05

Circular Motion
When a particle moves in two dimensions or in a plane such that its distance IN THIS CHAPTER ....
from a fixed (or moving) point remains constant, then its motion is called
circular motion. This fixed point is called the centre and the distance is called Kinematics of Circular Motion
radius of the circular path. When the speed of the particle performing circular Dynamics of Circular Motion
motion is constant, its motion is said to be uniform circular motion, if the speed Circular Turning of Roads
of the particle performing circular motion changes with respect to time, its
motion is said to be non-uniform circular motion. Conical Pendulum
Motion in a Vertical Circle
Kinematics of Circular Motion
For a particle in circular motion, following variables are required to describe its
motion.

Angular Displacement
The angle between initial and final positions of particle in a given interval of
time, is called angular displacement. In the given figure OP is the initial
position and OP¢ is the final position of the particle. Then, angular displacement
Ð P ¢OP = Dq
It is a dimensionless quantity, as q = Ds/ r.
Its SI unit is radian while practical unit is degree.
Y

P' s
P
X
O r

If a body makes n revolutions, its angular displacement q = 2 pn radian.

Note Angular displacement is a vector quantity, provided Dq is small. Commutative law of vector
addition is not valid for large Dq .

Angular Velocity
If the angular position of a particle changes with time, it is said to have angular
velocity. If q 1 and q 2 are the angular positions of a particle at time t1 and t2
respectively, the average angular velocity wav for this time interval is defined as
Circular Motion 115

q 2 - q 1 Dq (ii) When two particles are moving on two different

wav = =
t2 - t1 Dt concentric circles with different angular velocities,
the angular velocity of particle 2 relative to
and instantaneous angular velocity is defined as the
particle 1 as observed by 1 will depend on their
limiting value of this ratio
positions and velocities.
Dq dq
i.e. w = lim = If 1 and 2 are closest to each other and moving in
Dt ® 0 D t dt the same direction, then
In case of uniform circular motion, w = wav
2
Its unit is rads–1 and its dimensional formula is v2
[M0L0 T -1 ]. v1
1
r2
Important points regarding the angular velocity are r1
given below. O
(i) Average angular velocity is a scalar quantity but,
instantaneous angular velocity is a vector quantity.
(ii) If a particle makes n rotations in t second.
é 2 pn ù vrel = v2 - v1
wav = ê rad s-1
ë t úû rrel = r2 - r1
Hence, if T is the time period and f is the v v - v1
So, wrel = rel = 2
frequency of uniform circular motion. rrel r2 - r1
2p ´ 1 é 1ù
w= = 2 pf êëQ f = T úû
T
Angular Acceleration (a)
or T = 2p/ w
If the angular speed of a particle is variable, the body is
(iii) Angular velocity depends on the point about which said to have an angular acceleration. Let w1 and w2 be the
rotation is considered. For the figure given below, instantaneous angular speeds at times t1 and t2
P′ respectively, then the average angular acceleration a av is
defined as
β
w - w1 Dw
α a av = 2 =
O′
O
P t2 - t1 Dt
The instantaneous angular acceleration is the limit of
this ratio as Dt approaches to zero, i.e.
b a Dw dw d 2q
wo = and wo ¢ = a inst = lim = =
Dt ® 0 D t dt dt 2
t t
The SI unit of angular acceleration is rad s–2 and its
Relation between angular velocity and linear dimensional formula is [M0 L0 T - 2 ].
velocity If a = 0, circular motion is said to be uniform.
If linear velocity of particle performing circular motion is It has same characteristics as that of angular velocity.
v and angular velocity is w, then
v = rw Kinematics Equations for Circular Motion
where, r is the radius of the circular path.
If the angular acceleration (a) is constant, then the
In vector form, v = w ´ r
kinematic equations of motion are as follows:
Note Linear velocity is always along the tangent to the circular path.
(i) w = w0 + at
Relative angular velocity 1
(ii) q = w0t + at 2
Relative angular velocity for two important cases are as 2
follows (iii) w2 = w20 + 2aq
(i) When two particles are moving on same circle or æ w + w0 ö
different coplanar concentric circles in same (iv) q = ç ÷t
è 2 ø
direction with different angular velocities w1 and
w2, respectively, the angular velocity of particle 2 1
(v) q t = w0 + a( 2t - 1)
relative to particle 1 for an observer at the centre 2
will be where, w0 and w are the initial and final angular
wrel = w2 - w1 velocities, respectively.
116 JEE Main Physics

\ Average acceleration, a = w2R = (0.105) 2(0.1)

Radial and Tangential acceleration
= 1.102 ´ 10 -3 m/s 2
In circular motion, acceleration of the particle can be
-3
resolved into two components and it is of the order of10 .
Radial acceleration It is directed along the radial æ 20 ö
direction towards the centre of the circular path. It is Example 2. A particle moves in a circle of radius ç ÷m
è p ø
expressed as,
with constant tangential acceleration. If the speed of the
v2 particle is 80 m/s at the end of the second revolution after
ar = ac = = rw2
r motion has begun, then the tangential acceleration is
It is also called centripetal acceleration or normal (a) 160 p m/ s2 (b) 40 p m / s2
acceleration. (c) 40 m / s 2
(d) 640 p m / s2
Tangential acceleration It is directed along the 20
tangent to the circular path. Mathematically, it is equal Sol. (c) Given, radius r = m, tangential acceleration
p
to time rate of change of velocity. at = constant, velocity v = 80 m/s and initial angular velocity
dv dw w0 = 0 ,
It is expressed as, at = = ´ r = a ´ r Þ at = ar v 80
dt dt Final angular velocity, wf = = = 4p rad/s
r 20 / p
Net acceleration The two components of acceleration
are mutually perpendicular. So, the net acceleration is Angular displacement, q = 2p ´ 2 = 4p
given as, From 3rd equation of motion,
v w2 = w20 + 2aq
at Þ ( 4p) 2 = 0 2 + 2 ´ a ´ ( 4p)
a
φ a = 2p rad /s2
O ar r 20
Also, a = ar = 2p ´ = 40 m/s2
p

Example 3. The speed of a particle moving in a circle of

dv radius r = 2 m varies with time t as v = t 2 where, t is in second
a= = at + ar , where at = a ´ r and ar = w ´ v
dt and v in ms–1. The net acceleration at t = 2 s is
Þ a = at2 + ar2 (a) 40 ms-2 (b) 60 ms-2 (c) 80 ms-2 (d) 10 ms-2

If a (acceleration) makes an angle f with the radius, Sol. (c) Linear speed of particle at t = 2 s is
a
then tan f = t . v = (2) 2 = 4 ms-1
ar v 2 ( 4) 2
\ Radial acceleration, ar = = = 8 ms–2
Regarding circular motion, following possibilities exist r 2
(a) If ar = 0 and at = 0, then a = 0 and motion is The tangential acceleration is
uniform translatory. dv
at = = 2t
dt
(b) If ar = 0 and at ¹ 0, then a = at and motion is
At t = 2 s at = (2) (2) = 4 ms-2
accelerated translatory.
Net acceleration of the particle at t = 2 s is
(c) If ar ¹ 0 but at = 0, then a = ar and motion is
uniform circular. a = ( ar ) 2 + ( at ) 2 = (8) 2 + ( 4) 2
(d) If ar ¹ 0 and at ¹ 0, then a = at2 + ar2 and motion or a = 80 ms-2
is non-uniform circular.
Example 4. In a circular motion of a body, which
Example 1. A clock has a continuously moving second’s amongst the following relation between tangential
hand of 0.1 m length. The average acceleration of the tip of acceleration and linear velocity is correct?
a×v
the hand (in ms -2) is of the order of [JEE Main 2020] (a) at = a × v (b) at = v / a (b) at = a / v (d) at =
-3 | v|
(a) 10
(b) 10 -4 Sol. (d) Let velocity of the particle be, v = v x$i + v y $j
(c) 10 -2 dv dv y $
(d) 10 -1 Acceleration, a = x $i + j
dt dt
Sol. (a) Given that, radius, R = 0.1 m dv dv y
vx x + vy ×
a×v dt dt
2p 2p Component of a along v will be, = …(i)
Angular frequency, w = = = 0.105 rad/s | v| v x2 + v y2
T 60
Circular Motion 117

Further, tangential acceleration of particle is rate of change of

speed.
Centrifugal Force
dv d æ 2 It can be defined as the radially directed outward force
or at = = v x + v y2 öø
dt dt è acting on a body in circular motion, as observed by a
person moving with the body.
1 é dv x dv y ù v
or at = ê2v x × + 2v y ú
2 v x2 + v y2 ë dt dt û

dv x dv y m
vx × + vy × O
dt dt Centrifugal
or at = …(ii) force on body
2 2
vx + vy
mg
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can see that
a×v mv 2
at = Centrifugal force is given as, F = r$ = mrw2r$
| v| r
or Tangential acceleration = component of acceleration along Also,
velocity. (i) In an inertial frame, the centrifugal force does not
act on the object.
Dynamics of Circular Motion (ii) In non-inertial rotating frames, pseudo force arises
In circular motion of a particle, there are two kinds of as centrifugal force and need to be considered.
forces that occur. They are described below
Circular Turning of Roads
Centripetal Force When vehicles go through turns, they travel along a
When a particle perform circular motion, it is acted upon nearly circular arc. There must be some force which will
by a force directed along the radius towards the centre of produce the required centripetal acceleration. If the
the circle. This force is called the centripetal force. vehicles travel on a horizontal circular path, this
v resultant force is also horizontal. The necessary
centripetal force is being provided to the vehicles by
following three ways:
F (i) By friction only For a car of mass m moving
O r m ω with a speed v in a horizontal circular arc of radius
r, the necessary centripetal force to the car will be
provided by force of friction f acting towards
centre.
If m is the mass of the particle, then the centripetal force
v
is given by
mv 2
F= - r$ = -mrw2r$ F
r
r
where r$ is the unit vector acting along r.

Important Points
● In non-uniform circular motion, the particle mv 2
simultaneously possesses two forces Thus, f=
r
mv 2
Centripetal force, Fc = mac = = mrw2 Further, limiting value of f,
r
fL = mN = m mg
Tangential force, Ft = mat
Therefore, for a safe turn without sliding
\ Net force, Fnet = ma = m ac2 + at2
mv2
● If a moving particle comes to stand still, i. e. the particle £ fL
r
will move along the radius towards the centre and if
radial acceleration ar is zero, the body will fly off along mv 2
or £ m mg
the tangent. So, a tangential velocity and a radial r
acceleration (hence force) is always present in uniform v2
circular motion. m³ or v £ m rg
rg
118 JEE Main Physics

Here, two situations may arise. If m and r are Taking limiting condition, we can write
known to us, the speed of the vehicle should not f = ms N …(iii)
exceed m rg and if v and r are known to us, the
To obtain the value of N , Solve above three
v2
coefficient of friction should be greater than . equations properly.
rg mg
N =
Note If the speed of the car is too high, car starts skidding outwards. cos q - m s sin q
Due to this, radius of the circle increases or the necessary After putting the value of N in Eq. (i), we get
centripetal force is reduced æç centripetal force µ ö÷ .
1
è rø \For a car moving upward on inclined road, the
maximum speed for no skidding is given as,
(ii) By banking of roads only Friction is not 1/ 2 1/ 2
always reliable at circular turns, if high speed é rg (sin q + m s cos q ) ù é rg (m s + tan q ) ù
vmax = ê ú =ê ú
and sharp turns are involved. To avoid ë cos q - m s sin q û ë 1 - m s tan q û
dependence on friction, the roads are banked at
the turn so that the outer part of the road is Example 5. Find the maximum speed at which a car can
somewhat raised compared to the inner part. turn round a curve of 30 m radius on a level road, if the
\For safe turn without sliding, coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.4.
(acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms–2)
N cos θ
N (a) 12 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1 (c) 11 ms–1 (d) 15 ms–1

mv 2 Sol. (c) We know that for turning, centripetal force is provided by

G
r friction, so
N sin θ
mv 2
£ fL
r
As, fL = mN = m mg (where, N = mg )
mv 2
mg Thus, £ m mg
r
mv 2 i. e. ,v £ m gr , so that v max = m gr
N sinq = and N cosq = mg
r Here, m = 0.4,r = 30 m
From these two equations, we get and g = 10 ms–2
v2 So, - 11 ms–1
v max = 0.4 ´ 30 ´ 10 = 10.95 ~
tanq = or v = rg tanq
rg
Example 6. A train has to negotiate a curve of radius
(iii) By friction and banking of roads both If on a 2000 m. By how much should the outer rail be raised with
banked circular turning, there is a frictional force respect to inner rail for a speed of 72 km h -1. The distance
between car and road, then the vector sum of between the rails is 1 m.
normal reaction force and frictional force provides (a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm
the necessary centripetal force. (c) 2 cm (d) 1 cm
Centre of Bank 5
r Sol. (c) Given, v = 72 km h -1 = 72 ´ = 20 ms -1
18
l = 1 m, r = 2000 m, g = 10 ms-2
N
N cos v2
We have, tan q =
rg
N N sin
f cos

h h
f
θ
f mg f sin l
b mg h
Also, tan q =
l
mv 2 v2 h v 2l
N sin q + f cos q = …(i) Þ = Þ h=
r rg l rg
N cos q = mg + f sin q …(ii) (20) 2 ´ 1 1 100
\ h= = m= = 2 cm
(Q vertical force is balanced) 2000 ´ 10 50 50
Circular Motion 119

Example 7. A circular race track of radius 300 m is banked Hence, N sin a = mrw2
at angle of 15°. If the coefficient of friction between the wheels Þ N sin a = m(R sin a) w2 [Qr = R sin a ]
of a race-car and the road is 0.2, then the maximum Þ N = mRw 2
…(i)
permissible speed to avoid slipping is
and N cos a = mg …(ii)
(a) 28.1 ms–1 (b) 50 ms–1 (c) 38.1 ms–1 (d) 42 ms–1 ω
Sol. (c) Here, r = 300 m, q = 15°, m s = 0.2, g = 10 ms - 2,
hence, maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping,
1/ 2 α
é rg (m s + tan q) ù é 300 ´ 10[0.2 + tan 15° ] ù
Vmax =ê ú =ê ú
ë 1 - m s tan q û ë 1 - 0.2 tan 15° û R N
–1
We obtain, v max = 38.1ms
r A

Conical Pendulum mg
It consists of a string OA, whose upper end O is fixed and Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
bob of mass m is tied at the other free end which is 1 w2R
whirled in a horizontal circle. As the string traces the =
cos a g
surface of the cone, and such arrangement is called a
g
conical pendulum. \ w=
O R cos a

θ Motion in a Vertical Circle

T This is an example of non-uniform circular motion.
h l T cos θ
Consider a particle of mass m attached to a string of
T sin θ length R to be whirled in a vertical circle about a fixed
N A point O.
r
C

mg
g
In this case, vertical component of tension T balances the
weight of the bob and horizontal component provides the O D
necessary centripetal force. v
R– h T
g tan q
\Angular speed, w=
r h B
and time period of pendulum, A u mg mg cos
l cos q æhö mg sin θ
t = 2p = 2p ç ÷
g è gø (i) Velocity at any point on vertical loop
where, h = ON = l cosq At the lowest point A, it is imparted a velocity u in
the horizontal direction.
Example 8. A hemispherical bowl of radius R is rotating
Let v be its velocity at any point B at height h, is
about its axis of symmetry which is kept vertical. A small ball
given by
kept in the bowl rotates with the bowl without slipping on its
surface. If the surface of the bowl is smooth and the angle v = u 2 - 2 gh = u 2 - 2 gR (1 - cos q )
made by the radius through the ball with the vertical is a, find
the angular speed at which bowl is rotating. (ii) Tension at any point on the vertical loop,
R g At any point B, the necessary centripetal force is
(a) w = (b) w = provided by the resultant of tension T and
g cos a cos a
mg cos q, so
g mv 2 m 2
(c) (d) None of these TB = mg cos q + = ( u + gR - 3 gh )
R cos a R R
Sol. (c) Let w be the angular speed of rotation of the bowl. Two (iii) Tension at the lowest point A and highest
forces are acting on the ball. point C,
(i) Normal reaction, N (ii) Weight, mg
TA = Tmax
The ball is rotating in a circle of radius, r = (R sin a) with centre at
TC = Tmin = 0
A with an angular speed, w
120 JEE Main Physics

Velocity at the highest point C Example 9. A particle is suspended from a fixed point by
C Tmin = 0 a string of length 5 m. It is projected from the equilibrium
vC = vmin = √gR position with such a velocity that the string slackens after the
particle has reached a height 8 m above the lowest point.
Find the velocity of the particle, just before the string
vD > √3 gR
O D slackens.
TD > 3 mg
(a) 5.42 m/s (b) 6.24 m/s (c) 10.26 m/s (d) 9.28 m/s
R
vA = vmax = √5gR Sol. (a) At P,
u v
A T
max = 6 mg
θ P
(iv) The particle will move on the circular path only 5m θ
3m
and only if,
4m
Tmin > 0 and Tmax ³ 6 mg 5m mg
8m

So, for looping the circle or completing the loop,

velocity at the lowest point should be vA ³ 5gR
T =0
and at the highest point vC ³ gR
mv 2
Note If Tmin £ 0, the string will slack and the particle will fall down \ mg cos q =
R
instead of moving on the circle. 2
v
(v) In case of looping the circle for horizontal position or g cos q =
R
of string, 2
æ ö
3 v
vD ³ 3gR and TD ³ 3 mg or (9.8) ç ÷ =
è5ø 5
(vi) For oscillations, \ v = 5.42 m/s
vA2 v 2 + gR
< A or vA < 2gR
2g 3g Example 10. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light in
10
So, if the velocity of the particle at the lowest point extensible string of length L = m is whirling in a circular
3
is 0 > vA < 2gR , then the particle will oscillate path of radius L in a vertical plane. The ratio of the maximum
about the lowest position. tension in the string to the minimum tension in the string is 4
and if g is taken to be 10 m/s 2. The speed of stone at the
(vii) For leaving the circle,
highest point of the circular is [JEE Main 2019]
vA2 + gR vA2
< or vA > 2gR (a) 20 m/s (b) 10 3 m/s (c) 5 2 m/s (d) 10 m/s
3g 3g
So, if the velocity of the particle at the lowest point Sol. (d) Since the maximum tension TB in the string moving in the
vertical circle is at the bottom and minimum tension TT is at the
is 2gR < vA > 5gR, then the particle will move top.
along the circle for q > 90° and will not reach the mvB2
point C but will leave the circle somewhere \ TB = + mg
L
between 90° < q < 180°.
mvT2
Note (i) Instead of string, if a light rod is used, then the particle will and TT = - mg
L
complete the circular path if the velocity given at the lowest
position is 4gR. mvB2
+ mg
TB 4
(ii) Oscillation of a pendulum is a part of circular motion. At points A \ = L2 =
and C, since velocity is zero, net centripetal force will be zero. TT mvT 1
- mg
Only tangential force is present. From A to B or C to B, speed of L
the bob increases. Therefore, tangential force is parallel to vB2 + gL 4
velocity. From B to A or B to C, speed of the bob decreases. or =
vT2 - gL 1
Hence, tangential force is antiparallel to velocity.
or vB2 + gL = 4vT2 - 4gL
but vB2 = vT2 + 4gL
\ vT2 + 4gL + gL = 4vT2 - 4gL
Þ 3vT2 = 9gL
10
\ vT2 = 3 ´ g ´ L = 3 ´ 10 ´
C
3
A
B or vT = 10 m/s
Circular Motion 121

Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems

Kinematics of Circular Motion p

The relative velocity v A - v B at t = is given by
2w
1. A wheel rotates with a constant angular velocity of [JEE Main 2019]
300 rpm. The angle with which the wheel rotates in (a) w(R1 + R2)$i (b) - w(R1 + R2)$i
one second is
(a) p rad (b) 5 p rad (c) w(R - R )$i
1 2 (d) w(R - R )$i
2 1

(c) 10 p rad (d) 20 p rad 7. A car-wheel is rotated to uniform angular

2. A fan is making 600 revolutions per minute. If after acceleration about its axis, initially its angular
some time, it makes 1200 revolution per minute, velocity is zero. It rotates through an angle q 1 in
then increase in its angular velocity is the first 2 s, in the next 2 s, it rotates through an
q
(a) 10 p rad/s (b) 20 p rad/s additional angle q 2 , the ratio of 2 is
(c) 40 p rad/s (d) 60 p rad/s q1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
3. The radius of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is
11
1.5 ´ 10 m. The linear velocity of the Earth is 8. The speed of revolution of a particle moving round
(a) 1.99 ´ 10-7 ms -1 (b) 2.99 ´ 10-7 ms -1 a circle is doubled and its angular speed is halved.
(c) 1.99 ´ 104 ms -1 (d) 2.99 ´ 104 ms -1 Then, centripetal acceleration will be
(a) unchanged
4. The length of second’s hand in a watch is 1 cm. The (b) halved
change in velocity of its tip in 15 s is (c) doubled
p
(a) zero (b) cm/s (d) 4 times
30 2
p p 2 9. A particle is undergoing uniformly accelerated
(c) cm/s (d) cm/s circular motion with angular retardation p rad/s2 .
30 30
If the angular velocity of the particle at t = 0 is
5. A particle is moving along a circular path with a 2p rad/s, the velocity and acceleration vectors of the
constant speed of 10 ms -1. What is the magnitude body at t = 0 s are best represented by
of the change in velocity of the particle, when it
moves through an angle of 60° around the centre of
the circle? [JEE Main 2019] v
(a) 10 2 m/s (b) 10 m/s (a) (b)
a a
(c) 10 3 m/s (d) Zero v
6. Two particles A and B are moving on two concentric
circles of radii R1 and R2 with equal angular speed
w. At t = 0, their positions and direction of motion
are shown in the figure. (c) (d)
Y a
v v
a
A 10. An aircraft executes a horizontal loop of radius
X 1 km with a speed of 900 km/h, then the ratio of its
R1
R2 centripetal acceleration and the acceleration due to
B gravity will be
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 5
122 JEE Main Physics

11. A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is 16. Three identical particles are joined together by a
whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. thread as shown in figure. All the three particles
If the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is are moving in a horizontal plane. If the velocity of
the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the the outermost particle is v0 , then the ratio of
stone? tensions in the three sections of the string is
(a) 9.9 m/s 2 along the tangent O C
(b) 7.9 m/s 2 along the radius A B
l l l
(c) 9.9 m/s 2 along the radius
(d) None of the above (a) 3 : 5 : 7 (b) 3 : 4 : 5 (c) 7 : 11 : 6 (d) 3 : 5 : 6
12. Read the following statements and choose the 17. Two particles of equal mass are connected to a rope
correct option given below. AB of negligible mass such that one is at end A and
(i) The net acceleration of a particle in the circular other dividing the length of rope in the ratio 1 : 2
motion is always along the radius of the circle from B. The rope is rotated about end B in a
towards the centre. horizontal plane. Ratio of tensions in the smaller
(ii) The velocity vector of a particle at a point is part to the other is (ignore the effect of gravity)
always along the tangent to the path of the (a) 4 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 3
particle at that point. 18. A coin is placed on a gramophone record rotating at
(iii) The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform a speed of 45 rpm. It flies away when the rotational
circular motion averaged over one cycle is a speed is 50 rpm. If two such coins are placed over
null vector. the other on the same record, both of them will fly
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii) away when rotational speed is
(c) (iii) Only (d) All the three (a) 100 rpm (b) 25 rpm (c) 12.5 rpm (d) 50 rpm
13. A car is moving along a circular path of radius 19. A body moves along a circular path of radius 5 m.
500 m with a speed of 30 ms–1. If at some instant, The coefficient of friction between the surface of
its speed increases at the rate of 2 ms–1, then at path and the body is 0.5. The angular velocity, in
that instant, the magnitude of resultant rad/s, with which the body should move so that it
acceleration will be does not leave the path is (Take, g = 10 ms–2)
(a) 4.7 ms–2 (b) 3.8 ms–2
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 3 ms–2 (d) 2.7 ms–2
20. A motorcycle moving with a velocity of 72 kmh–1 on
14. A point P moves in counter-clockwise direction on a
a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point
circular path as shown in the figure. The movement
where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 m.
of P is such that it sweeps out a length s = t 3 + 5,
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms–2. In order
where s is in metre and t is in second. The radius of
to avoid skidding, he must not bent with respect to
the path is 20 m. The acceleration of P when
the vertical plane by an angle greater than
t = 2 s is nearly
(a) q = tan -1 (2) (b) q = tan -1 (6)
y -1
(c) q = tan (4) (d) q = tan -1 (25.92)
B
P(x,y) 21. Statement I A cyclist is moving on an unbanked
road with a speed of 7 kmh - 1 and takes a sharp
m
20

circular turn along a path of radius of 2m without

reducing the speed. The static friction coefficient is
O x 0.2. The cyclist will not slip and pass the curve
A
( Take, g = 9.8 m /s2 )
(a) 13 ms - 2 (b) 12 ms - 2 Statement II If the road is banked at an angle of
(c) 7.2 ms - 2 (d) 14 ms - 2 45°, cyclist can cross the curve of 2m radius with
the speed of 18.5 kmh - 1 without slipping.
Dynamics of Circular Motion In the light of the above statements, choose the
15. A coin placed on a rotation turn table stops when it correct answer from the options given below.
is placed at a distance of 9 cm from the centre. If [JEE Main 2021]
the angular velocity of the turn table is trippled. It (a) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
will just slip, if its distance from the centre is (b) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
(a) 27 cm (b) 9 cm (c) Both statements I and II are false.
(c) 3 cm (d) 1 cm (d) Both statements I and II are true.
Circular Motion 123

22. A curved road of 50 m radius is banked at correct 27. A self-propelled vehicle (assume it as a point mass)
angle for a given speed. If the speed is to be runs on a track with constant speed v. It passes
doubled keeping the same banking angle, the through three positions A, B and C on the circular
radius of curvature of the road should be changed part of the track. Suppose N A , N B and N C are the
to normal forces exerted by the track on the vehicle
(a) 25 m (b) 100 m when it is passing through points A, B and C
(c) 150 m (d) 200 m respectively, then
23. A vehicle is moving with a velocity v on a curved B
C
A
road of width b and radius of curvature R. For
counteracting the centrifugal force on the vehicle, θ 2θ θ<45º
v
the difference in elevation required in between the
outer and inner edges of the rod is
Outer edge
(a) N A = N B = N C
(b) N B > N A > N C
(c) N C > N A > N B
Inner edge h (d) N B > N C > N A
θ
b 28. A car moving on a circular path and takes a turn.
If R1 and R2 be the reactions on the inner and outer
(a) v2b /Rg (b) vb /Rg wheels respectively, then
(c) vb2 /Rg (d) vb /R2g (a) R1 = R2 (b) R1 < R2
(c) R1 > R2 (d) R1 ³ R2
24. An object is being weighed on a spring balance
moving around a curve of radius 100 m at a speed
Conical Pendulum and
7 ms -1. The object has a weight of 60 kg-wt. The
reading registered on the spring balance would be Motion in Vertical Circle
(a) 60.075 kg-wt (b) 60.125 kg-wt 29. A sphere of mass 0.2 kg is attached to an
(c) 60.175 kg-wt (d) 60.225 kg-wt inextensible string of length 0.5 m whose upper end
25. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks is fixed to the ceilling. The sphere is made to
shown below. Each of the tracks rises to the same describe a horizontal circle of radius 0.3 m. The
height. The speed with which the block enters the speed of the sphere will be
track is the same in all cases. At the highest point (a) 1.5 ms -1 (b) 2.5 ms -1
of the track, the normal reaction is the maximum (c) 3.2 ms -1 (d) 4.7 ms -1
in the case 30. A particle describes a horizontal circle in a conical
funnel whose inner surface is smooth with speed of
(a) (b) 0.5 m/s. What is height of the plane of circle from
vertex of the funnel?
v v
(a) 0.25 m (b) 2 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 2.5 cm
31. How many revolutions per minute must the
(c) (d) apparatus shown in figure make about a vertical
v v axis, so that the cord makes an angle of 45° with
the vertical? (Given, l = 2 m, a = 0.2 m, m = 5 kg)
a
26. A long horizontal rod has a bead, which can slide
along its length and initially placed at a distance L
from one end A of the rod. The rod is set in angular l
45
º

acceleration a. If the coefficient of friction, between T

the rod and the bead is m and gravity is neglected,
then the time after which the bead starts slipping
is r
A B mg
L
(a) 6 rpm (b) 27.3 rpm
(a) m / a (b) m / a
(c) 29 rpm (d) 12.6 rpm
(c) 1 / ma (d) ma
124 JEE Main Physics

32. Two wires AC and BC are tied at C of small sphere 37. A 2 kg stone at the end of a string 1 m long is
of mass 5 kg, which revolves at a constant speed v whirled in a vertical circle at a constant speed. The
in the horizontal circle of radius 1.6 m. The speed of the stone is 4 m/s. The tension in the
minimum value of v is string will be 52 N, when the stone is
(a) at the top of the circle
A 30º (b) at the bottom of the circle
B
(c) halfway down
45º (d) None of the above
38. A body crosses the topmost point of a vertical circle
C
with critical speed. What will be its acceleration
when the string is horizontal?
1.6
(a) g (b) 2 g
(c) 3 g (d) 6 g
(a) 3.01 ms -1 (b) 4.01 ms -1
(c) 8.2 ms -1 (d) 3.96 ms -1 39. A particle is moving in a vertical circle. The
tensions in the string when passing through two
33. The string of a pendulum of length l is displaced positions at angles 30° and 60° from vertical
through 90° from the vertical and released. Then, (lowest position) are T1 and T2 respectively.
the minimum strength of the string in order to (a) T1 = T2
withstand the tension as the pendulum passes
(b) T2 > T1
through the mean position is
(a) mg (b) 6 mg (c) 3 mg (d) 5 mg (c) T1 > T2
(d) Tension in the string always remains the same
34. An insect is at the bottom of a hemispherical ditch
of radius 1 m. It crawls up the ditch but starts 40. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a
slipping after it is at height h from the bottom. If vertical circle, with the other end of the string at
the coefficient of friction between the ground and the centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is
the insect is 0.75, then h is (Take, g = 10 ms -2 ) at its lowest position, and has a speed u. The
[JEE Main 2020] magnitude of change in its velocity as it reaches a
(a) 0.20 m (b) 0.45 m (c) 0.60 m (d) 0.80 m position, where the string is horizontal is
(a) u 2 - 2 gL (b) 2 gL
35. A fighter plane is pulling out for a dive at 900 kmh -1
in a vertical circle of radius 2 km. Its mass is 5000 kg. (c) u 2 - gL (d) 2 (u 2 - gL )
Find the force exerted by the air on it at the lowest
point. 41. A stone of mass 1 kg is tied to a string 4 m long and
(a) 2.0625 ´ 104 N upward is rotated at constant speed of 40 ms -1 in a vertical
(b) 2.0625 ´ 105 N downward circle. The ratio of the tension at the top and the
(c) 2.0625 ´ 105 N upward bottom is
(d) 2.0625 ´ 104 N downward (a) 11 : 12 (b) 39 : 41
(c) 41 : 39 (d) 12 : 11
36. A stone of mass m is tied to a string and is moved
in a vertical circle of radius r making n revolution 42. An object is tied to a string and rotated in a vertical
per minute. The total tension in the string when circle of radius r. Constant speed is maintained
the stone is at its lowest point is along the trajectory. If Tmax / Tmin = 2, then v2 / rg is
(a) mg (b) m ( g + pnr 2) (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) m ( g + pnr ) (d) m { g + (p 2n 2r ) / 900} (c) 3 (d) 4
 ROUND II Mixed Bag
Only One Correct Option 7. A particle is moving in a circle of radius R in such a
1. A block of 200 g mass moves with a uniform speed way that at any instant the normal and tangential
in a horizontal circular groove, with vertical side components of its acceleration are equal. If its
walls of radius 20 cm. If the block takes 40 s to speed at t = 0 is v0 , the time taken to complete the
complete one round, the normal force by the side first revolution is
R R R -2p 2 pR
walls of the groove is [JEE Main 2021] (a) (b) (1 - e-2p ) (c) e (d)
v0 v0 v0 v0
(a) 0.0314 N (b) 9.859 ´ 10- 2 N
(c) 6.28 ´ 10- 3 N (d) 9.859 ´ 10- 4 N 8. An aeroplane flying at a velocity of 900 kmh–1 loops
the loop. If the maximum force pressing the pilot
2. The distance r from the origin of a particle moving against the seat is five times its weight, the loop
in xy-plane varies with time as r = 2 t and the angle radius should be
made by the radius vector with positive X-axis is (a) 1594 m (b) 1402 m
q = 4 t. Here, t is in second, r in metre and q in (c) 1315 m (d) 1167 m
radian. The speed of the particle at t = 1 s is
(a) 10 ms–1 (b) 16 ms–1
9. A string of length L is fixed at one end and the
2
(c) 20 ms–1 (d) 12 ms–1
string makes rev/s around the vertical axis
p
3. A particle moves along a circle of radius æç
20 ö through the fixed and as shown in the figure, then
÷m
èpø tension in the string is
with constant tangential acceleration. If the s
velocity of the particle is 80 ms–1, at the end of θ
seconds revolution after motion has begun, the L
tangential acceleration is
(a) 40 ms–2 (b) 640 p ms–2
R
(c) 1609 p ms–2 (d) 40 p ms–2
4. A particle moves such that its position vector (a) ML (b) 2 ML
r ( t) = cos wti$ + sin wt$j, where w is a constant and t is (c) 4 ML (d) 16 ML
time. Then, which of the following statements is
true for the velocity v( t) and acceleration a( t) of the 10. An object of mass 10 kg is whirled round a
particle? [JEE Main 2020] horizontal circle of radius 4 m by a revolving string
(a) v and a both are parallel to r. inclined 30° to the vertical. If the uniform speed of
the object is 5 ms - 1, the tension in the string
(b) v is perpendicular to r and a is directed away from
the origin. (approximately) is
(a) 720 N (b) 960 N
(c) v and a both are perpendicular to r.
(c) 114 N (d) 125 N
(d) v is perpendicular to r and a is directed towards
the origin. 11. When the road is dry and coefficient of friction is m,
5. For a particle in uniform circular motion, the the maximum speed of a car in a circular path is
acceleration a at a point P ( R, q ) on the circle of 10 ms–1. If the road becomes wet and m ¢ = m/2, what
is the maximum speed permitted?
radius R is (here q is measured from the X-axis)
(a) 5 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1
v2 v2 v2 v2 (c) 10 2 ms–1 (d) 5 2 ms–1
(a) - cos q i$ + sin q $j (b) - sin q $i + sin q $j
R R R R
12. A heavy small-sized sphere is suspended by a
v2 v2 v2 $ v2 $ string of length l. The sphere rotates uniformly in a
(c) - cos q $i - sin q $j (d) i+ j
R R R R horizontal circle with the string making an angle q
with the vertical, then the time period of this
6. When a ceiling fan is switched on, it makes 10 conical pendulum is
rotations in the first 4 s. How many rotations will it l l sin q
make in the next 4 s? (Assuming uniform angular (a) t = 2p (b) t = 2p
g g
acceleration).
(a) 10 (b) 20 l cos q l
(c) t = 2p (d) t = 2p
(c) 40 (d) 30 g g cos q
126 JEE Main Physics

13. A smooth wire of length 2pr is bent into a circle and rad/s), that stone can have in uniform circular
kept in a vertical plane. A bead can slide smoothly motion is ……… .
on the wire. When the circle is rotating with 18. In figure, a particle is placed at the highest point A
angular speed w about the vertical diameter AB, as of a smooth sphere of radius r. It is given slight
shown in figure, the bead is at rest with respect to
push, and it leaves the sphere at B, at a depth h
the circular ring at position P as shown. Then, the
vertically below A such that h is equal to r / n,
value of w2 is equal to [JEE Main 2019]
where the value of n is ……… .
w
A
A h
C B
r r
O O

r/2 P
B

3g 19. Consider a 20 kg uniform circular disc of radius

(a) (b) 2 g / (r 3 )
2r 0.2 m. It is pin supported at its centre and is at rest
(c) ( g 3 ) / r (d) 2 g / r initially. The disc is acted upon by a constant force
F = 20 N through a massless string wrapped
Numerical Value Questions around its periphery as shown in the figure.
14. One end of a string of length 1.5 m is tied to the
stone of mass 0.4 kg and the other end to a small
pivot on a smooth vertical board. What is the
C
minimum speed (in m/s) of the stone required at its
lowermost point so that the string does not slack at
any point in its motion along the vertical circle?
15. A weightless thread can bear tension upto
F = 20 N
3.7 kg-wt. A stone of mass 500 g is tied to it and
revolved in a circular path of radius 4 m in a
Suppose the disc makes n number of revolutions to
vertical plane. If g = 10 ms -2 , then the maximum
attain an angular speed of 50 rad s - 1. The value of
angular velocity (in rad/s) of the stone will be …… .
n, to the nearest integer, is ……… . (Given, in one
16. A circular disc rotates at 60 rpm. A coin of 18 g is complete revolution, the disc rotates by 6.28 rad)
placed at a distance of 8 cm, from the centre. The [JEE Main 2021]
centrifugal force on the coin becomes q ´ 10- 2 N.
20. The angular speed of truck wheel is increased
The value of q is ……… .
from 900 rpm to 2460 rpm in 26 s. The number of
17. A stone of mass 2 kg is tied to a string of length revolutions by the truck engine during this time is
0.5 m. If the breaking tension of the string is ……… . (Assuming the acceleration to be uniform)
900 N, then the maximum angular velocity (in [JEE Main 2021]

Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (c)

Round II
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. 8.6 15. 4 16. 5.689 17. 30 18. 3 19 20 20. 728
Circular Motion 127

Solutions
Round I
300
1. Frequency of wheel, n = = 5 rps. Angle rotated by
60 v2 ∆v
wheel in one rotation= 2 p rad. Therefore, angle
rotated by wheel in 1 s = 2 p ´ 5 rad = 10 p rad.
120° 30°
2. Increase in angular velocity, w = 2 p (n2 - n1 ) 30°
–v1 O v1
rad
w = 2 p (1200 - 600)
min From the figure,
2 p ´ 600 rad rad Dv = v2 - v1 = v2 + (- v1 )
= = 20 p Q
60 s s \ |Dv|2 = v12 + v22 + 2v1v2 cos 120°
3. Here, r = 1.5 ´ 1011 m; time period of revolution of æ 1ö
= v2 + v2 + 2v ´ v ´ ç - ÷
è 2ø
Earth around the Sun is 1 yr, i.e.
T = 1 yr = 365 ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 s Þ |Dv| = v =10 m/s
2p 6. Angle covered by each particle in time duration 0 to
\Angular velocity, w =
T p
is
2 ´ (22 / 7) 2w
=
365 ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 p p
q=w´t=w´ = rad
= 1.99 ´ 10-7 rad s -1 2w 2
Linear velocity, v = w r p
So, positions of particles at t = is as shown
= 1.99 ´ 10-7 ´ 1.5 ´ 1011 2w
= 2.99 ´ 104 ms -1 below;

4. In 15 s, second’s hand rotate through 90° A

v
v
R1 t=0

90° R2

B
p
\Change in velocity , Velocities of particles at t =are
2w
æ qö
|Dv|= 2 v sin ç ÷ vA = - wR1i$ and vB = - wR2$i
è2ø
The relative velocity of particles is
æ 90° ö
= 2 (rw)sin ç ÷ vA - vB = - wR1i$ - (- wR2i$ )
è 2 ø
= - w(R1 - R2)$i = w(R2 - R1 )$i
2p 1
= 2 ´1 ´ ´ w q
T 2 7. a = and w =
t t
4p p 2 cm
= = [As, T = 60 s ] q
60 2 30 s \ a=
t2
5. Let v1 be the velocity of the particle moving along the but a = constant
circular path initially, v1 and v2 be the velocity when it q1 (2)2
So, =
moves through an angle of 60º as shown below. q1 + q2 (2 + 2)2
v2 q1 1
or =
q1 + q2 4
v1
q1 + q2 4
or =
θ q1 1
q2 4
O or 1+ =
q1 1
q2
\ =3
q1
128 JEE Main Physics

v2 (iii) True, the direction of acceleration vector in

8. Centripetal acceleration a c = = vw
uniform circular motion is directed towards the
r
centre of the circular path, which is continuously
When v is doubled, w is halved, vw shall remain changing with time. Therefore, the resultant of
unchanged. all these vectors over one cycle will be a null
9. Radial acceleration must be towards the centre of the vector.
circle. Therefore, option (c) is incorrect. Since, v2 (30)2
13. Centripetal acceleration, a c = = = 1.8 ms –2
tangential acceleration a t must be opposite to velocity r 500
v, hence options (a) and (d) are also incorrect. Tangential acceleration, a t = 2 ms –1
10. Radius of horizontal loop (r ) = 1 km = 1000 m \Resultant acceleration, a = a t2 + a c2
Speed of aircraft (v) = 900 km/h = (2)2 + (1.8)2 = 2.7 ms –2
5 æ 5 ö
= 900 ´ m/s çQ 1 km/h = m/s ÷ 14. Given, s = t3 + 5
18 è 18 ø
ds
= 250 m/s \ Speed, v = = 3 t2
dt
Centripetal acceleration of the aircraft
dv
v2 (250)2 62500 and rate of change of speed, a t = =6t
a= = = = 62.5 m/s 2 dt
r 1000 1000
\ Tangential acceleration at t = 2 s,
Acceleration due to gravity ( g ) = 9.8 m/s 2
a t = 6 ´ 2 = 12 ms -2
Centripetal acceleration ( a) 62.5 and at t = 2 s, v = 3 (2)2 = 12 ms -1
\ = = 6.38 ~
-6
Acceleration due to gravity ( g) 9.8 v2 144
\ Centripetal acceleration, a c = = ms -2
11. Radius of the horizontal circle = Length of the string R 20
= 80 cm = 0.80 m \ Net acceleration = a t2 + a c2 » 14 ms -2
14 -1
Frequency of revolution (n ) = s 15. In the given condition friction provides the required
25 centripetal force and that is constant. i. e.
Angular speed of the revolution of the stone
mw2r = constant
w = 2 pn 1
22 14 88 Þ rµ 2
=2 ´ ´ = rad/s w
7 25 25 2 2
æw ö æ1ö
Centripetal acceleration of the stone, \ r2 = r1 ç 1 ÷ = 9 ´ ç ÷ = 1 cm
è w2 ø è3ø
2
æ 88 ö
a = rw2 = 0.80 ´ ç ÷
è 25 ø 16. Let w be the angular speed of revolution.
88 88 O C
= 0.80 ´ ´ = 9.91 m/s 2 T1 A T2 B T3
25 25
l l l
The direction of the acceleration is towards the centre
of the horizontal circle, i.e. along its radius.
T3 = mw3 3l
12. (i) False, because in uniform circular motion, the T2 - T3 = mw22l
centripetal acceleration is along the radius of the
circle towards the centre, but in non-uniform Þ T2 = mw25l
circular motion, the direction of the resultant T1 - T2 = mw2l
acceleration is not along the radius of the circle. Þ T1 = mw26l
aT Þ T3 : T2 : T1 = 3 : 5 : 6

a 17. Tension in the respective parts are shown in figure.

O ac
m T2 T2 m T1
A B
2r r

Let w be angular velocity, then

(ii) True, the velocity vector of a particle is always T1 - T2 = mw2 ´ r …(i)
along the tangent to the path of the particle
either it is in rectilinear, circular or curvilinear and T2 = mw2(r + 2 r )
motion. T2 = 3 mw2r …(ii)
Circular Motion 129

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Two forces are acting as weight (mg) and centripetal
T1 = 4 mw r2 æ mv2 ö
force, ç ÷ are at 90° to each other.
T1 4 è r ø
Þ =
T2 3 2
æ mv2 ö
\ Resultant force = (mg )2 + ç ÷
18. A coin flies off when centrifugal force just exceeds the è r ø
force of friction, i. e.mrw2 ³ mmg 1/ 2
é æ v2 ö ù
2
mg = mg ê1 + ç ÷ ú
or w³
r ê è rg ø ú
ë û
Thus, w does not depend upon mass and will remain é
1/2
æ 7´7 ö ù
2
the same (i. e. 50 rpm). = 60 ´ 9.8 ê1 + ç ÷ ú
êë è 100 ´ 9.8 ø ú
û
19. Here, r = 5 m,m = 0.5, w = ?, g = 10 ms –2
= 60.075 ´ 9.8 N
As, mrw2 = F = mR = m mg
= 60.075kg-wt
mg 0.5 ´ 10
w= = = 1 rad s –1 25. The blocks will have the same speed, say, equal to v, at
r 5 the highest point of each track, as they all rise to the
same height. If R be the radius of curvature of a track
20. Using the formula for motor cycle not to skid,
and N be the normal reaction of the track at the
æ v2 ö
q = tan -1 ç ÷ highest point of the track, then
è rg ø mv2
centripetal force = N + mg =
where, r = 20 m R
5 v
v = 72 km h –1 = 72 ´ = 20 ms –1
18
æ 20 ´ 20 ö
\ q = tan -1 ç ÷ N
è 20 ´ 10 ø
mg
or q = tan -1 (2)
21. Statement I Þ N will be the maximum when R is the minimum.
vmax = mRg = (0.2) ´ 2 ´ 9.8 This occurs when the track is most sharply curved, i.e.
in option (a).
vmax = 1.97 m/s
7 km/h = 1.944 m/s 26. Tangential acceleration, a = La
Speed is lower than vmax , hence it can take safe turn. \ Normal reaction, N = Ma = MLa
Statement II \ Frictional force, F = mN = m MLa
æ tan q + m ö For no sliding along the length, frictional force ³
V max = Rg ç ÷ centripetal force.
è 1 - m tan q ø
i. e. m MLa ³ MLw2
æ 1 + 0.2 ö As w = w0 + at = at
= 2 ´ 9.8 ç ÷ = 5.42 m/s
è 1 - 0.2 ø \ m MLa ³ ML (at )2
18.5 km/h = 5.14 m/s m
Þ t=
Speed is lower than vmax , hence it can take safe turn. a
v2 mv2
22. As, tan q = , therefore, when speed v is doubled; 27. As we know, mg cos q - N =
rg R
r must be made 4 times, if q remains the same. mv2
Þ N = mg cos q -
\ New radius of curvature, R
r ¢ = 4 r = 4 ´ 50 m = 200 m N
2
v
23. As, tan q =
Rg
mg sin θ
θ
From the given figure, we get
h v2 v2b mg
= Þ h= θ
b Rg Rg

24. Here, r = 100 m, v = 7 ms –1, m = 60 kg Hence, N decrease as q increases.

Reading registered = resultant force = ? So N B > N A > N C
130 JEE Main Physics

28. The given situation is shown below. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
rg
R1 tan q = 2
G R2 v
a a r
inner wheel outer wheel and tan q =
of car Mg of car h
F 2a v2 (0.5)2
h= = = 0.25 m = 2.5 cm
Since, R1 + R2 = Mg g 10
If F be the horizontal force which provides the
31. r = a + l sin 45° = (0.2) + ( 2 ) æç
1 ö
necessary centripetal force for motion in a circle, then ÷ = 1.2 m
è 2ø
mv2
F = Now, T cos 45° = mg …(i)
r
Taking moment about point G, there should be no and T sin 45° = mrw2 …(ii)
resultant turning effect about the centre of gravity. g
\ Fh + R1a = R2a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have w = 2np =
r
Fh + R1a
\ R2 = 1 g 60 9.8
a \ n= = rpm = 27.3 rpm
Fh 2p r 2p 1.2
R2 = R1 +
a 32. From free body diagram shown in figure,
\Clearly, R2 > R1 T1 cos 30° + T2 cos 45° = mg …(i)
mv2 mv2
29. In figure, T sin q = ; T cos q = mg ; T1 sin 30° + T2 sin 45° = …(ii)
r r
O After solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
mv2
mg -
θ T1 = r
l æ 3 -1ö
ç ÷
è 2 ø
T cos θ
T
T 1 cos 30º
T sin θ A mv 2 +T 2 cos 45º
B r r
mg
2 T 1 sin 30º
v r
So, tan q = = +T 2 sin 45º
rg l2 - r2
1/ 2 1/ 2 mg
é r 2g ù é 0.09 ´ 10 ù
v = ê 2 2 1/ 2 ú =ê 1/2 ú
ë (l - r ) û ë (0.25 – 0.09) û But T1 ³ 0
= 1.5 ms –1 mv2
mg -
\ r ³0
30. The particle is moving in circular path as shown 3 -1
below
2
R R sin θ
mv2
or mg ³
θ r
R cos θ or v £ rg
r
(R = reaction) \ vmax = rg = 1.6 ´ 9.8 = 3.96 ms –1
mg
h
33. Velocity at the lowest point,
v = 2 gl
θ
At the lowest point, the tension in the string,
mv2
T = mg +
l
From the figure, mg = R sin q …(i)
m
mv2 = mg + (2 gl ) = 3 mg
= R cos q …(ii) l
r
Circular Motion 131

34. Let h be maximum height up to which insect crawls up mv2

For q = 60°, T2 = + mg cos 60°
the ditch. The free body diagram is as shown r
Since, cos 30° > cos 60°
\ T1 > T2
θ
R cos θ N f 40. The velocity at B is v, where v2 = u 2 - 2 gL, in
vertically upward direction.
h
θ v
mg
L
O B B'
Resolving the components of force along tangential ∆v
and radial direction L v
N
f
u O u A'
A

\ Dv = u 2 + v2 = u 2 + (u 2 - 2 gL ) = 2 (u 2 - gL )
mg sinθ mg cosθ mv2
41. As, Ttop = - mg …(i)
For balancing, mg cos q = N r
mg sin q = fmax = mN mv2
Þ mg sin q = mmg cos q and Tbottom = + mg …(ii)
r
sin q mmg
= From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
cos q mg v2 40 ´ 40
3 Ttop -g - 10
tan q = m = 0.75 = Þ = 2r = 4
4 Tbottom v 40 ´ 40
4 +g + 10
Þ cos q = r 4
5 400 - 10 390 39
æ4ö R = = =
From diagram, h = R - R cos q = R - Rç ÷ = 400 + 10 410 41
è5ø 5
mv2
1 42. At the lowest point, = TL - mg …(i)
or h = = 0.20 m r
5
mv2
mv2 5 ´ 103 ´ (250)2 At the highest point, = TH + mg …(ii)
35. Force, F = + mg = + 5 ´ 104 r
r 2 ´ 103 Tmax TL
As = =2
= 2.0625 ´ 104 N downward Tmin TH
36. Here, T = mg + mw2r = m ( g + 4 p 2n 2r ) \ TL = 2 TH
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
ìï æ 2 æ n ö 2 öüï ìï æ p 2n 2r öüï
=míg+ çç4 p ç ÷ r ÷÷ý = m í g + ç ÷ý 2 TH - mg = TH + mg
ïî è è 60 ø øïþ ïî è 900 øïþ TH = 2 mg
mv2 2 ´ (4)2 mv2 v2
37. Here, mg = 2 ´ 10 = 20 N and = = 32 N From Eq. (ii), = 3 mg or =3
r 1 r rg
It is clear that, 52 N tension will be at the bottom of Round II
the circle because we know that
mv2
1. N = mw2R
Tbottom = mg + é 4p 2 ù
r N = mê 2 ú R …(i)
38. The body crosses the topmost position of a vertical ëT û
circle with critical velocity, so the velocity at the Given, m = 0.2 kg, T = 40 s, R = 0.2 m
lowest point of vertical circle, u = 5 gr . Putting the values in Eq. (i), we get
Velocity of the body when string is horizontal, is N = 9.859 ´ 10-4 N
v2 = u 2 - 2 gr = 5 gr - 2 gr = 3 gr
v2 3 gr 2. Here, r = 2 t , q = 4 t
\Centripetal acceleration, a c = = =3 g
r r As, l = rq = (2 t ) (4 t ) = 8 t 2
2
mv dl d
39. Tension, T = + mg cos q \ v= = (8 t 2) = 16 t
r dt dt
mv2
For q = 30°, T1 = + mg cos 30° Þ vt = 16 ms –1 (at t = 1 s)
r
132 JEE Main Physics

3. Initial angular velocity, w0 = 0. 1

Þ 2 p ´ 10 = a (4)2
2
Final angular velocity, 40 p
v 80 or a=
w= = = 4 p rads –1 16
r (20 / p ) Let it makes N rotations in first 8s, then
Angle described, q = 4 p rad 1
2 pN = a 82
w2 - w20 2
\Angular acceleration, a = æ 40 p ö
2q Þ N = 40 ç as a = ÷
è 16 ø
(4 p )2 - 0
= = 2 p rads –2 \Required number of rotations = 40 - 10 = 30
2 ´4 p
7. According to question, in circular motion of particle, at
Tangential acceleration, any instant,
20
a = ar = 2 p ´ = 40 ms –2 radial acceleration = tangential acceleration
p
v2 dv
Þ =
4. Position vector of a particle moving around a unit R dt
circle (r = 1) in xy-plane is given by R
Hence, dv = dt
v2
Y
v R
P
r
Þ ò v2 dv = dt
(x=cos ωt, y=sin ωt)
r=1 -R
Þ =t+c …(i)
X v
a When t = 0, v = v0
-R
\ =c …(ii)
v0
v
Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-R R
r (t ) = cos wt $i + sin wt $j ...(i) =t-
v v0
dr (t )
Velocity, v(t ) = = w(- sin wt i + cos wt j)
$ $ R R
dt Þ t= -
v0 v
Þ v(t ) = w[cos(wt + p / 2) i$ + sin(wt + p / 2) $j] ...(ii)
R R é ds ù
dv(t ) Þ t= - êëQ v = dt úû
a (t ) = = - w2 cos wt i$ - w2 sin wt $j v0 (ds/dt )
dt
= - w2(cos wt i$ + sin wt $j) æR ö
Þ ds ç - t ÷ = Rdt
a (t ) = - w2 r (t ) ...(iii) è v0 ø
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), it is clear that v is ds dt
perpendicular to r and a is directed towards the origin.
Þ ò R =ò R
-t
5. For a particle in uniform circular motion, v0
y s æR ö
Þ = - ln ç - t ÷ + c
R è v0 ø
P(R, θ)
ac When t = 0, s = 0,
ln R
\ c=
x v0
ac
s ln R æ R ö é R ù
\ = - ln ç ÷ = ln ê ú
R v0 è v0 - t ø ë R - v0t û
For complete revolution, t = T and s = 2pR
v2
a= towards centre of circle 2pR æ R ö
R \ = ln ç ÷
R è R - v0T ø
v2
a= (- cos q $i - sin q $j) R
R Þ T= (1 - e- 2p )
v2 v2 v0
or a = - cos q $i - sin q $j
R R 900 ´ 1000
8. Here, v = 900 km h –1 = ms –1 = 250 ms –1
1 2 60 ´ 60
6. As, q = 2 pn = w0t + at
2 Maximum force is at bottom of the vertical circle
Circular Motion 133

mv2 or w2 =
g
Fmax = + mg = 5 mg
r l cos q
2
\ v = 4 gr
v2 250 ´ 250 ~ 1594 m
or r= = = 1594.4 - θ θ
4g 4 ´ 9.8
l
T
9. From figure in question,
T cos θ
T sin q = Mw2R [Q R = L sin q]
Þ T sin q = Mw2L sin q
Þ T = Mw2L = M × 4 p 2n 2L A Tsin θ r B
2
æ2ö Mg
= M ×4 p 2 ç ÷ L
èpø
2p l cos q
= 16 ML \ Time period, t= = 2p
w g
AB
10. In figure, sin 30° = 13. Let N = normal reaction of wire loop acting towards
OA
O centre.
ω

30°

T
C N θ N cosθ
B
A N sinθ
4
mg mg

AB 4 r/2
or OA = = =8m
sin 30° 1/2
T F mg Then, component N cos q balances weight of bead,
= = Þ N cos q = mg …(i)
AO AB OB
AO and component N sin q provides necessary centripetal
F = ´F pull on the bead,
AB
æ rö
AO mv2 Þ N sin q = mç ÷ w2 …(ii)
= è2ø
AB r
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
8 52
= ´ 10 ´ = 125 N rw2
4 4 tan q = …(iii)
2g
11. The maximum speed without skidding is
Now, from geometry of figure,
v = m rg
v2 m1 m /2 1
\ = = = (for rg = constant)
v1 m1 m 2
v1
v2 = = 5 2 ms –1 (Q v1 = 10 ms -1 ) C
2 θ r

12. Radius of circular path in the horizontal plane

r/2
r = l sin q
Resolving T along the vertical and horizontal
directions, we get,
r
T cos q = Mg …(i) r 1
tan q = 2 = = …(iv)
T sin q = Mrw2 = M (l sin q) w2 [Q r = l sin q] 2 æ 3ö 3
2 æ rö 2ç ÷r
or T = Mlw2 …(ii) r -ç ÷
è2ø è 2 ø
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
1 lw2 Put this value in Eq. (iii), we get
= 2g
cos q g w2 =
3r
134 JEE Main Physics

14. Here, r = 1.5 m,m = 0.4 kg; g = 9.8 ms -2 A mv 2

h r
The minimum speed at the lowest point of the vertical B
C
circle is
vL = 5 gr = 5 ´ 9.8 ´ 1.5
O mg
vL = 8.6 ms -1

15. Maximum tension that string can bear

= 3.7 kg -wt = 37 N The particle will leave the sphere at B, when
Tension at lowest point of vertical loop = mg + mw2r mv2
³ mg cos q
= 5 + 2 w2 r
\ 37 = 5 + 2 w2 2 gh g (r - h )
=
or w = 4 rad/s r r
r
60 which gives, h=
16. Here, n = 60 rpm = = 1 rps 3
60
\ n =3
m = 18g = 18 ´ 10-3 kg t FR 2F
r = 8 cm = 8 ´ 10-2 m 19. a = = =
I mR2 /2 mR
Centrifugal force, F = mrw2 = mr (2pn )2
2 ´ 20
= 4p 2 mr n 2 a= = 10 rad /s 2
20 ´ (0.2)
22 22
=4 ´ ´ ´ (18 ´ 10-3 ) ´ (8 ´ 10-2) ´ 12 w2 = w20 + 2aDq
7 7
(50)2 = 02 + 2(10) Dq
F = 5.689 ´ 10-2 N
2500
Þ Dq =
17. Here, mass of stone, m = 2 kg 20
Length of string, r = 0.5 m = 125 rad
Breaking tension, T = 900 N 125
Number of revolutions n = » 20
2 2p
At T = mrw
æ w + w2 ö
T 900 20. We know, q=ç 1 ÷t
or w2 = = = 900 è 2 ø
mr 2 ´ 0.5
Þ w = 900 = 30 rad/s Let number of revolutions be N .
æ 900 + 2460 ö
\ 2 pN = 2 p ç ÷ ´ 26
18. If v is velocity acquired at B, then è 60 ´ 2 ø
v2 = 2 gh N = 728