C++ Programming

Trainer : Rohan Paramane

Email: [email protected]

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Agenda

• Scope
• Macro
• Operator Overloading
• Exception Handling
• Association
• Composition
• Aggregation
• Inheritance
• Types of Inheritance

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Operator Overloading

• operator is token in C/C++.

• It is used to generate expression.
• operator is keyword in C++.
• Types of operator:
• Unary operator ( ++,--,&,!,~,sizeof())
• Binary Operator (Arithmetic, relational, logical , bitwise, assignment)
• Ternary operator (conditional)
• In C++, also we can not use operator with objects of user defined type directly.
• If we want to use operator with objects of user defined type then we should overload operator.
• To overload operator, we should define operator function.
• We can define operator function using 2 ways:
• Using member function
• Using non member function

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Need Of Operator Overloading

• we extend the meaning of the operator.

• If we want to use operator with the object of use defined type, then we need to overload operator.
• To overload operator, we need to define operator function.
• In C++, operator is a keyword
• Suppose we want to use plus(+) operator with objects then we need to define operator+( ) function.

We define operator function Point pt1(10,20), pt2(30,40 ), pt3;

either inside class (as a
member function) or pt3 = pt1 + pt2; //pt3 = pt1.operator+( pt2); //using member function
outside class (as a non- //or
member function). pt3 = pt1 + pt2; //pt3 = operator+( pt1, pt2); //using non member function

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Operator Overloading
using member function using non member function
• operator function must be member • Operator function must be global
function function
• If we want to overload, binary operator • If we want to overload binary operator
using member function then operator using non member function then operator
function should take only one function should take two parameters.
parameter. • Example : c3 = c1 + c2; //will be called as -
• Example : c3 = c1 + c2; //will be called as - -----c3 = operator+(c1,c2);
----- c3 = c1.operator+( c2 ) Example:
Example : Point operator+( Point &pt1, Point &pt2 ) //Non Member
Point operator+( Point &other ) //Member Function Function
{ {
Point temp; Point temp;
temp.xPos = this->xPos + other.xPos;
temp.xPos = pt1.xPos + pt2.xPos;
temp.yPos = this->yPos + other.yPos;
return temp; temp.yPos = pt1.yPos + pt2.yPos;
} return temp;
}

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We can not overloading following operator using member as well as non
member function:
1. dot/member selection operator( . )
2. Pointer to member selection operator(.*)
3. Scope resolution operator( :: )
4. Ternary/conditional operator( ? : )
5. sizeof() operator
6. typeid() operator
7. static_cast operator
8. dynamic_cast operator
9. const_cast operator
10. reinterpret_cast operator

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We can not overload following operators using non member function:

• Assignment operator( = )
• Subscript / Index operator( [] )
• Function Call operator[ () ]
• Arrow / Dereferencing operator( -> )

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Program Demo without operator overloading

• Create a class point, having two fileld, x, y.

• Point( void )
• Point( int x, int y )
int main( void )
{
Point pt1(10,20);
Point pt2(30,40);
Point pt3;
pt3 = pt1 + pt2; //Not OK( implicitly)
return 0;
}

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Exception Handling
• If we give wrong input to the application then it generates runtime error/exception.
• Exception is an object, which is used to send notification to the end user of the system if any exceptional situation occurs in the program.
• To handle exception then we should use 3 keywords:
• 1. try Note : For thrown exception, if we
• try is keyword in C++. do not provide matching catch block
• If we want to inspect exception then we should put statements inside try block/handler. then C++ runtime gives call to the
• Try block may have multiple catch block but it must have at least one catch block. std::terminate() function which
• 2. catch implicitly gives call to the std::abort()
• If we want to handle exception then we should use catch block/handler. function.
• Single try block may have multiple catch block.
• Catch block can handle exception thrown from try block only.
• A catch block, which can handle any type of exception is called generic catch block / catch-all handler.
• For each type of exception, we can write specific catch block or we can write single catch block which can handle all types of exception. A
catch block which can handle all type of exception is called generic catch block.
• 3. throw
• throw is keyword in C++.
• If we want to generate exception explicitly then we should use throw keyword.
• "throw statement" is a jump statement.
• To generate new exception, we should use throw keyword. Throw statement is jump statement.

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 int num1;
• In C++, try, catch and throw
accept_record( num1 );
keyword is used to handle
int num2;
exception. accept_record( num1 );
try
{
if( num2 == 0 )
throw "/ by zero exception";
int result = num1 / num2;
print_record( result )
}
catch( const char *ex )
{ cout<<ex<<endl; }
catch(...)
{
cout<<"Genenric catch handler"<<endl;
}

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Consider the following code
In this code, int type exception is thrown int main( void )
{
but matching catch block is not available.
int num1;
Even generic catch block is also not
accept_record(num1);
available. Hence program will terminate. int num2;
Because , if we throw exception from try accept_record(num2);
block then catch block can handle it. But try
with the help of function we can throw
exception from outside of the try block. {
if( num2 == 0 )
throw 0;
int result = num1 / num2;
print_record(result);
}
catch( const char *ex )
{ cout<<ex<<endl; }
return 0;
}

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Consider the following code
If we are throwing exception from int calculate(int num1,int num2) throw(const char* )
{ if( num2 == 0 )
function, then implementer of function
throw "/ by zero exception";
should specify “exception specification
return num1 / num2;
list”. The exception specification list is }
used to specify type of exception int main( void )
function { int num1;
may throw. accept_record(num1);
If type of thrown exception is not int num2;

available in exception specification list accept_record(num2);

try
and if exception is raised then C++ do
{ int result = calculate(
execute catch block rather it invokes
num1, num2 );
std::unexpected() function. print_record(result);
}
catch( const char *ex )
{ cout<<ex<<endl; }
return 0; }

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Scope

• It decides area/region/boundry in which we can access the element.

• Types of scope in C++:
1. Block scope
2. Function scope
3. Prototype scope
4. Class scope
5. Namespace scope
6. File scope
7. Program scope

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Example Scope
int num6; //Program Scope
static int num5; //File Scope
namespace ntest
{ int num4; //Namespace scope
class Test
{ int num3; //Class Scope };
}
void sum( int num1, int num2 ); //Prototype scope
int main( void )
{
int num1 = 10; //Function Scope
while( true )
{ int temp = 0; }
return 0; //Block Scope
}

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Macro

• Symbolic constant is called as macro

• Expanding macro is a job of pre processor.
• Example:
• #define SIZE 10
• #define EOF -1
• #define MULTIPLY(x,y) x*y
• Few other Macro’s in C++
• __FILE__, __LINE__,__DATE__,__TIME__

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Association
• If has-a relationship exist between two types then we should use association.
• Example : Car has-a engine (OR engine is part-of car)
• If object is part-of / component of another object then it is called association.
• If we declare object of a class as a data member inside another class then it represents association.
• Example Association:
class Engine
{ };
class Car
{ private:
Engine e; //Association
};
int main( void )
{ Car car;
return 0;
}
//Dependant Object : Car Object
//Dependancy Object : Engine Object

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Composition and aggregation are specialized form of association
Composition Aggregation
• If dependency object do not exist without • If dependency object exist without Dependant object
Dependant object then it represents composition. then it represents Aggregation.
• Composition represents tight coupling. • Aggregation represents loose coupling.
• Example: Human has-a heart. class Faculty
class Heart { };
class Department
{ };
{
class Human
Faculty f; //Association->Aggregation
{ Heart hrt; //Association->Composition
};
};
int main( void )
int main( void ) {
{ Human h; Department d;
return 0; return 0;
} }
• //Dependant Object : Human Object • //Dependant Object : Department Object
• //Dependancy Object : Heart Object • //Dependancy Object : Faculty Object

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Inheritance
• If "is-a" relationship exist between two types then we should use inheritance.
• Inheritance is also called as "Generalization".
• Example: Book is-a product
• During inheritance, members of base class inherit into derived class.
• If we create object of derived class then non static data members declared in base class get space inside it.
• Size of object = sum of size of non static data members declared in base class and derived class.
• If we use private/protected/public keyword to control visibility of members of class then it is called access
Specifier.
• If we use private/protected/public keyword to extend the class then it is called mode of inheritance.
• Default mode of inheritance is private.
• Example: class Employee : person //is treated as class Employee : private Person
• Example: class Employee:public Person
• In all types of mode, private members inherit into derived class but we can not access it inside member
function of derived class.
• If we want to access private members inside derived class then:
• Either we should use member function(getter/setter).
• or we should declare derived class as a friend inside base class.

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Syntax of inheritance in C++

class Person //Parent class In C++ Parent class is called as Base class and child class is
{ }; called as derived class. To create derived class we should use
class Employee : public Person // Child class colon(:) operator. As shown in this code, public is mode of
{ }; inheritance.
class Person //Parent class If we create object of derived class, then all the non- static
{ char name[ 30 ]; int age; }; data member declared in base class & derived class get space
class Employee : public Person //Child class inside it i.e. non-static static data members of base class
{ int empid; float salary; }; inherit into the derived class.
int main( void )
{
Person p;
cout<<sizeof( p )<<endl;
Employee emp;
cout<<sizeof( emp )<<endl;
return 0;
}

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Syntax of inheritance in C++

• Using derived class name, we can access static data member declared in base class i.e. static data
member of base class inherit into derived class.
class Base{ class Derived : public Base int main( void )
protected: { {
static int number; int num3; Derived d;
static int num4;
}; d.setNum1(10);
public:
int Base::number = 10; d.setNum3(30);
void setNum3( int num3 )
class Derived : public Base{ Derived::setNum2(20);
{ this->num3 = num3; }
public: Derived::setNum4(40);
static void setNum4( int num4 )
static void print( void ) return 0;
{ Derived::num4 = num4; }
{ cout<<Base::number<<endl; } }; }
}; int Derived::num4;
int main( void ){
Derived::print();
return 0;
}
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Except following functions, including nested class, all the members of base
class, inherit into the derived class
• Constructor
• Destructor
• Copy constructor
• Assignment operator
• Friend function.

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Types of Inheritance
• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance
• Multilevel inheritance
If we combine any two or more types together then it is called as hybrid inheritance.

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Thank You

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