Scribd
Upload
4 views18 pages

Biostat 2

Uploaded by

Sujon Paul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views18 pages

Biostat 2

Uploaded by

Sujon Paul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

BIOSTATISTICS

(2nd Part)
DR. MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN
MBBS, FCPS P1 (MEDICINE)
BCS (HEALTH)
MEASURES OF LOCATION
• Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median,
Mode
• Percentiles
• Deciles
• Quartiles
• Mean: Arithmetic mean Eg. 2,3,4

• Median: Middle most value when data are


arranged in ascending or descending order
Eg. 3,6,7,5,8,9,4

• Mode: Most occurring value . Eg. 2,3,4,3,6,7


• Percentile: Value is divided into 100 equal
parts. E.g. 5 percentile means 5% data are
below this value and 95% data is above this
value
• Decile: Value is divided into 10 equal parts.
E.g. 4th decile means 40% data is below this
value and 60 % data above.
• Quartile: Value are divided into 4 equal parts.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION/ SPREAD
• Dispersion/ spread:
1. Range
2. Mean deviation
3. Standard deviation (SD): This is the square
root of variance (mostly used )
4. Variance – most
5. Inter quartile range
6. IDR
7. Coefficient of variation
DATA DISTRIBUTION
• TYPES:
1. Normal or Gaussian distribution
2. Skewed distributiob
3. Log-Normal distribution
4. Binominal distribution
5. Poisson distribution
CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION CURVE
• Bell shaped
• Symmetrical
• Mean = median = mode
• Total area of curve 1
• 50% data above and 50% data below the value
• Mean ±1 SD covers 68% values
• Mean ±2 SD covers 95% values
• Mean ±3 SD covers 99.7% values
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
• Asymmetrical
• Positively skewed: Mean>median>mode.
Mean & median are to the right of the mode
• Negatively skewed: Mean<median<mode.
Mean & median are to the left of the mode
• Mean is towards longer tail, mode towards
shorter tail
PROBABILITY
• Chance of occurrence of any event by
chance.
• Value of P is in between 0 & 1
• P= 0 means zero chance of occurrence e.g.
survival after rabies.
• P= 1 means 100% chance of occurrence e.g.
Death of animal
• Cut off point : 0.05
• Significant result: if P value <0.05
HYPOTHESIS

• NULL: There is no difference between


control and experiment value
• ALTERNATIVE: There is a difference
• P value <0.05 means chance of error is less
and Null hypothesis can be rejected and
alternative hypothesis is accepted. Result is
significant
SAMPLING ERROR
• Type 1 error/ alpha: equivalent to false
positive. Incorrect rejection of null hypothesis

• Type 2 error /beta: equivalent to false


negative. Incorrect acceptance of null
hypothesis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS/ SIGNIFICANCE
• Parametric: For quantitative data (normally
distributed data)
 t-Test (Student’s t-Test)
 F-test (fisher’s test or analysis of variance/ANOVA)
 Z-test (Proportion test)
 Regression test
• Non-parametric: for qualitative data (asymmetrically
distributed data)
• Chi-squared test
• Fisher exact probability test
• Mann-Whitney test
• Z-test
t-Test
• Find out the significance between two mean.
• Criteria:
Parametric
Quantitative data
Normally distributed data
Random sampling
Sample size < 30
Z-TEST
• Find out the significance between two
proportion
• Criteria:
Parametric or non-parametric
Quantitative data
Normally distributed data
Random sampling
Sample size > 30
CHI-SQUARED TEST
• Find out the significance between two mean.
• Criteria:
Non-Parametric
Qualitative data
Asymmetrically distributed data
No mean, median or mode
Random sampling
Sample size < 30
F-TEST OR ANOVA

• Find out significant difference between 2


or more data.
• Sensitivity: Detects true positive. E.g. ANA in
SLE
• Specificity: Detects true negative e.g. Anti-
dsDNA in SLE
• True positive: PRESENCE OF DISEASE WITH
TEST POSITIVE
• True negative: ABSENCE OF DISEASE WITH
TEST NEGATIVE

You might also like