College of social science

Maths group assignment

Section: CSS1
Name of students ID number

Kirubel Tsegaye UGR/6542/16

Endalkachew Bitweded UGR/1514/16
Maeda Ahmed UGR/7468/16
Eshetu Bogale UGR/1363/16
Getahun Akele UGR/6229/15

Submit to:
Submission date: 21/10/24
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
1. Meaning and objectives of Ethiopian foreign policy and national interest........2
1.1. Foreign policy and National interest of Ethiopia during the Derg regime
(1974-1991)...............................................................................................................4
1.2. Foreign policy and national interest of Ethiopia during EPRDF since 1991..6
1.3. Foreign policy and national interest of Ethiopia the incumbent regime.....9
2. Conflict Resolution and Peace-building:............................................................10
3. Economic Development and National Interests:...............................................11
Conclusion..................................................................................................................13
Reference................................................................................................................... 13

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2 Discuss briefly the foreign policy and national interest of Ethiopia since
1974 (the Military Regime, EPRDF and the incumbent regime).

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 INTRODUCTION
Foreign policy is the means by which a country seeks to achieve its national interests
in the international arena. It involves navigating complex relationships with other
countries, pursuing alliances and partnerships, resolving conflicts, and advancing
economic and security objectives to safeguard and promote the
well-being of the nation.

Since 1974, Ethiopia has undergone significant shifts in its foreign policy and national
interests under different regimes. The military regime that came to power in 1974
focused on maintaining internal stability and consolidating power, often at the
expense of human rights and democratic principles. This period saw Ethiopia aligning
itself with socialist countries and receiving support from the Soviet Union.
With the establishment of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
(EPRDF) in 1991, there was a shift towards a more inclusive and participatory
governance structure. The EPRDF pursued a policy of regional integration and
cooperation, particularly in the Horn of Africa, while also seeking to balance
relationships with Western powers and maintaining strategic partnerships with
countries like the United States.
The current incumbent regime in Ethiopia has continued to prioritize regional
stability and economic development as key pillars of its foreign policy. Ethiopia has
played a leading role in mediating conflicts in the region, such as the South Sudan
peace process, and has sought to strengthen ties with neighboring countries through
initiatives like the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project.
Overall, Ethiopia's foreign policy since 1974 has been shaped by a desire to promote
national interests such as economic growth, regional stability, and international
cooperation, while also navigating complex geopolitical dynamics in a rapidly
changing global landscape.

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 1.Meaning and objectives of Ethiopian
foreign policy and national interest
 Ethiopia's foreign policy is a critical component of the country's overall strategy
to promote and safeguard its national interests on the global stage. The meaning
of Ethiopian foreign policy lies in its pursuit of diplomatic, economic, and
security objectives that advance the country's interests and values in the
international arena. Ethiopia's foreign policy is guided by a set of principles and
goals that shape its interactions with other countries and international
organizations. Principle of current Ethiopian foreign relation stated in Article 86

 One of the key objectives of Ethiopian foreign policy is to promote economic

development and prosperity. Ethiopia seeks to attract foreign investment,
expand trade relations, and access international markets to drive economic
growth and create opportunities for its citizens. By engaging in economic
diplomacy, Ethiopia aims to secure partnerships that contribute to its economic
development and enhance its competitiveness in the global economy.

 Another important objective of Ethiopian foreign policy is to ensure political

stability and security in the region. Ethiopia strives to foster peaceful relations
with neighboring countries and regional partners, as well as to play a
constructive role in conflict resolution efforts. By promoting peace and security
in the Horn of Africa and beyond, Ethiopia aims to create a conducive
environment for sustainable development and cooperation.

 Furthermore, Ethiopia's foreign policy seeks to enhance the country's national

security and defense capabilities. Ethiopia prioritizes the protection of its
territorial integrity and sovereignty through defense cooperation, security
partnerships, and participation in regional and international security initiatives.
By strengthening its defense capabilities and countering threats to its security,
Ethiopia aims to safeguard its national interests and contribute to regional
stability.

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 In essence, foreign policy is the means through which a country navigates the
complexities of the international system to protect its national interest and
secure its place in the global community. By formulating and implementing
effective foreign policy strategies, a country can enhance its standing in the
world, foster economic growth, ensure its security, and promote its values and
principles on the global stage. Ultimately, foreign policy serves as a critical tool
for advancing a country's interests and aspirations in an increasingly
interconnected and interdependent world.

 Ethiopia also aims to play a leadership role in regional organizations such as the
African Union (AU) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
(IGAD). The country aspires to promote peace, security, and development in
Africa, as well as to contribute to regional integration efforts. Through active
engagement in regional initiatives, Ethiopia seeks to enhance its influence and
leverage on issues of common concern.

 In addition, Ethiopian foreign policy aims to promote the country's cultural

heritage, values, and principles on the global stage. Ethiopia seeks to raise
awareness about its rich history, traditions, and contributions to humanity, while
advocating for issues such as human rights, democracy, and sustainable
development. By projecting its values and principles internationally, Ethiopia
aims to enhance its reputation and influence in the international community.

 Overall, Ethiopian foreign policy is driven by a commitment to advancing the

country's national interests through strategic diplomacy, economic engagement,
security cooperation, and cultural promotion. By pursuing these objectives with
consistency and determination, Ethiopia aims to secure its place as a respected
and influential actor in the global arena

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 1.1. Foreign policy and National interest of Ethiopia
during the Derg regime (1974-1991)

 During the Derg regime in Ethiopia, which began in 1974 following the
overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie, the country's foreign policy was heavily
influenced by its socialist ideology and quest for regional dominance. The Derg
regime, led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, pursued a policy of non-alignment with
the superpowers during the Cold War but leaned towards socialist countries
such as the Soviet Union and Cuba. This alignment with socialist nations was
driven by the regime's desire to receive military assistance, economic aid, and
political support to bolster its grip on power and suppress internal dissent.

During its rule from 1974 to 1991, the Derg regime in Ethiopia pursued a foreign
policy that aimed to advance the country's national interests in various ways. Some
of the key achievements of the Derg regime in terms of foreign policy and national
interest include:-

1. Alignment with the Soviet Union: The Derg regime established close ties
with the Soviet Union, which provided military and economic assistance to Ethiopia.
This alliance helped Ethiopia strengthen its defense capabilities and secure support
for its domestic policies.

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2. Regional influence: The Derg regime sought to expand Ethiopia's influence in
the Horn of Africa region by supporting liberation movements in neighboring
countries such as Eritrea and Somalia. By engaging in regional conflicts and alliances,
the Derg regime aimed to bolster Ethiopia's strategic position and security interests.

3. Anti-imperialist stance: The Derg regime adopted an anti-imperialist rhetoric

and pursued policies that aimed to reduce Western influence in Ethiopia. By aligning
with socialist and non-aligned countries, the Derg regime sought to assert Ethiopia's
independence and sovereignty on the global stage.

4. Support for liberation movements: The Derg regime provided support to

various liberation movements in Africa, such as the African National Congress (ANC)
in South Africa and the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). By
backing these movements, the Derg regime aimed to promote solidarity with other
African nations and advance the cause of decolonization and self-determination.

5. Diplomatic initiatives: The Derg regime engaged in diplomatic efforts to

secure international recognition and support for its policies. Despite facing criticism
for human rights abuses and authoritarian rule, the Derg regime managed to
maintain diplomatic relations with several countries and international organizations.

Overall, the Derg regime's foreign policy achievements were mixed, with both
successes and challenges. While the regime was able to strengthen Ethiopia's
defense capabilities, expand its regional influence, and promote anti-imperialist
ideals, it also faced criticism for its human rights record and authoritarian rule. In the
end, the Derg regime's foreign policy efforts were ultimately overshadowed by
internal strife, economic challenges, and popular opposition, leading to its downfall
in 1991.

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1.2. Foreign policy and national interest of Ethiopia
during EPRDF since 1991

 After the fall of the Derg regime in 1991, the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) came to power and initiated
significant changes in Ethiopia's foreign policy and national interests. The
EPRDF government, led by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, pursued a more

prag
matic and multilateral approach to foreign relations, focusing on economic
development, regional stability, and international cooperation. Some key
aspects of Ethiopia's foreign policy and national interests during the
EPRDF regime from 1991 include:

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1. Economic Development: Under the EPRDF government, Ethiopia prioritized
economic development and sought foreign assistance and investment to support its
efforts to alleviate poverty, improve infrastructure, and achieve sustainable growth.
The government engaged with international financial institutions, donor countries,
and development partners to secure aid, loans, and technical assistance to advance
its economic agenda.

2. Regional Stability: The EPRDF government emphasized the importance of

regional stability and cooperation in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia played a key role in
regional initiatives aimed at promoting peace, security, and economic integration,
such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). The government
sought to build diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and address regional
conflicts through dialogue and negotiation.

3. Counter terrorism and Security: Ethiopia's national interest during the

EPRDF regime included combating terrorism and maintaining internal security. The
government cooperated with international partners, such as the United States, in
counter-terrorism efforts and participated in peacekeeping missions in Somalia and
South Sudan to address security threats in the region.

4. Diplomatic Engagement: The EPRDF government pursued an active

diplomatic agenda, engaging with a wide range of countries and international
organizations to promote Ethiopia's interests on the global stage. The government
sought to strengthen diplomatic ties, expand trade relations, and advocate for
Ethiopia's positions on issues such as human rights, climate change, and global
governance.

5. Peace-building Initiatives: Ethiopia played a crucial role in peace building

efforts in the region, including mediating conflicts, supporting peace agreements,
and contributing troops to peacekeeping missions. The country's involvement in
peace building initiatives demonstrated its commitment

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6. Political Reforms: The EPRDF government initiated political reforms aimed at
promoting democracy, good governance, and human rights. Efforts included the
adoption of a new constitution in 1995, the establishment of a multi-party system,
and the promotion of inclusive political dialogue and participation.

7. Women's Empowerment: The EPRDF government prioritized gender equality

and women's empowerment, implementing policies and programs to promote
women's rights, education, and economic opportunities. Initiatives like the Women's
Development Army and gender quotas in parliament have helped advance women's
participation in decision-making and leadership roles.

8. Refugee Support: Ethiopia has a long history of hosting refugees from

neighboring countries, particularly Somalia, South Sudan, Eritrea, and Sudan. The
EPRDF government has maintained an open-door policy towards refugees and has
provided protection, assistance, and support to refugees living in camps and
settlements across the country.

 Overall, the EPRDF government's achievements in infrastructure development,

social services, agricultural transformation, industrialization, governance
reforms, and environmental conservation contributed to significant progress in
various sectors of the Ethiopian economy and society. These accomplishments
helped lay the foundation for Ethiopia's development and growth during the
EPRDF era

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 1.3. Foreign policy and national interest of Ethiopia
the incumbent regime

 Ethiopia's foreign policy has undergone a transformation under the leadership of

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, marked by a shift towards regional integration,
diplomatic engagement, and conflict resolution.

Regional Integration and Diplomatic Engagement:

 One of the key pillars of Ethiopia's foreign policy under the incumbent regime is
regional integration and diplomatic engagement. The normalization of relations
with Eritrea in 2018 was a significant milestone that paved the way for enhanced
cooperation and economic integration between the two countries. The peace
agreement signed between Ethiopia and Eritrea not only ended decades of
hostility but also opened up opportunities for trade, investment, and people-to-
people exchanges

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

 Ethiopia has also played a pivotal role in mediating conflicts in neighboring

countries such as Sudan and South Sudan. The government's diplomatic efforts
have helped facilitate peace negotiations and support reconciliation processes in
these conflict-affected regions. By engaging with regional partners and
international organizations, Ethiopia has demonstrated its commitment to
promoting peace and stability in the Horn of Africa.

2.Conflict Resolution and Peace-building:

 In addition to its mediation efforts in Sudan and South Sudan, Ethiopia has been
actively involved in addressing the crisis in the Tigray region. The conflict in
Tigray has posed a significant challenge to Ethiopia's stability and security,
requiring a coordinated response from the government and international
partners. Through its peace-building initiatives, Ethiopia has sought to address
the root causes of the conflict, provide humanitarian assistance to affected
populations, and support efforts to restore peace and stability in the region.

 The government's commitment to conflict resolution and peace-building reflects

Ethiopia's broader foreign policy objectives of promoting regional stability and
security. By engaging with conflicting parties, facilitating dialogue, and
supporting peace negotiations, Ethiopia has positioned itself as a key player in
efforts to address protracted conflicts and build sustainable peace in the Horn of
Africa.

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 3.Economic Development and National
Interests:
 Central to Ethiopia's foreign policy agenda is its focus on economic development
and national interests. The government's Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda
aims to address key challenges such as inflation, debt sustainability, and foreign
exchange shortages. Through this agenda, Ethiopia seeks to promote sustainable
economic growth, job creation, and private sector development.

 The government has pursued investment opportunities in sectors such as

agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure to drive economic transformation
and reduce poverty. Initiatives such as the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
(GERD) demonstrate Ethiopia's commitment to harnessing its natural resources
for energy production and irrigation, thereby supporting economic growth and
development objectives.

 By prioritizing economic development and job creation, Ethiopia aims to

improve living standards for its citizens and reduce dependency on foreign aid.
The government's efforts to promote economic growth align with its national
interests of achieving self-reliance, reducing poverty, and enhancing the
country's overall socioeconomic well-being.

 Ethiopia's foreign policy under the incumbent regime reflects a proactive

approach to regional integration, diplomatic engagement, conflict resolution,
and economic development. By prioritizing peace-building initiatives, engaging
with neighboring countries, and pursuing economic reforms, Ethiopia has
positioned itself as a key player in promoting peace and stability in the Horn of
Africa region.

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 The government's focus on economic development aligns with Ethiopia's
national interests of achieving self-reliance, reducing poverty, and improving
living standards for its citizens. Through its foreign policy initiatives, Ethiopia
seeks to advance its strategic objectives while contributing to regional peace,
security, and prosperity.

 Overall, Ethiopia's foreign policy under the incumbent regime underscores its
commitment to promoting peace, driving economic growth, and addressing key
challenges facing the country and the region. By leveraging its diplomatic
engagement, conflict resolution efforts, and economic development initiatives,
Ethiopia is poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of the Horn of
Africa and advancing its national interests on the global stage.

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, Ethiopia's foreign policy and national interests have evolved
significantly since 1974, encompassing the military regime, the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) era, and the current incumbent regime
under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. The military regime focused on socialist
principles, non-alignment, and anti-imperialism, while the EPRDF emphasized
regional integration, peace-building, and economic development. Under the
incumbent regime, there has been a shift towards diplomatic engagement, conflict
resolution, in the region. Throughout these periods, Ethiopia's national interests
have remained centered on achieving self-reliance, reducing poverty, and enhancing
its overall well-being, reflecting a continuity of strategic objectives across different
regimes.

Reference
 AAU Global trend module
 G11 Civics and Ethical Textbook
 New York Times .com
 FDRE Constitution Article 86

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