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in

So the encoded message is [45 − 28 23] [46 − 18 3] [5 − 5 5]

The receiver will decode the message by the reverse key, post-multiplying by the inverse of A.
So the decoding matrix is
0 0 1 
1
−1
A = adj A = 0 −1 2  .
A
1 −1 1 
The receiver decodes the coded message as follows:
Coded Decoding Decoded
row matrix matrix row matrix
0 0 1 
[ 45 − 28 23] 0 −1 2  = [23 5 12];
1 −1 1 
0 0 1 
[46 − 18 3] 0 −1 2  = [3 15 13] ;
1 −1 1 
0 0 1 
[5 − 5 5] 0 −1 2  = [5 0 0].
1 −1 1 
So, the sequence of decoded row matrices is [ 23 5 12] , [3 15 13] , [5 0 0] .
Thus, the receiver reads the message as “WELCOME”.

EXERCISE 1.1
1. Find the adjoint of the following:
2 3 1  2 2 1
 −3 4  1
(i)   (ii)  3 4 1  (iii)  −2 1 2 
 
 6 2  3 7 2 
3
 1 −2 2 
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following:
5 1 1  2 3 1
 −2 4 
(i)   (ii) 1 5 1 (iii)  3 4 1 
 1 −3 1 1 5  3 7 2 

 cos α 0 sin α 
3. If F (α ) =  0 0  , show that [ F (α ) ] = F (−α ).
−1
1
 − sin α 0 cos α 

5 3
4. If A =   , show that A2 − 3 A − 7 I 2 = O2 . Hence find A−1 .
 −1 −2 

 −8 1 4 
1
5. If A =  4 4 7  , prove that A−1 = AT .
9
 1 −8 4 
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 8 − 4
6. If A =   , verify that A=
(adj A) (=
adj A) A A I2 .
− 5 3 

3 2  −1 −3 −1 −1 −1
7. If A =   and B =   , verify that ( AB ) =B A .
 7 5   5 2 
 2 −4 2 
8. If adj( A) =  −3 12 −7  , find A.
 −2 0 2 
 0 −2 0 
9. If adj( A) =  6 2 −6  , find A−1.
 −3 0 6 
1 0 1
10. Find adj(adj( A)) if adj A =  0 2 0  .
 −1 0 1 

 1 tan x  cos 2 x − sin 2 x 

11. A =   , show that AT A−1 =  .
 − tan x 1   sin 2 x cos 2 x 
 5 3  14 7 
12. Find the matrix A for which A  =  .
 −1 −2   7 7 
1 −1 3 −2  1 1 
13. Given A =   , B=  and C =   , find a matrix X such that AXB = C.
2 0  1 1  2 2

0 1 1 
1
14. If A = 1 0 1  , show that A−1 = A2 − 3I .( )
2
1 1 0 
 −1 −1
15. Decrypt the received encoded message [ 2 −3][ 20 4] with the encryption matrix  
2 1
and the decryption matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are described by the
numbers 1-26 to the letters A − Z respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.

1.3 Elementary Transformations of a Matrix

A matrix can be transformed to another matrix by certain operations called elementary row
operations and elementary column operations.

1.3.1 Elementary row and column operations

Elementary row (column) operations on a matrix are as follows:
(i) The interchanging of any two rows (columns) of the matrix
(ii) Replacing a row (column) of the matrix by a non-zero scalar multiple of the row (column) by a
non-zero scalar.
(iii) Replacing a row (column) of the matrix by a sum of the row (column) with a non-zero scalar
multiple of another row (column) of the matrix.

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1 1 0 1 2 −1 0  R1 → R1 − R3 1 0 0 3 −1 −1
R1 → R1 − R2
 2 →  0 1 −1  R2 → R2 + R3 
−3 2 0   → 0 1 0

−4 2 1  .

0 0 1 −1 0 1  0 0 1 −1 0 1 

 3 −1 −1
So, A =  −4 2 1  .
−1

 −1 0 1 

EXERCISE 1.2
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method:
 −1 3 1 −2 3  0 1 2 1 
 2 −4  1 −2 −1 0 
(i)   (ii)  4 −7  (iii)   (iv)
 2 4 −6  (v) 0 2 4 3
   
 −1 2   3 −6 −3 1 
 3 −4   5 1 −1 8 1 0 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by row reduction method:
1 2 −1
1 1 1 3  3 −1 2   3 −8 5 2 

(i)  2 −1 3 4   (ii)   (iii)  2 −5 1 4 
1 −2 3 
 5 −1 7 11   −1 2 3 −2
1 −1 1 
3. Find the inverse of each of the following by Gauss-Jordan method:
1 −1 0   1 2 3
 2 −1 
(i)  

(ii) 1 0 −1 (iii)  2 5 3
 5 −2  6 −2 −3 1 0 8

1.4 Applications of Matrices: Solving System of Linear Equations

One of the important applications of matrices and determinants is solving of system of linear
equations. Systems of linear equations arise as mathematical models of several phenomena occurring
in biology, chemistry, commerce, economics, physics and engineering. For instance, analysis of
circuit theory, analysis of input-output models, and analysis of chemical reactions require solutions
of systems of linear equations.
1.4.1 Formation of a System of Linear Equations
The meaning of a system of linear equations can be understood by formulating a mathematical
model of a simple practical problem.
Three persons A, B and C go to a supermarket to purchase same brands of rice and sugar. Person A
buys 5 Kilograms of rice and 3 Kilograms of sugar and pays ` 440. Person B purchases 6 Kilograms of rice
and 2 Kilograms of sugar and pays ` 400. Person C purchases 8 Kilograms of rice and 5 Kilograms of
sugar and pays ` 720. Let us formulate a mathematical model to compute the price per Kilogram of rice
and the price per Kilogram of sugar. Let x be the price in rupees per Kilogram of rice and y be the price
in rupees per Kilogram of sugar. Person A buys 5 Kilograms of rice and 3 Kilograms sugar and pays
` 440 . So, 5 x + 3 y = 440 . Similarly, by considering Person B and Person C, we get 6 x + 2 y = 400 and
8 x + 5 y = 720 . Hence the mathematical model is to obtain x and y such that
5 x + 3 y = 440, 6 x + 2 y = 400, 8 x + 5 y = 720 .

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EXERCISE 1.3
1. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method:
(i) 2 x + 5 y = −2, x + 2 y = −3 (ii) 2 x − y = 8, 3x + 2 y = −2
(iii) 2 x + 3 y − z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3 x − y − z = −1
(iv) x + y + z − 2 = 0, 6x − 4 y + 5 z − 31 = 0, 5x + 2 y + 2 z = 13
 −5 1 3  1 1 2
2. If A =  7 1 −5 and B =  3 2 1  , find the products AB and BA and hence solve the
 
 1 −1 1   2 1 3 
system of equations x + y + 2 z = 1, 3 x + 2 y + z = 7, 2 x + y + 3 z = 2.
3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of
annual increment. If his salary was ` 19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3
years of service and ` 23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of service,
find his starting salary and his annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the
problem.)
4. Four men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women
can finish the same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of
one woman alone to finish the same work by using matrix inversion method.
5. The prices of three commodities A, B and C are ` x, y and z per units respectively. A person
P purchases 4 units of B and sells two units of A and 5 units of C . Person Q purchases 2
units of C and sells 3 units of A and one unit of B . Person R purchases one unit of A and
sells 3 unit of B and one unit of C . In the process, P, Q and R earn ` 15,000, ` 1,000 and
` 4,000 respectively. Find the prices per unit of A, B and C . (Use matrix inversion method to
solve the problem.)

1.4.3 (ii) Cramer’s Rule

This rule can be applied only when the coefficient matrix is a square matrix and non-singular. It
is explained by considering the following system of equations:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 = b1 ,
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 = b2 ,
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 = b3 ,

 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12 a13

 
where the coefficient matrix  a21 a22 a23  is non-singular. Then a21 a22 a23 ¹ 0.
 a31 a32 a33  a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
Let us put D = a21 a22 a23 . Then, we have
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13 a11 x1 a12 a13 a11 x1 +a12 x2 +a13 x3 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13
x1D = x1 a21 a22 a23 = a21 x1 a22 a23 = a21 x1 +a22 x2 +a23 x3 a22 a23 = b2 a22 a23 = ∆1
a31 a32 a33 a31 x1 a32 a33 a31 x1 +a32 x2 +a33 x3 a32 a33 b3 a32 a33

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100 10 1 1 1 1
D = 400 20 1 = 1000 4 2 1 = 1000[ −2 + 12 − 16] = −6000 ,
1600 40 1 16 4 1

8 10 1 4 1 1
D1 = 16 20 1 = 20 8 2 1 = 20[ −8 + 3 + 10] = 100 ,
22 40 1 11 4 1

100 8 1 1 4 1
D2 = 400 16 1 = 200 4 8 1 = 200 [ −3 + 48 − 84] = −7800 ,
1600 22 1 16 11 1

100 10 8 1 1 4
D3 = 400 20 16 = 2000 4 2 8 = 2000 [−10 + 84 − 64] = 20000 .
1600 40 22 16 4 11
∆1 1 ∆ 7800 78 13 ∆ 20000 20 10
By Cramer’s rule, we get a = = − ,b = 2 = = = ,c = 3 = − =− =− .
∆ 60 ∆ 6000 60 10 ∆ 6000 6 3
1 2 13 10
So, the equation of the path is y = − x + x− .
60 10 3
When x = 70, we get y = 6. So, the ball went by 6 metres high over the boundary line and it is
impossible for a fielder standing even just before the boundary line to jump and catch the ball. Hence
the ball went for a super six and the team won the match.

EXERCISE 1.4
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
(i) 5 x − 2 y + 16 = 0, x + 3 y − 7 = 0
3 2
(ii) x + 2 y = 12, x + 3 y = 13

(iii) 3 x + 3 y − z = 11, 2 x − y + 2 z = 9, 4x + 3 y + 2 z = 25
3 4 2 1 2 1 2 5 4
(iv) − − − 1 = 0, + + − 2 = 0, − − + 1 = 0
x y z x y z x y z
1
2. In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while mark is
4
deducted for every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How
many questions did he answer correctly ? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
3. A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How
much each should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution ? (Use Cramer’s rule to
solve the problem).
4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously. However,
pump B can pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently run in reverse,
then the tank will be filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by
itself ? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
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5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies
and two vadais is ` 150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is ` 200. The
cost of five dosai, four idlies and two vadais is ` 250. The family has ` 350 in hand and they
ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six vadais. Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within the
amount they had ?

1.4.3 (iii) Gaussian Elimination Method

This method can be applied even if the coefficient matrix is singular matrix and rectangular
matrix. It is essentially the method of substitution which we have already seen. In this method, we
transform the augmented matrix of the system of linear equations into row-echelon form and then by
back-substitution, we get the solution.
Example 1.27
Solve the following system of linear equations, by Gaussian elimination method :
4 x + 3 y + 6 z = 25, x + 5 y + 7 z = 13, 2x + 9 y + z = 1.
Solution
Transforming the augmented matrix to echelon form, we get

4 3 6 25 1 5 7 13  R → R − 4 R , 1 5 7 13 
  R1 ↔ R2   R32 → R32 − 2 R11  
1 5 7 13  →  4 3 6 25  → 0 −17 −22 −27 
 2 9 1 1   2 9 1 1  0 −1 −13 −25 

1 5 7
R2 → R2 ÷( −1),
13  1 5 7 13 

R3 → R3 ÷( −1)  R3 →17 R3 − R2  
 → 0 17 22 27   → 0 17 22 27  .
0 1 13 25  0 0 199 398
The equivalent system is written by using the echelon form:
x + 5 y + 7 z = 13 , … (1)
17 y + 22 z = 27 , … (2)
199z = 398 . … (3)
398
From (3), we get=z = 2.
199
27 − 22 × 2 −17
Substituting z = 2 in (2), we get y = = = −1.
17 17
Substituting z = 2, y = −1 in (1), we get x = 13 − 5 × (−1) − 7 × 2 = 4 .
So, the solution is ( x = 4, y = −1, z = 2) .
Note. The above method of going from the last equation to the first equation is called the method
of back substitution.
Example 1.28
The upward speed v(t ) of a rocket at time t is approximated by
2
v(t ) = at + bt + c, 0 £ t £ 100 where a, b, and c are constants. It has been
found that the speed at times=
t 3=
, t 6 , and t = 9 seconds are respectively,
64, 133, and 208 miles per second respectively. Find the speed at time
t = 15 seconds. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)

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Solution
Since
= v(3) 64
=, v(6) 133, and v(9) = 208 , we get the following system of linear equations

9a + 3b + c = 64 ,
36a + 6b + c = 133 ,
81a + 9b + c = 208 .
We solve the above system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method.
Reducing the augmented matrix to an equivalent row-echelon form by using elementary row
operations, we get

9 3 1 64  9 3 1 64  9 3 1 64 

[ A | B ] = 36 6 1
 R → R − 4 R , R → R −9 R
2 2 1 3 
133 → 0 −6 −3 −123  3 1  R → R ÷( −3), R → R ÷( −2 )
2 2 3 3
→  0 2 1 41

    
 81 9 1 208 0 −18 −8 −368  0 9 4 184 
9 3 1 64  9 3 1 64  9 3 1 64 
R →2 R
  3
→ 0 2
3
1
 R → R −9 R
41  3 3 
→ 0 2 1 2  R →( −1) R
41  →  0 2 1 41 .
3 3

    
 0 18 8 368  0 0 −1 −1  0 0 1 1 

Writing the equivalent equations from the row-echelon matrix, we get

9a + 3b + c = 64, 2b + c = 41, c = 1.

(41 − c) (41 − 1) 64 − 3b − c 64 − 60 − 1 1
By back substitution, we get c = 1, b = = = 20, a = = = .
2 2 9 9 3
1 1
So, we get v(t ) = t 2 + 20t + 1. Hence, v(15) = (225) + 20(15) + 1 = 75 + 300 + 1 = 376.
3 3

EXERCISE 1.5

1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by

Gaussian elimination method:

(i) 2 x − 2 y + 3z = 2, x + 2 y − z = 3, 3x − y + 2 z = 1
(ii) 2 x + 4 y + 6 z = 22, 3x + 8 y + 5 z = 27, − x + y + 2 z = 2
2. If ax 2 + bx + c is divided by x + 3, x − 5 , and x −1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9
respectively. Find a, b and c. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
3. An amount of ` 65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 9% per annum
respectively. The total annual income is ` 4,800. The income from the third bond is ` 600
more than that from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian
elimination method.)
4. A boy is walking along the path y = ax 2 + bx + c through the points (−6, 8),(−2, −12) , and (3, 8) . He
wants to meet his friend at P(7, 60) . Will he meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination
method.)
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Solution
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
1 2 1   x 7
The matrix form of the system is AX = B, where A = 1 1 λ  , X =  y  , B =  µ  .
   
1 3 −5  z   5 

Applying elementary row operations on the augmented matrix [ A | B], we get

1 2 1 7 1 2 1 7
  R2 ↔ R3  
[ A | B] = 1 1 λ µ   → 1 3 −5 5
1 3 −5 5  1 1 λ µ 

1 2 1 R2 → R2 − R1 , 7  1 2 1 7 
 R3 → R3 − R1  R3 → R3 + R2  
→ 0 1 −6 −2  → 0 1 −6 −2  .
0 −1 λ − 1 µ − 7  0 0 λ − 7 µ − 9 

(i) If λ = 7 and m ¹ 9 , then ρ ( A) = 2 and ρ ([ A | B ]) = 3. So ρ ( A) ≠ ρ ([ A | B ]). Hence the

given system is inconsistent and has no solution.

(ii) If λ ≠ 7 and m is any real number, then ρ ( A) = 3 and ρ ([ A | B ]) = 3.

So ρ ( A) = ρ ([ A | B ]) = 3 = Number of unknowns. Hence the given system is consistent and
has a unique solution.

(iii) If λ = 7 and µ = 9, then ρ ( A) = 2 and ρ ([ A | B ]) = 2.

So, ρ ( A) = ρ ([ A | B]) = 2 < Number of unknowns. Hence the given system is consistent and has
infinite number of solutions.

EXERCISE 1.6
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(i) x − y + 2 z = 2, 2 x + y + 4 z = 7, 4x − y + z = 4

(ii) 3x + y + z = 2, x − 3 y + 2 z = 1, 7x − y + 4z = 5

(iii) 2 x + 2 y + z = 5, x − y + z = 1, 3 x + y + 2 z = 4

(iv) 2 x − y + z = 2, 6 x − 3 y + 3 z = 6, 4x − 2 y + 2z = 4

2. Find the value of k for which the equations kx − 2 y + z = 1, x − 2ky + z = −2, x − 2 y + kz = 1

have
(i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinitely many solution
3. Investigate the values of λ and m the system of linear equations 2 x + 3 y + 5 z = 9 ,

7 x + 3 y − 5 z = 8, 2 x + 3 y + λ z = µ , have
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions.

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Since x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 are positive integers, let us choose t = 4.

Then, we get =
x1 1,=
x2 7, x3 =5 and x4 =4.
So, the balanced equation is C5 H 8 + 7O2 → 5CO2 + 4 H 2O.
Example 1.40
If the system of equations px + by + cz = 0, ax + qy + cz = 0, ax + by + rz = 0 has a non-trivial
p q r
solution and p ¹ a, q ¹ b, r ¹ c, prove that + + = 2.
p −a q −b r −c
Solution
Assume that the system px + by + cz = 0, ax + qy + cz = 0, ax + by + rz = 0 has a non-trivial
solution.
p b c
So, we have a q c = 0. Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 in the above equation,

a b r
we get
p b c p b c
a − p q −b 0 = 0. That is, −( p − a ) q − b 0 = 0.
a− p 0 r −c −( p − a ) 0 r −c

p b c
p−a q −b r −c
Since p ¹ a, q ¹ b, r ¹ c, we get ( p − a )(q − b)(r − c) −1 1 0 =0.
−1 0 1
p b c
p −a q −b r −c
So, we have
−1 1 0 = 0.
−1 0 1
p b c
Expanding the determinant, we get + + = 0.
p −a q −b r −c

p q − ( q − b) r − ( r − c ) p q r
That is, + + =0 ⇒ + + = 2.
p−a q −b r −c p −a q −b r −c

EXERCISE 1.7
1. Solve the following system of homogenous equations.
(i) 3x + 2 y + 7 z = 0, 4 x − 3 y − 2 z = 0, 5 x + 9 y + 23z = 0
(ii) 2 x + 3 y − z = 0, x − y − 2 z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0
2. Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations
x + y + 3 z = 0, 4x + 3 y + λ z = 0, 2x + y + 2 z = 0 has
(i) a unique solution (ii) a non-trivial solution.
3. By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation:
C2 H 6 + O2 → H 2O + CO2
47 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

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