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2010 年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）
（科目代码：201）

☆考生注意事项☆

1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,
并涂写考生编号信息点。
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响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
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区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

（以下信息考生必须认真填写）

考生编号

考生姓名

Section I Use of English

Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

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 In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a
series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near
Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’
productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne
effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented
upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.
According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting
was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the
experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that
they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’
behavior 10 itself.
After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The
Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on
record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to
changes in lighting.
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led
to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed
on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared
with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days . 18 ,
a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that
output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few
days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This
suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.

1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored

2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments

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 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during
the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable
decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

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 It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of
forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-
city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of
criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once
deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published
in England between the turn of the 20 th century and the eve of World War II, at a time
when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament
to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted
that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events
they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their
learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to
know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were
proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or
literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I
am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are
not read to writers who are ’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for
the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now
known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,
he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely
admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,
the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and
his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect
seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern
readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he
specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong
retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

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22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called
business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment
system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One
inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

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 Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on
business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first
authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to
conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known,
is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of
Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it
was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in
the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling
mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent
filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to
specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add
such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat
them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more
than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for
granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with
patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the
practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the
energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case
would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and
that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street
Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by
the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last
April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for
“inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the
anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and
professor at George Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to businesses.
[B] their connection with asset allocation.
[C] the possible restriction on their granting.
[D] the controversy over their authorization.

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27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means

[A] loss of goodwill.
[B] increase of hostility.
[C] change of attitude.
[D] enhancement of dignity.

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges.
[B] are often unnecessarily issued.
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.
[D] increase the incidence of risks.

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.

Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics”
are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often
called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The
idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but
.

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largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information
flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers
have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and
influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The
theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,
brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that
some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is
before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the
idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding
that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.
In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social
influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey – whose outsize
presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence – even the most
influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet
it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow
theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and
colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected
must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs,
and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to
do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from
the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t
propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied
the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of
populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to
influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal
requirement for what is called “global cascades” – the widespread propagation of
influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a
critical mass of easily influenced people.

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.
[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

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32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.
[C] has won support from influentials.
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.

34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence.
[B] have little contact with the source of influence.
[C] are influenced and then influence others.
[D] are influenced by the initial influential.

35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A] The eagerness to be accepted.
[B] The impulse to influence others.
[C] The readiness to be influenced.
[D] The inclination to rely on others.

Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the
scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.
Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just
not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would
pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

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 Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper
functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic
assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom
to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on
long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried
out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes
enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without
overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules
later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the
IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that
Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued
assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect
the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will
not be known for years. But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting
that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks
which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those
supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.
America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to
levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even
combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up
rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special
interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more
concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.
[B] collect payments from third parties.
[C] cooperate with the price managers.
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.

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37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management.
[B] the revival of the banking system.
[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses.
[D] the weakening of its independence.

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to

[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.

39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.

40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness.
[D] sympathy.

Part B
Directions:
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill
them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been
correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

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[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out:
the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from
about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is
expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale
demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,
compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the
recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter
hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,
leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading
retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion
abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own
backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of
market retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and
drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible
trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather
than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be
acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international
consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably
apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the
management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers
that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in
substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer
inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,

especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the

competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must
understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European
wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched
competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been
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 closely examined – France, Germany, Italy and Spain – are made out of the same
building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent
mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to
buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers
when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack
machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are
known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s
wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the
retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄ 268 billion in France,
Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 – more than 40 percent
of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in
retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more
Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this
fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some
large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those
that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable
gains.

41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → E → 45.

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Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic

motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet
these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on
its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to
love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the
century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the
rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if
birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,
(47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should
continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of
economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.
(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these
creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey
only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to
be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that
predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to
exterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded
foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber
crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the
noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community,
to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a
valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its
constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is
hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many
elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to
its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock
will function without the uneconomic parts.

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 Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit
volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include
the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is
relevant.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’
Association” instead. (10 points)

Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

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 2010 年英语一真题答案
Section Ⅰ Use of English

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D

11.C 12.A 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D

SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1 21~25 BADAB Text 2 26~30 CDCBA

Text 3 31~35 BDACC Text 4 36~40 ADCBD

Part B

41.B 42.F 43.D 44.G 45.A

Part C

46. 科学家们急忙赶来挽救，但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量 ，
昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。

47. 但是我们至少近乎承认，无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值，它们自有生存下去的权利。
48. 有证据表明：这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。
曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。

49. 在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到
相应的保护。

50. 这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运行至关重要的物种，而最终导
致它们的灭绝。

Section III Writing

51、52 略

.1

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