Lithuanians

Lithuanians (Lithuanian: lietuviai[a]) are a Baltic

Lithuanians
ethnic group. They are native to Lithuania, where they
number around 2,378,118 people.[2] Another two Lietuviai
millions make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely
found in countries such as the United States, United
Kingdom, Brazil and Canada. Their native language is
Lithuanian, one of only two surviving members of the
Baltic language family along with Latvian. According
to the census conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the
population of Lithuania identified themselves as Total population
Lithuanians, 6.5% as Poles, 5.0% as Russians, 1.0% as c. 4.2 million[1]
Belarusians, and 1.1% as members of other ethnic Regions with significant populations
groups. Most Lithuanians belong to the Catholic
Lithuania 2,378,118 (2021)[2]
Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the
United States 652,790 (2014)[a][3]
northern part of East Prussia prior to World War II,
were mostly Lutherans. United Kingdom 212,000 (2018)[4]
Brazil 200,000 (2002)[5][6]
Germany 75,000 (2021)[7]
History Poland 62,239 (2014)[6]

The territory of the Balts, including modern Lithuania, Canada 59,285 (2016)[8]
was once inhabited by several Baltic tribal entities Norway 50,406 (2023)[9]
(Aukštaitians, Sudovians, Old Lithuanians, Curonians, Ireland 42,973 (2022)[7]
Semigallians, Selonians, Samogitians, Skalvians, Old
Latvia 34,846 (2014)[6]
Prussians (Nadruvians)), as attested by ancient sources
and dating from prehistoric times. Over the centuries, Australia 22,012 (2021)[b][c][11]
and especially under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Argentina 20,000[d][13]
some of these tribes consolidated into the Lithuanian Ukraine 19,954 (2014)[6]
nation, mainly as a defence against the marauding
Belarus 19,091 (2014)[6]
Teutonic Order and Eastern Slavs. The Lithuanian state
Spain 17,991 (2022)[7]
was formed in the High Middle Ages, with different
historians dating this variously between the 11th and Sweden 17,396 (2022)[14]
mid-13th centuries.[18] Mindaugas, Lithuania's only Denmark 16,429 (2023)[15]
crowned king and its first baptised ruler, is generally Russia 13,230 (2021)[16]
considered Lithuania's founder.[19] The Lithuanians are
Netherlands 10,119 (2022)[7]
the only branch of Baltic people that managed to create
a state entity before the modern era.[20][21][22] During Uruguay 10,000[17]
the Late Middle Ages, Lithuania was ravaged by the Languages
Lithuanian Crusade, which ended only by the Treaty of Lithuanian
Melno in 1422. In fact, the crusade persisted after the Religion
definite Christianization of Lithuania in 1387, when
Europe's last pagan people were baptised.[20][23] Roman Catholicism (majority), Lutheranism
Simultaneously, the Lithuanian state reached its apogee and Irreligion (minority)
under the rule of Vytautas the Great (r. 1392–1430), Related ethnic groups
when it ruled the lands between the Baltic and Black
Other Balts
seas. Thereafter, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
continued existing until 1795, however, since the
Union of Lublin in 1569, it maintained its a. Including Lithuanians and Lithuanian
independence in the bi-confederal Polish–Lithuanian Americans
Commonwealth.[24] In the 16th century the Lithuanian b. Including Lithuanians and Lithuanian
humanists based the national consciousness of the Australians
Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the idea of their national c. Approximately more than 50,000 are of
singularity or uniqueness and considered the Grand Lithuanian descent[10]
Duchy of Lithuania as an independent country.[25] d. Approximately 200,000 are of Lithuanian
descent[12]
There is a current argument that the Lithuanian
language was considered non-prestigious enough by
some elements in Lithuanian society, meaning that the number
of Lithuanian language-speakers decreased with Polonization
in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as a
Germanisation of Prussia. The subsequent imperial Russian
occupation from 1795 until 1915, with some interpositions
such as the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Uprisings of
1831 and 1863, accelerated this process of Slavicization. While
under Russian occupation, Lithuanians endured Russification,
which included the 40-year-long ban on public speaking and
Lithuania in the Mappa mundi of Pietro
writing in Lithuanian (see, e.g., Knygnešiai, the actions against Vesconte, 1321. The inscription reads:
the Catholic Church). In such a context, the Lithuanian Letvini pagani – pagan Lithuanians.
National Revival began in the 19th century. Some believed at
the time that the Lithuanian nation as such, along with its
language, would become extinct within a few generations.

Some of the Polish- and Belarusian-speaking persons from the lands

of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania expressed their affiliation
with the modern Lithuanian nation in the early 20th century,
including Michał Pius Römer, Stanisław Narutowicz, Oscar Milosz
and Tadas Ivanauskas
Lithuanians returning from battle
In February 1918, while World War I was ongoing, the re- against the Teutonic Crusaders.
establishment of an independent Lithuanian state was declared, 122 Detail from the painting Whence
years after it was destroyed. In the aftermath of World War I, return Lithuanians? by Michał
Lithuanians militarily defended their country's independence from Elwiro Andriolli
Poland, Whites and Soviet Russia during the Lithuanian Wars of
Independence. However, a third of Lithuania's lands, namely the
Vilnius Region, as well as its declared capital, fell under Polish occupation during the Interwar. A
standardised Lithuanian language was approved. In the lead-up to the World War II, the Klaipėda Region
was occupied by Nazi Germany after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania.
 Lithuanians in 1608 depicted by
Willem Blaeu

"We do not know on whose merits or guilt such a decision was made, or with what we have offended
Your Lordship so much that Your Lordship has deservedly been directed against us, creating hardship
for us everywhere. First of all, you made and announced a decision about the land of Samogitia,
which is our inheritance and our homeland from the legal succession of the ancestors and elders. We
still own it, it is and has always been the same Lithuanian land, because there is one language and the
same inhabitants. But since the land of Samogitia is located lower than the land of Lithuania, it is
called as Samogitia, because in Lithuanian it is called lower land [ Žemaitija ]. And the Samogitians
call Lithuania as Aukštaitija, that is, from the Samogitian point of view, a higher land. Also, the people
of Samogitia have long called themselves Lithuanians and never – Samogitians, and because of such
identity (sic) we do not write about Samogitia in our letter, because everything is one: one country and
the same inhabitants."

— Vytautas the Great, excerpt from his 11 March 1420 Latin letter sent to Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, in
which he described the core of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, composed from Žemaitija (lowlands) and Aukštaitija
(highlands).[26][27] Term Aukštaitija is known since the 13th century.[28]

The territory inhabited by the ethnic Lithuanians has shrunk over centuries; once Lithuanians made up a
majority of the population not only in what is now Lithuania, but also in northwestern Belarus, in large
areas of the territory of the modern Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, and in some parts of modern Latvia and
Poland.[29]

In 1940, Lithuania was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union, and forced to join it as the Lithuanian
SSR. The Germans and their allies attacked the USSR in June 1941, and from 1941 to 1944, Lithuania
was occupied by Germany. The Germans retreated in 1944, and Lithuania fell under Soviet rule once
again. The long-standing communities of Lithuanians in the Kaliningrad Oblast (Lithuania Minor) were
almost destroyed as a result.

The Lithuanian nation as such remained primarily in Lithuania, few villages in northeastern Poland,
southern Latvia and also in the diaspora of emigrants. Some indigenous Lithuanians still remain in
Belarus and the Kaliningrad Oblast, but their number is small compared to what they used to be.
Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, and was recognized by most countries in 1991. It became a
member of the European Union on May 1, 2004.

Ethnic composition of Lithuania

Among the Baltic states, Lithuania has the most homogeneous
population. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.45% of
the population identified themselves as ethnic Lithuanians, 6.74%
as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusians, and 2.27% as
members of other ethnic groups such as Ukrainians, Jews,
Germans, Tatars, Latvians, Romani, Estonians, Crimean Karaites
etc.

Poles are mostly concentrated in the Vilnius County. Especially

large Polish communities are located in the Vilnius District
Municipality and the Šalčininkai District Municipality.
Distribution of ethnic Lithuanian
Despite being the capital, Vilnius was not the largest city by population during the 19th century
number of Lithuanians until mid-2000s. According to the 2011 over 50% Lithuanian
census Vilnius had 337,000 Lithuanians while Kaunas – 30% – 50% Lithuanian
316,000.[30] 20% – 30% Lithuanian
10% – 20% Lithuanian
Russians, even though they are almost as numerous as Poles, are 5% – 10% Lithuanian
much more evenly scattered. The most prominent community lives 3% – 5% Lithuanian
in the Visaginas Municipality (52%). Most of them are workers 1% – 3% Lithuanian
who moved from Russia to work at the Ignalina Nuclear Power
Plant. A number of ethnic Russians left Lithuania after the
declaration of independence in 1990.

In the past, the ethnic composition of Lithuania has varied dramatically. The most prominent change was
the extermination of the Jewish population during the Holocaust. Before World War II, about 7.5% of the
population was Jewish; they were concentrated in cities and towns and had a significant influence on
crafts and business. They were called Litvaks and had a strong culture. The population of Vilnius, which
was sometimes nicknamed the northern Jerusalem, was about 30% Jewish. Almost all its Jews were killed
during the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Lithuania, some 75,000 alone between the years 1941 – 1942,[31]
while others later immigrated to the United States and Israel. Now there are about 3,200 Jews living in
Lithuania.[32]

Cultural subgroups
Apart from the various religious and ethnic groups currently
residing in Lithuania, Lithuanians themselves retain and
differentiate between their regional identities; there are 5
historic regional groups: Žemaičiai, Suvalkiečiai, Aukštaičiai,
Dzūkai and Prūsai,[33] the last of which is virtually extinct.
City dwellers are usually considered just Lithuanians,
especially ones from large cities such as Vilnius or Kaunas.
The four groups are delineated according to certain region-
Historical ethnographic regions
specific traditions, dialects, and historical divisions. There are some stereotypes used in jokes about these
subgroups, for example, Sudovians are supposedly frugal while Samogitians are stubborn.

Genetics
Since the late Neolithic period the native inhabitants of the
Lithuanian territory have not been replaced by migrations from
outside, so there is a high probability that the inhabitants of
present-day Lithuania have preserved the genetic composition of
their forebears relatively undisturbed by the major demographic
movements,[34] although without being actually isolated from
them.[35] The Lithuanian population appears to be relatively
homogeneous, without apparent genetic differences among ethnic
subgroups.[36]
Genetic distance of Balto-Slavs by A
A 2004 analysis of mtDNA in a Lithuanian population revealed (atDNA), B (Y-DNA) and C (mtDNA
that Lithuanians are close to both Indo-European and Uralic- plot).
speaking populations of Northern Europe. Y-chromosome SNP
haplogroup analysis showed Lithuanians to be closest to Latvians,
Estonians, Belarusians and southern Finns. This is the result of Iron Age Europe.[37] Autosomal SNP
analysis situates Lithuanians most proximal to Latvians, followed by the westernmost East Slavs;
furthermore, Germans and West Slavs (especially Poles) are situated more proximal to Lithuanians than
Finns and northern Russians.[38]

Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews display a number of unique genetic characteristics; the utility of these
variations has been the subject of debate.[39] One variation, which is implicated in familial
hypercholesterolemia, has been dated to the 14th century, corresponding to the establishment of
Ashkenazi settlements in response to the invitation extended by Vytautas the Great in 1388.[40]

At the end of the 19th century, the average height of males was 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) and the average
height of females was 153.3 cm (5 ft 0 in). By the end of the 20th century, heights averaged 181.3 cm
(5 ft 11 in) for males and 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) for females.[41]

Diaspora
Lithuanian settlement extends into adjacent countries that are now outside the modern Lithuanian state. A
small Lithuanian community exists in the vicinity of Puńsk and Sejny in the Suwałki area of Poland, an
area associated with the Lithuanian writer and cleric Antanas Baranauskas.[42] Although most of the
Lithuanian inhabitants in the region of Lithuania Minor that formed part of East Prussia were expelled
when the area was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Kaliningrad Oblast, small groups of Lithuanians
subsequently settled that area as it was repopulated with new Soviet citizens. Small groups of Lithuanians
are still present in Belarus within the Grodno and Vitebsk regions.[43]

Apart from the traditional communities in Lithuania and its neighboring countries, Lithuanians have
emigrated to other continents during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.
Communities in the United
States make up the largest part
of this diaspora; as many as
one million Americans can
claim Lithuanian descent.
Emigration to America began in
the 19th century, with the
generation calling itself the
"grynoriai" (derived from
"greenhorn" meaning new and
inexperienced).[44] The
migration flow was interrupted
during the Soviet occupation, Countries with largest Lithuanian populations.
when travel and emigration Lithuania
were severely restricted. The + 100,000
largest concentrations of
+ 10,000
Lithuanian Americans are in
the Great Lakes area and the + 1,000
Northeast; Chicago in
particular is noted as the
primary center of the diaspora. Nearly 33,000 Lithuanians have immigrated to the United
States since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.[45]
Lithuanian communities in Canada are among the largest in the world along with the United
States (See Lithuanian Canadian).
Lithuanian communities in Mexico and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay
and Venezuela) developed before World War II, beginning in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. Currently, there is no longer a flow of emigrants to these destinations, since
economic conditions in those countries are not better than those in Lithuania (see
Lithuanians in Brazil).
Lithuanian communities were formed in South Africa during the late 19th and 20th century,
the majority being Jewish.
Lithuanian communities in other regions of the former Soviet Union were formed during the
Soviet occupation; the numbers of Lithuanians in Siberia and Central Asia increased
dramatically when a large portion of Lithuanians were involuntarily deported into these
areas. After de-Stalinization, however, most of them returned. Later, some Lithuanians were
relocated to work in other areas of the Soviet Union; some of them did not return to
Lithuania, after it became independent.
The Lithuanian communities in United Kingdom and Ireland began to appear after the
restoration of independence to Lithuania in 1990; this emigration intensified after Lithuania
became part of the European Union in 2004. London and Glasgow (especially the Bellshill
and Coatbridge areas of Greater Glasgow) have long had large Catholic and Jewish
Lithuanian populations. The Republic of Ireland probably has the highest concentration of
Lithuanians relative to its total population size in Western Europe; its estimated 45,000
Lithuanians (about half of whom are registered) form over 1% of Ireland's total population.
The Lithuanian communities in other countries of Northwestern Europe (Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, the Netherlands, and Iceland) as well as in Spain are very new and began their
growth spurts as Lithuanian was accepted into the EU. In Norway there are 45,415
Lithuanians living in the country and it has in a short time become the second largest ethnic
minority in the country, making up 0.85% of Norway's total population, and 4.81% of all
foreign residents in Norway.[46] There are around 3,500 Lithuanians in Iceland, making
around 1% of the total population.
Lithuanian communities in Germany began to appear after World War II. In 1950 they
founded the Lithuanian High School in Diepholz, which was a private school for children of
 Lithuanian refugees. For decades the Lithuanian High School was the only full-time high
school outside the Eastern Bloc offering courses in Lithuanian history, language, and
culture. In 1954, the Lithuanian Community acquired Rennhof Manor House with its twelve-
acre park in the town of Lampertheim-Hüttenfeld. The school was relocated there and still
exists today.
Lithuanian communities in Australia exist as well; due to its great distance from Europe,
however, emigration there was minuscule. There are Lithuanian communities in Melbourne,
Geelong, Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart and Perth.

Culture and traditions

The Lithuanian national sport is usually considered to be basketball (krepšinis), which is popular among
Lithuanians in Lithuania as well as in the diasporic communities. Basketball came to Lithuania through
the Lithuanian-American community in the 1930s. Lithuanian basketball teams were bronze medal
winners in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Summer Olympics.

Joninės (also known as Rasos) is a traditional national holiday, celebrated on the summer solstice. It has
pagan origins. Užgavėnės (Shrove Tuesday) takes place on the day before Ash Wednesday, and is meant
to urge the retreat of winter. There are also national traditions for Christian holidays such as Easter and
Christmas.

Cuisine
Lithuanian cuisine has much in common with other European cuisines and features the products suited to
its cool and moist northern climate: barley, potatoes, rye, beets, greens, and mushrooms are locally
grown, and dairy products are one of its specialties. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features,
which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's rich history.

Since shared similarities in history and heritage, Lithuanians, Jews and Poles have developed many
similar dishes and beverages: dumplings ( koldūnai), doughnuts (spurgos), and crepes (lietiniai blynai).
German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato
pudding (kugelis) and potato sausages (vėdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as šakotis.
Traditional dishes of Lithuanian Tatars and Lithuanian Karaites like Kibinai and čeburekai, that are
similar to pasty, are popular in Lithuania.

For Lithuanian Americans both traditional Lithuanian dishes of virtinukai (cabbage and noodles) and
balandėliai (rolled cabbage) are growing increasingly more popular.

There are also regional cuisine dishes, e.g. traditional kastinys in Žemaitija, Western Lithuania, Skilandis
in Western and Central Lithuania, Kindziukas in Eastern and Southern Lithuania (Dzūkija).

Cepelinai, a stuffed potato creation, is the most popular national dish. It is popular among Lithuanians all
over the world. Other national foods include dark rye bread, cold beet soup (šaltibarščiai), and kugelis (a
baked potato pudding). Some of these foods are also common in neighboring countries. Lithuanian
cuisine is generally unknown outside Lithuanian communities. Most Lithuanian restaurants outside
Lithuania are located in cities with a heavy Lithuanian presence.
Lithuanians in the early 20th century were among the thinnest people
in the developed countries of the world.[47] In Lithuanian cuisine there
is some emphasis on attractive presentation of freshly prepared foods.

Lithuania has been brewing midus, a type of Lithuanian mead for

thousands of years.[48]

Locally brewed beer (alus), vodka (degtinė), and kvass (gira) are
popular drinks in Lithuania. Lithuanian traditional beer of Northern
Lithuania, Biržai, Pasvalys regions is well appreciated in Lithuania
and abroad.[49] Starka is a part of the Lithuanian heritage, still
produced in Lithuania.

Language Lithuanian šakotis

Among Indo-European languages, Lithuanian is conservative in its

grammar and phonology, retaining archaic features otherwise found only in ancient languages such as
Sanskrit (particularly its early form, Vedic Sanskrit) or Ancient Greek.[50] Thus, it is an important source
for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European language despite its late attestation (with the earliest
texts dating only to c. 1500 A.D., whereas Ancient Greek was first written down in c. 1450 B.C.).[51]
There was fascination with the Lithuanian people and their language among the late 19th-century
researchers, and the philologist Isaac Taylor wrote the following in his The Origin of the Aryans (1892):

"Thus it would seem that the Lithuanians have the best claim to represent the primitive Aryan
race, as their language exhibits fewer of those phonetic changes, and of those grammatical
losses which are consequent on the acquirement of a foreign speech."[52]

The Proto-Balto-Slavic language branched off directly from Proto-

Indo-European, then sub-branched into Proto-Baltic and Proto-
Slavic. Proto-Baltic branched off into Proto-West Baltic and
Proto-East Baltic.[50] Baltic languages passed through a Proto-
Balto-Slavic stage, from which Baltic languages retain numerous
exclusive and non-exclusive lexical, morphological, phonological
and accentual isoglosses in common with the Slavic languages,
which represent their closest living Indo-European relatives.
Moreover, with Lithuanian being so archaic in phonology, Slavic
words can often be deduced from Lithuanian by regular sound
laws; for example, Lith. vilkas and Polish wilk ← PBSl. *wilkás Map of Lithuanian language in the
(cf. PSl. *vьlkъ) ← PIE *wĺ̥ kʷos, all meaning "wolf". early 21st century

Literature
When the ban against printing the Lithuanian language was lifted in 1904, various European literary
movements such as Symbolism, impressionism, and expressionism each in turn influenced the work of
Lithuanian writers. The first period of Lithuanian independence (1918–1940) gave them the opportunity
to examine themselves and their characters more deeply, as their primary concerns were no longer
political. An outstanding figure of the early 20th century was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, a novelist and
dramatist. His many works include Dainavos šalies senų žmonių
padavimai (Old Folks Tales of Dainava, 1912) and the historical dramas
Šarūnas (1911), Skirgaila (1925), and Mindaugo mirtis (The Death of
Mindaugas, 1935). Petras Vaičiūnas was another popular playwright,
producing one play each year during the 1920s and 1930s. Vincas
Mykolaitis-Putinas wrote lyric poetry, plays, and novels, including the
novel Altorių šešėly (In the Shadows of the Altars, 3 vol., 1933), a
remarkably powerful autobiographical novel.

Keturi vėjai movement started with publication of The Prophet of the

Four Winds by talented poet Kazys Binkis (1893—1942). It was rebellion
against traditional poetry. The theoretical basis of Keturi vėjai initially
was futurism which arrived through Russia from the West and later First Lithuanian book (1547)
cubism, dadaism, surrealism, unanimism, and German expressionism. The The Simple Words of
Catechism by Martynas
most influensive futurist for Lithuanian writers was Russian poet Vladimir
Mažvydas
Mayakovsky.[53]

Oskaras Milašius (1877–1939) is a paradoxical and interesting phenomenon in Lithuanian culture. He

never lived in Lithuania but was born and spent his childhood in Cereja (near Mogilev, Belarus) and
graduated from Lycée Janson de Sailly in Paris. His longing for his fatherland was more metaphysical.
Having to choose between two conflicting countries — Lithuania and Poland — he preferred Lithuania
which for him was an idea even more than a fatherland. In 1920 when France recognized the
independence of Lithuania, he was appointed officially as Chargé d'Affaires for Lithuania. He published:
1928, a collection of 26 Lithuanian songs; 1930, Lithuanian Tales and Stories; 1933, Lithuanian Tales;
1937, The origin of the Lithuanian Nation.

Religion
Since the Christianization of parts of Lithuania proper in 1387 and
of Samogitia in 1413, the majority of Lithuanians have been
members of the Roman Catholic Church. According to the 2021
census, 74% of Lithuanians are Roman Catholic. Under Article 26
of the Constitution of Lithuania, persons can freely practice a
religion of their choosing.[54]

The Roman Catholic Vilnius Catholicism played a significant role in Lithuanian anti-
Cathedral in the center of Vilnius, communist resistance under the Soviet Union. Several Catholic
the capital of Lithuania priests were leaders of the anti-communist movements, and
thousands of Latin crosses were placed on the Hill of Crosses near
Šiauliai, despite its being bulldozed in 1961.

Folk music
Lithuanian folk music is based around songs (dainos), which include romantic and wedding songs, as
well as work songs and archaic war songs. These songs used to be performed either in groups or alone,
and in parallel chords or unison. Duophonic songs are common in the renowned sutartinės tradition of
Aukštaitija. Another style of Lithuanian folk music is called rateliai, a kind of round dance.
Instrumentation includes kanklės, a kind of zither that accompanies sutartinės, rateliai, waltzes, quadrilles
and polkas, and fiddles, (including a bass fiddle called the
basetle) and a kind of whistle called the Lamzdeliai
lumzdelis; recent importations, beginning in the late 19th
century, including the concertina, accordion and bandoneon.
Sutartinė can be accompanied by skudučiai, a form of
panpipes played by a group of people, as well as wooden
trumpets (ragai and dandytės). Kanklės is an extremely
important folk instrument, which differs in the number of
strings and performance techniques across the country. Other
Lithuanian folklore band Kulgrinda
traditional instruments include švilpas whistle, drums and performing in Vilnius
tabalas (a percussion instrument like a gong), sekminių
ragelis (bagpipe) and the pūslinė, a musical bow made from a
pig's bladder filled with dried peas.[55]

See also
Lithuania portal

Lithuania
Lithuania Minor
Baltic states
List of Lithuanians
List of Lithuanian philosophers
Lithuanian American
Lithuanians in the United Kingdom
Lithuanian Scots
Lithuanians in Brazil

Notes
a. singular male: lietuvis, singular female: lietuvė Lithuanian pronunciation: [lʲjɛˈtʊʋʲeː]

References
1. "Lietuviai" (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuviai-1/). Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija.
Retrieved 28 October 2022.
2. "Tautinės mažumos Lietuvoje" (https://tmde.lrv.lt/lt/tautiniu-mazumu-kulturos-centrai-ir-tautin
es-bendrijos/statistika/). tmde.lrv.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
3. "2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (https://archive.today/202002140110
13/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14
_1YR_S0201&prodType=table). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (h
ttp://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_1Y
R_S0201&prodType=table) on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
 4. Savickas, Edgaras (20 February 2019). "Blogiausias "Brexit" scenarijus atrodo
neišvengiamas: viskas, ką reikia žinoti" (https://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/blogiausias-brexit
-scenarijus-atrodo-neisvengiamas-viskas-ka-reikia-zinoti.d?id=80408561). DELFI (in
Lithuanian). Retrieved 17 January 2020.
5. "Um atalho para a Europa" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130703152615/http://epoca.glob
o.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm). Epoca. Editora Globo S.A. 24 June 2002. Archived from the
original (http://epoca.globo.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm) on 3 July 2013.
6. "Lietuviai Pasaulyje" (https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/1704467/15_Lietuviai_pasauly
je.pdf) (PDF). Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
7. "Litauen - litauische Staatsbürger in der EU" (https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/87
0733/umfrage/litauer-in-den-laendern-der-eu/).
8. "Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija" (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kanados-lietuviai/=) (in
Lithuanian)
9. Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents (https://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef/),
SSB, Immigration to Norway
10. Ambasadoriumi Australijoje paskirtas D. Degutis (https://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvosdiena/aktualijo
s/2021/08/15/news/ambasadoriumi-australijoje-paskirtas-d-degutis-prie-unesco-j-balciunien
e-20434218)
11. "Lithuania country brief" (https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/lithuania-country-brief_0.
pdf) (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
12. Lietuviai tango ritmu (https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/31270/argentinos-lietuviai-tango-rit
mu.html)
13. "Lithuanians in Argentina (contribute to & edit this article)" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016
0808052926/http://ltuworld.com/homes/item/517-lithuanians-in-argentina-contribute-to-edit-t
his-article). Archived from the original (http://ltuworld.com/homes/item/517-lithuanians-in-arg
entina-contribute-to-edit-this-article) on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
14. "Statistics Sweden:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin
and citizenship" (http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101
__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/).
15. "Statistics Denmark:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin
and citizenship" (https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1829).
16. "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи
населения 2021 года" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/
storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx). Archived from the original (https://rosstat.g
ov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx) on 2022-12-30. Retrieved
2023-01-05.
17. Urugvajaus lietuviai – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/urugvajau
s-lietuviai/) (in Lithuanian)
18. Berend, Nora (2007-11-22). Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy:
Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c.900–1200 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Um
FrVUb5DSwC). Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-46836-7.
19. McKenna, Amy (2013-06-01). Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ). Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-
61530-991-7.
20. "Lithuania – History" (https://www.britannica.com/place/Lithuania/History#ref37336).
Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
21. Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1948). A Study Of History (Volume II) (https://archive.org/details/in.
ernet.dli.2015.499044/page/n181/mode/2up) (Fourth impression ed.). Great Britain: Oxford
University Press. p. 172. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
22. "Lithuania - Historical Development" (https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/c
ontent/historical-development-44_en). Eurydice Network of the European Commission. 2
January 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
23. Rowell, Stephen Christopher; Baronas, Darius (2015). The conversion of Lithuania: from
pagan barbarians to late medieval Christians (https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/object
s/LT-LDB-0001:B.03~2015~1467038656538/datastreams/DS.001.1.01.BOOK/content).
Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 2. ISBN 9786094251528. Retrieved
9 June 2021.
24. Tzeng, Albert; Richter, William L.; Koldunova, Ekaterina (2018-01-12). Framing Asian
Studies: Geopolitics and Institutions (https://books.google.com/books?id=1ltVDwAAQBAJ&d
q=Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian+Commonwealth+%22confederal%22&pg=PA190).
ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 190. ISBN 978-981-4786-30-0.
25. Iršenas, Marius; Račiūnaitė, Tojana (2015). The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and
Culture (https://leidykla.vda.lt/Files/_TheLithuanianMillenium_2015_per.pdf) (PDF). Vilnius
Academy of Arts Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-609-447-097-4. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
26. Vytautas the Great; Valkūnas, Leonas (translation from Latin). Vytauto laiškai [ Letters of
Vytautas the Great ] (http://www.šaltiniai.info/files/literatura/LC00/Vytauto_lai%C5%A1kai.LC
2100.pdf) (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius University, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and
Folklore. p. 6. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
27. "Lietuvos etnografiniai regionai – ar pažįstate juos visus?" (https://www.delfi.lt/keliones/nauji
enos/lietuvos-etnografiniai-regionai-ar-pazistate-juos-visus.d?id=68064162). DELFI (in
Lithuanian). Retrieved 9 May 2021.
28. "Aukštaitija" (https://www.ekgt.lt/lietuvos-etnografiniai-regionai/aukstaitija/). Ekgt.lt (in
Lithuanian). Etninės kultūros globos taryba (Council for the Protection of Ethnic Culture).
Retrieved 9 May 2021.
29. Glanville Price. Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, 2000, pp.304–306
30. "2011 Census – Lithuanian Government Department of Statistics" (http://www.stat.gov.lt/upl
oads/Lietuvos_gyventojai_2011.pdf) (PDF).
31. Sönke Neitzel & Harald Welzer, Soldaten (Protokolle vom Kämpfen, Töten und Sterben),
Frankfurt am Main 2011, pp. 118–120 (Hebrew edition translated from the German)
ISBN 978-965-552-818-3
32. "M3010215: Population at the beginning of the year by ethnicity" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160101225136/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTabl
e=M3010215&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rv
ar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar1
1=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=). Data of 2011 Population Census. Lietuvos statistikos
departamentas. Archived from the original (http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/savese
lections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=3236&I
QY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=
&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=) on 1 January 2016. Retrieved
17 October 2013.
33. Vyšniauskaitė, Angelė (2005). "LIETUVIŲ ETNINĖ KULTŪRA – AKCENTAS
DAUGIALYPĖJE EUROPOS KULTŪROJE" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080125230536/
http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KULTURA/Seminaras_etnine_kultura.htm) (in Lithuanian).
Archived from the original (http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KULTURA/Seminaras_etnine_kultura.h
tm) on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
34. Česnys G. Anthropological roots of the Lithuanians. Science, Arts and Lithuania 1991; 1: p.
4-10.
35. Daiva Ambrasienė, Vaidutis Kučinskas Genetic variability of the Lithuanian human
population according to Y chromosome microsatellite markers (http://images.katalogas.lt/ma
leidykla/eko31/E-89.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130101/http://imag
es.katalogas.lt/maleidykla/eko31/E-89.pdf) 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
36. Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis in the Lithuanian Population (http://images.katalogas.
lt/maleidykla/act41/A-01.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130058/http://i
mages.katalogas.lt/maleidykla/act41/A-01.pdf) 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
37. Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.;
Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena;
Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Solnik, Anu; Reisberg, Tuuli; Parik, Jüri; Saag, Lauri; Metspalu, Ene;
Rootsi, Siiri; Montinaro, Francesco; Remm, Maido; Mägi, Reedik; d'Atanasio, Eugenia;
Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke; Díez-Del-Molino, David; Thomas, Mark G.; Kriiska, Aivar;
Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard; Lang, Valter; Metspalu, Mait; Tambets, Kristiina (9 May
2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers
further East" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527). Current Biology. 29
(10): 1701–1711.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.
04.026). PMC 6544527 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527).
PMID 31080083 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31080083). S2CID 148572152 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148572152).
38. Kushniarevich, A; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations:
A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026). PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820.
Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1035820
K). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820).
PMC 4558026 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026). PMID 26332464
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332464).
39. Genetic diseases among the Ashkenazi (http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/abstracts-diseas
es.html)
40. Durst, Ronen; Colombo, Roberto; Shpitzen, Shoshi; Ben Avi, Liat; Friedlander, Yechiel;
Wexler, Roni; Raal, Frederick J.; Marais, David A.; Defesche, Joep C.; Mandelshtam,
Michail Y.; Kotze, Maritha J.; Leitersdorf, Eran; Meiner, Vardiella (2001). "Recent Origin and
Spread of a Common Lithuanian Mutation, G197del LDLR, Causing Familial
Hypercholesterolemia: Positive Selection Is Not Always Necessary to Account for Disease
Incidence among Ashkenazi Jews" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122609
8). The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (5): 1172–88. doi:10.1086/320123 (https://
doi.org/10.1086%2F320123). ISSN 0002-9297 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297).
PMC 1226098 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1226098). PMID 11309683
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11309683).
41. J. Tutkuviene. Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of
Lithuanians. Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht über die biologisch-anthropologische
Literatur. 2005 Mar;63(1):29–44. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retri
eve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15830586&dopt=Abstract)
42. "Lenkijos lietuviai" (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lenkijos-lietuviai/). Visuotinė lietuvių
enciklopedija (in Lithuanian).
43. "Baltarusijos lietuviai" (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/baltarusijos-lietuviai/). Visuotinė lietuvių
enciklopedija (in Lithuanian).
44. Milerytė-Japertienė, Giedrė (2019-04-16). "Grynoriai: Lithuanian-American life in the early
20th century" (http://blog.europeana.eu/2019/04/grynoriai-lithuanian-american-life-in-the-earl
y-20th-century/). Europeana (CC By-SA). Retrieved 5 May 2019.
45. Immigration Statistics | Homeland Security (https://www.dhs.gov/immigrationstatistics)
46. "Innvandrere etter landbakgrunn. Antall og andel. 2019. Valgt region" (https://www.kommune
profilen.no/Profil/Befolkning/DinRegion/bef_innvandrere_land_region.aspx).
www.kommuneprofilen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 March 2020.
47. Lissau, I.; et al. (January 2004). "Body mass index and overweight in adolescents in 13
European countries, Israel, and the United States" (https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.15
8.1.27). Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 158 (1): 27–33.
doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.1.27 (https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.158.1.27).
PMID 14706954 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14706954).
48. Antanas Astrauskas (2008), „Per barzdą varvėjo...“: svaigiųjų gėrimų istorija Lietuvoje
ISBN 978-9955-23-141-7
49. The NY Times picks beer trail in Lithuania among 46 places to visit in 2013 (http://www.ltuwo
rld.com/homes/item/284-the-ny-times-picks-beer-trail-in-lithuania-among-46-places-to-visit-i
n-2013)
50. Smalstieg, William (1982). "The Origin of the Lithuanian Language" (http://www.lituanus.org/
1982_1/82_1_01.htm). Lituanus. 28 (1). Retrieved 2016-08-07 – via lituanus.org.
51. "Lithuanian Language" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lithuanian-language).
Encyclopedia Britannica.
52. Taylor, Isaac (1892). The Origin of the Aryans: An Account of the Prehistoric Ethnology and
Civilisation of Europe (https://archive.org/details/cu31924029872847/page/n277/mode/2up).
The Contemporary Science (2nd ed.). London: 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row. p. 261.
53. "Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas. Keturi vėjai ir keturvėjinikai, Aidai, 1949, No. 24" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20060516104501/http://www.tekstai.lt/tekstai/4vejai/apie/nyliunas.htm). Archived
from the original (http://www.tekstai.lt/tekstai/4vejai/apie/nyliunas.htm) on 2006-05-16.
Retrieved 2006-06-23.
54. "Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania" (http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_
l?p_id=211295). Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. 2003-03-20. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
55. Cronshaw, Andrew (2000). «Singing Revolutions», Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark
with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.) World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and
the Middle East, 16–24, London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.

External links
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). "Lithuanians and Letts" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lithuanians_and_Letts). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 789–791.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanians&oldid=1255993805"