO DEVELOP NEW IDEAS & TECHNOLOGIES.
The Concept
of
Knowledge
Knowledge
hierarchy.
(Bender & Fish,
2000, p. 126).
Expanding & Creating Knowledge
Starts from Data
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
The Academic Benefits of Conducting
Research

1. Enhancement of cognitive, personal, &

professional skills for academic success.
2. Enhancement of critical thinking, problem
solving, & communication skills in
scientific process.
The Academic Benefits …

3. Greater interest in scientific activities.

4. Being exposed to cutting edge research.
5. Better understanding of the importance
of interdisciplinary & multidisciplinary
scientific principles for the discovery and
application of new knowledge.
The Academic Benefits …

6.Improvement of understanding &

awareness of science and the culture
of research.
7.Gaining independence, intrinsic
motivation, & self- confidence for
learning.
8.Increase interest in academic or
scienctific careers.
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
What is Research Methodology

• It is a structured and scientific approach

used to collect, analyse, and interpret
quantitative or qualitative data to answer
research questions or test hypotheses.
The Objective of Research
Methodology

1. To clarify research framework and

guidelines.
2. To ensure that you stay on track to
meet your research objectives and
answer your research questions.
3. To ensure that you use the most
appropriate data collection and analysis
tools in your research design.
 The Objective …

4. To describe the techniques and

procedures used to identify and analyse
information & data.
5. To describe that research design is
supported by relevant research
instruments, to achieve research
objectives.
6. To plan research efficiently in term of
time and resources.
The Objective …

7. To define research questions, hypotheses,

objectives, sampling technique, data
collection, and analysis methods.
8. To ensure that research findings are
valid, reliable and free from biases and
errors.
9. To ensure compliance to ethical guidelines
in conducting research.
The Scope of Research Methodology

• Research design.
• Data collection methods.
• Data analysis methods.
• The overall framework for conducting the
research.
• Reasons for selecting certain aspects of
methodology.
The Difference between Methodology
and Method

• Research methods refer to the specific

techniques, procedures, and tools used by
researchers to collect, analyse, and
interpret data, for instance surveys,
questionnaires, interviews, etc.
• Research methodology provides a
framework for planning, conducting, and
analysing.
10 Components of Research
Methodology
1. Research design: experimental, quasi-experimental,
correlational, descriptive, and exploratory.
2. Research method: quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-
method.
3. Reason for selecting a specific methodology: why this
methodology is the most suitable to answer your research
problem.
4. Research instruments: interviews, surveys, etc., and a
reason why the particular instrument is selected.
5. Sampling: selecting a representative subset of the
population being studied.
10 Components …
6. Data collection: gathering data using several data
collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, etc.
7. Data analysis: describing the data analysis methods to be
used.
8. Research limitations: mentioning any limitations you
foresee while conducting your research.
9. Validity and reliability: identifying the accuracy and
truthfulness of the findings; and referring to the
consistency and stability of the results over time and
across different conditions.
10. Ethical considerations: obtaining consent from
participants, maintaining confidentiality, and addressing
conflicts of interest.
Aspects to be Considered before
Selecting Research Methodology
• Research limitations, objectives, &
questions.
• Timeline.
• Budget limit.
• Background knowledge, literatures, & gap
in knowledge.
• Subject area & statistical requirements.
• Ethical concerns.
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
 Quantitative
THREE TYPES method.
OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
WHICH CAN BE Qualitative
CHOSEN BASED method.
ON THE
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES Mixed-method
Quantitative Research
Methodology
• Focusing on measuring and
testing numerical data.
• Good for reaching a large
number of people in a short
amount of time.
• Helping in testing the causal
relationships between variables,
making predictions, and
generalizing results to wider
populations.
Qualitative Research Methodology
• Examining the opinions, behaviours, and
experiences of people.
• Collecting and analysing words and textual
data.
• Requiring fewer participants.
• Can be time consuming because the time
spent per participant is quite large.
• Being used in exploratory research where the
research problem being investigated is not
clearly defined.
Mixed-method Research
Methodology
• Using the characteristics of both quantitative
and qualitative research methodologies in
the same study.
• Allowing researchers to validate their
findings, verify if the results observed using
both methods are complementary.
• Allowing researchers to explain any
unexpected results obtained from one
method by using the other method.
Sampling

• Selecting a representative sample of the

population.
• Making statistical inferences about them.
• Estimating the characteristics of the
whole population based on these
inferences.
Two Types of Sampling Designs

1. Probability Sampling.
2. Nonprobability Sampling.
Probability Sampling

• A sample is chosen from a larger

population using some form of random
selection.
• Every member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected.
THREE TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

1.Systematic Sampling.
2.Stratified Sampling.
3.Cluster Sampling.
Simple Random Sampling: every
single member is chosen
randomly
• Systematic: sample members are chosen
at regular intervals.
• Stratified: researchers divide the
population into smaller groups that don’t
overlap but represent the entire
population.
• Cluster: the population is divided into
clusters based on demographic
parameters like age, sex, location, etc.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

•Involving feedback based on a

researcher’s sample selection
capabilities.
•Not on a fixed selection process.
The Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Methods

• Convenience: selects participants who are

most easily accessible in term of
geography and time.
• Purposive: participants are selected at
the researcher’s discretion in term of
study purpose and target audience’s
understanding.
The Types of Nonprobability …

• Snowball: selected participants use

their social networks to refer the
researcher to other potential
participants.
• Quota: researchers decide how many
people with certain characteristics
who most likely to provide insights
into the subject.
Data Collection Methods

•Both qualitative and

quantitative research have
different data collection
methods.
Data Collection Methods for
Qualitative Research
• ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEWS: to understand a
respondent’s subjective opinion and experience.
• DOCUMENT STUDY/LITERATURE REVIEW/RECORD
KEEPING: to review existing written materials (archives,
reports, articles, guidelines, policy documents, etc.).
• FOCUS GROUPS: Constructive discussions that usually
include a small sample of about 6-10 people and a
moderator, to understand the participants’ opinion on
a given topic.
• QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION: to collect data by using
five senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing).
Data Collection Methods for
Quantitative Research
• SAMPLING: The most common type is probability
sampling.
• INTERVIEWS: Commonly telephonic or done in-person.
• OBSERVATIONS: Structured observations are most
commonly used, to observe specific behaviours of
individuals in a structured setting.
• DOCUMENT REVIEW: Reviewing existing research or
documents to collect evidence for supporting the
research.
• SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES. Surveys can be
administered both online and offline depending on the
requirement and sample size.
Data Analysis Methods

• The data collected using the various

methods for qualitative and quantitative
research need to be analysed to generate
meaningful conclusions.
• These data analysis methods also differ
between quantitative and qualitative
research.
 Data Analysis Methods for
Quantitative Research
• A deductive method where hypotheses are developed at
the beginning of the research and precise measurement
is required.
• The methods include statistical analysis applications to
analyse numerical data and are grouped into two
categories—descriptive and inferential.
• Descriptive analysis is used to describe the basic
features of different types of data to present it in a
way that ensures the patterns become meaningful.
The Different Types of Descriptive
Analysis Methods

• Measures of frequency (count, percent,

frequency)
• Measures of central tendency (mean,
median, mode)
• Measures of dispersion or variation (range,
variance, standard deviation)
• Measure of position (percentile ranks,
quartile ranks)
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS

• Inferential analysis is used to make

predictions about a larger population
based on the analysis of the data
collected from a smaller population.
• This analysis is used to study the
relationships between different
variables.
Some Commonly Used Inferential
Data Analysis Methods
• Correlation: To understand the relationship
between two or more variables.
• Cross-tabulation: Analyse the relationship
between multiple variables.
• Regression analysis: Study the impact of
independent variables on the dependent variable.
• Frequency tables: To understand the frequency
of data.
• Analysis of variance: To test the degree to which
two or more variables differ in an experiment.
Data Analysis Methods for Qualitative
Research

• Qualitative research involves an

inductive method for data analysis
where hypotheses are developed after
data collection.
Methods for Qualitative Data
Analysis
• Content analysis: to analyze documented
information from text and images by
determining the presence of certain words
or concepts in texts.
• Narrative analysis: to analyze content
obtained from sources such as interviews,
field observations, and surveys.
Methods for Qualitative …
• Discourse analysis: to analyse interactions
with people considering the social context
(the lifestyle and environment), under
which the interactions occurs.
• Grounded theory: to create hypothesis by
data collection and analysis to explain why
a phenomenon occurred.
• Thematic analysis: to identify important
themes or patterns in data and use these
to address an issue.
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
What is Novelty ?

•Novelty can be described as “the

quality of being new, original or
unusual.”
•Novelty is a new discovery or renewal
in knowledge, information, methods
from previous research.
Novel (Novus or New) Idea in Research:
“Something that is unique in the field
or scope you’re analysing”

• A new methodology, exploring an existing

topic in a new and innovative way.
• A new design that sets the stage for new
knowledge.
• A new approach that purposefully attempts
to add more understanding to the current
knowledge base.
The Importance of Novelty in
Research
• The key to get the required funding, because
funders award grants based on innovative
ideas.
• To boost your chances of publication, because
research journals want to publish work that
is going to be cited, which is usually a topic
that is new and exciting.
• To produce fresh perspectives on existing
knowledge in the field.
• To contain benefits or impacts for the
environment.
 Making Sure Novelty in research
1. Conduct a literature review, to establish the
context for the study, identify gaps in the
knowledge, formulate new questions or
hypotheses to investigate, determine whether an
existing research topic has been used or not.
2. Finding research gap problems, to solve problem
that has not been resolve by any existing researches
within your field.
3. Compare with previous studies, to assess the
novelty of research results in the same or
4. Read target journal publications, to keep
track of the developments and progress
being made in your subject area.
5. Assess contribution to the field, to
evaluate how much it contributes to your
specific field.
6. Consider an alternative methodology, to
explore various methodologies or by
tweaking the research question to provide
new insights and perspectives.
7. Get support from your peers, to get their
feedback on introducing novelties in their
research.
8. Make research reading a habit, to keep up with
new, relevant developments in the world of
research.
9. Find variables that have never been researched,
to find out whether variables have been used
or not in research in your field.
10.Apply different theory from previous research,
to find or analyse a research with a different
theories.
 What Constitutes as Novel?
1. New discovery: things never seen or
reported before. Often such new
discoveries serve as a seedbed for
multiple reports or even completely new
avenues of research.
2. The exceptionally rare: things not new,
but seen or encountered exceptionally
rarely, or not for a long time.
3. New theories: substantial data which
supports the novel thesis which
have rigorous logic and need to stand on
clear and well-documented foundations.
4. New or significantly improved
diagnostic/laboratory techniques: more
efficient, less time-consuming or more
reliable than currently existing techniques
or diagnostic procedures.
5. Existing data combined into new
knowledge: Ideas from disparate,
previously unrelated fields of research can
lead to completely novel discoveries with
untold potential applications.
6. Incremental additions to the literature:
research published adds incrementally
to what is already known, nudging
scientific knowledge forward.
Program PPSL UIN
Raden Fatah 2023

Muhammad

Sirozi 11-13
Desember 2013
The Importance of Ethical Consideration in
Research Methodology

• To ensure the reliability and validity of

the study.
• To clarify the ethical norms and
standards followed during the conduct
of the research.
• To mention if the research has been
cleared by relevant institutional board.
10 Important Principles Related to
Ethical Considerations in Research
1. Participants should not be subjected to
harm.
2. Respect for the dignity of participants
should be prioritized.
3. Full consent should be obtained from
participants before the study.
10 Important Principles …
4. Participants’ privacy should be ensured.
5. Confidentiality of the research data
should be ensured.
6. Anonymity of individuals and
organizations participating in the
research should be maintained.
7. The aims and objectives of the research
should not be exaggerated.
10 Important Principles …
8. Affiliations, sources of funding, and any
possible conflicts of interest should be
declared.
9. Communication in relation to the
research should be honest and
transparent.
10.Misleading information and biased
representation of primary data findings
should be avoided.
References
1.Research methodologies. Pfeiffer Library website. Accessed
August 15, 2023.
2.Types of research methodology. Eduvoice website. Accessed
August 16, 2023.
3.The basics of research methodology: A key to quality
research. Voxco. Accessed August 16, 2023.
4.Sampling methods: Types with examples. QuestionPro
website. Accessed August 16, 2023.
5.What is qualitative research? Methods, types, approaches,
examples. Researcher.Life blog. Accessed August 15, 2023.
6.Mohammad Islam, August 2023. The Importance of
Research in the Advancement of Knowledge and Society, in
International Research Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies
Vol. 8(4) pp. 1-3, August, 2023 Available online
http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJBCS
7. What is quantitative research? Definition, methods, types, and
examples. Researcher. Life blog. Accessed August 15, 2023.
8. Data analysis in research: Types & methods. QuestionPro
website. Accessed August 16, 2023.
9. Factors to consider while choosing the right research
methodology. PhD Monster website. Accessed August 17,
2023.
10.What is research methodology? Research and writing guides.
Accessed August 14, 2023.
11.Ethical considerations. Business research methodology website.
Accessed August 17, 2023.
12.Divya Sreekumar, August 28, 2023. What is Research
Methodology? Definition, Types, and Examples.
13.Spade Survey, May 22, 2023. "The Importance of Research:
Advancing Knowledge and Progress in Society”
14. Mary Oommen, February 24, 2023. Novelty in research: What it is
and how to know your work is original.
https://researcher.life/blog/article/novelty-in-research
Thank You
•