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29 views52 pages

Icpppp

Uploaded by

Reagan Macharia
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1

EMCQ 3146 & EMCI 2144 INDUSTRIAL


CHEMICAL PROCESSES 1A
Lecture 1: Introduction Chemical Processes and Technology

Moses O. Marenya, P. E.
Dept. of Biosystems & Environmental Engineering

EMCQ 3146
&
School of Chemical & Biological Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EMCI 2044
Content
• Basic definitions

• Structure of chemical industry structure of chemical


industry

• Structure of (bio)chemical industry structure of


(bio)chemical industry

• Chemical industry processes & technologies


Some definitions
Industrial chemical process (es) defined
• An industrial chemical process refers to a set of operations and transformations
that occur in an industrial setting to produce chemical products or modify raw
materials into desired forms

Chemical process technology defined


• Chemical processes technology is used to produce chemical products and is, by
definition, is used to produce chemical products and are, by definition, processes which
include chemical transformation.

• Many chemicals are mixed with others to produce formulations suitable for consumer
use. These include consumer products such as paints, fragrances, Cement, Urea,
Fertilizers, pesticides and medicinal products
Chemical Processes

Operation Equipment
Chemical reaction Reactor
Distillation Distillation column
Filtration Filter units
Drying Dryers (various types)
Fluid transport Pipes, valves, pumps etc
Flowsheets
Flow sheets are used to describe the operating details of Chemical
processes.

It describes
*Schematic representations
*Arrangement of equipment
*Interconnections
*Movement of material
*Stream connections
*Stream flows/quantities
*Stream compositions
*Operating conditions
Types Of Flow Sheets :

1: Flowcharts (Block Flow Diagrams)


2: Process Flow sheets (Process Flow Diagram)
3: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (PID)
Block Flow Diagram

(Flowcharts)
A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation of a logic
sequence , work or manufacturing process, organization chart,
or similar formalized structure. The purpose of a flow chart is to
provide people with a common language or reference point
when dealing with a project or process. Flowcharts use simple
geometric symbols and arrows to define relationships.
Process Flow Diagram

(Process Flow sheets)


A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) or System Flow Diagram (SFD)
shows the relationships between the major components in the
system. PFD also tabulate process design values for the
components in different operating modes, typical minimum, normal
and maximum. A PFD does not show minor components, piping
systems, piping ratings and designations.
OR
A schematic representation of the sequence of all relevant
operations occurring during a process and includes information
considered desirable for analysis.
Process Flow Diagram

A PFD should include:


● Process Piping
● Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers
● Control, valves and valves that affect the operation of the
system
● Interconnection with other systems
● Major bypass and recirculation lines
● System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and
maximum flow, temperature and pressure
● Composition of fluids
Purpose of Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
1. Plant design basis: PFD shows the plant design basis
indicating feedstock, product and main stream flow rates and
operating conditions.

2. Scope of process: PFD serves to identify the scope of the


process.

3. Equipment configuration: PFD shows graphically the


arrangement of major equipment, process lines and main
control loops.

4. Required utilities: PFD shows utilities which are used


continuously in the process…
Structure of chemical industry
Structure of (bio)chemical industry
Product tree for gas & oil (1)
Product tree for gas & oil (2)
Natural gas treatment
The Fischer-Tropsch process (1920-1936)
The Fischer-Tropsch process (2)
Typical product composition
Crude oil treatment
Naphtha cracking simplified
Ethene / propene via naphtha cracking
Polymerization of ethylene
Reaction sequence in urea process
Urea synthesis according to Uhde/Stamicarbon

Source: http://www.uhde.eu/competence/technologies/fertiliser/ammonia-urea.html
Stamicarbon urea plant according to Uhde

Source: http://www.stamicarbon.com/urea-technologies
Granulation and classification of urea
Toyo urea granulator

Source: http://www.toyo-eng.co.jp/en/advantage/technology/petrochemistry/urea_technology/urea_granulation/index.html
Sandvik Rotoform Process

Source: http://www.processsystems.sandvik.com/
Chemical process for 1,3 propanediol
Evolution 1,3 propanediol process of DuPont

http://www2.dupont.com/Bio-
based_Propanediol/en_CN/
1,3 Propanediol
Caprolactam
Various routes for commercial caprolactam
production
Caprolactam reaction scheme DSM route
Final steps in caprolactam process

Source: www.dsm.com
Basic principle of resin making
Reactions involved in resin making
Coal Power Station
CO2 capture by amine absorption
Flue gas (bio) desulphurization
Waste treatment of chemical plants
COD as a measure for “pollution”
Reactions involved in biological ww treatment
Aerobic wastewater treatment
Anaerobic wastewater treatment
Biodegradability some organic components
Wet Air Oxidation: Zimpro process
Wet Air Oxidation: Kenox process
Concluding remarks
52

QUESTIONS …

EMCQ 3146
&
School of Chemical & Biological Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EMCI 2044

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