ENTROPY

1. Water is heated at a constant pressure of 0.7 MPa. The boiling point is 164.97°C. The initial
temperature of water is 0°C. The latent heat of evaporation is 2066.3 kJ/kg. Find the
increase of entropy of water, if the final state is steam
2. One kg of air initially at 0.7 MPa, 20°C changes to 0.35 MPa, 60°C by the three reversible
non-flow processes, as shown in Figure. Process 1: a-2 consists of a constant pressure
expansion followed by a constant volume cooling, process 1: b-2 an isothermal expansion
followed by a constant pressure expansion, and process 1: c-2 an adiabatic

Expansion followed by a constant volume heating. Determine the change of internal energy,
enthalpy, and entropy for each process, and find the work transfer and heat transfer for
each process. Take cp = 1.005 and v c = 0.718 kJ/kg K and assume the specific heats to be
constant. Also assume for air pv = 0.287 T, where p is the pressure in kPa, v the specific
volume in m3/kg, and T the temperature in K.

3. Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following processes: (a) A
copper block of 600 g mass and with Cp of 150 J/K at 100°C is placed in a lake at 8°C. (b) The
same block, at 8°C, is dropped from a height of 100 m into the lake. (c) Two such blocks, at
100 and 0°C, are joined together.
4. A system maintained at constant volume is initially at temperature T1, and a heat reservoir
at the lower temperature T0 is available. Show that the maximum work recoverable as the
system is cooled to T0 is

5. A body of finite mass is originally at temperature T1, which is higher than that of a reservoir
at temperature T2. Suppose an engine operates in a cycle between the body and the
reservoir until it lowers the temperature of the body from T1 to T2, thus extracting heat Q
from the body. If the engine does work W, then it will reject heat Q–W to the reservoir at T2.
Applying the entropy principle, prove that the maximum work obtainable from the engine is

W (max) = Q – T2 (S1 – S2) Where S1 – S2 is the entropy decrease of the body. If the body is
maintained at constant volume having constant volume heat capacity Cv = 8.4 kJ/K which is
independent of temperature, and if T1 = 373 K and T2 = 303 K, determine the maximum work
obtainable.

6. Each of three identical bodies satisfies the equation U = CT, where C is the heat capacity of
each of the bodies. Their initial temperatures are 200 K, 250 K, and 540 K. If C = 8.4 kJ/K,
what is the maximum amount of work that can be extracted in a process in which these
bodies are brought sto a final common temperature?
7. A reversible engine, as shown in Figure during a cycle of operations draws 5 MJ from the 400
K reservoir and does 840 kJ of work. Find the amount and direction of heat interaction with
other reservoirs.

8. For a fluid for which pv/T is a constant quantity equal to R, show that the change in specific
entropy between two states A and B is given by

A fluid for which R is a constant and equal to 0.287 kJ/kg K, flows steadily through an
adiabatic machine, entering and leaving through two adiabatic pipes. In one of these pipes
the pressure and temperature are 5 bar and 450 K and in the other pipe the pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 300 K respectively. Determine which pressure and temperature
refer to the inlet pipe.

For the given temperature range, cp is given by Cp = a ln T + b Where T is the numerical

value of the absolute temperature and a = 0.026 kJ/kg K, b = 0.86 kJ/kg K.

9. Two vessels, A and B, each of volume 3 m3 may be connected by a tube of negligible

volume. Vessel a contains air at 0.7 MPa, 95 ° C, while vessel B contains air at 0.35 MPa,
205°C. Find the change of entropy when A is connected to B by working from the first
principles and assuming the mixing to be complete and adiabatic. For air take the relations
as in question number 2
10. Two bodies of equal heat capacities C and temperatures T1 and T2 form an adiabatically
closed system. What will the final temperature be if one lets this system come to equilibrium
(a) freely? (b) Reversibly? (c) What is the maximum work which can be obtained from this
system?
11. A resistor of 30 ohms is maintained at a constant temperature of 27°C while a current of 10
amperes is allowed to flow for 1 sec. Determine the entropy change of the resistor and the
universe.
 If the resistor initially at 27°C is now insulated and the same current is passed for the same
time, determine the entropy change of the resistor and the universe. The specific heat of the
resistor is 0.9 kJ/kg K and the mass of the resistor is 10 g.

12. A body with the equation of state U = CT, where C is its heat capacity, is heated from
temperature T1 to T2 by a series of reservoirs ranging from T1 to T2. The body is then
brought back to its initial state by contact with a single reservoir at temperature T1.
Calculate the changes of entropy of the body and of the reservoirs. What is the total change
in entropy of the whole system? If the initial heating were accomplished merely by bringing
the body into contact with a single reservoir at T2, what would the various entropy changes
be?
13. An insulated 0.75 kg copper calorimeter can containing 0.2 kg water is in equilibrium at a
temperature of 20°C. An experimenter now places 0.05 kg of ice at 0°C in the calorimeter
and encloses the latter with a heat insulating shield. (a) When all the ice has melted and
equilibrium has been reached, what will be the temperature of water and the can? The
specific heat of copper is 0.418 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333 kJ/kg.
(b) Compute the entropy increase of the universe resulting from the process. (c) What will
be the minimum work needed by a stirrer to bring back the temperature of water to 20°C?

14. Two blocks of metal, each having a mass of 10 kg and a specific heat of 0.4 kJ/kg K, are at a
temperature of 40°C. A reversible refrigerator receives heat from one block and rejects heat
to the other. Calculate the work required to cause a temperature difference of 100°C
between the two blocks.

15. The value of cp for a certain substance can be represented by cp = a + bT. (a) Determine the
heat absorbed and the increase in entropy of a mass m of the substance when its
temperature is increased at constant pressure from T1 to T2. (b) Find the increase in the
molal specific entropy of copper, when the temperature is increased at constant pressure
from 500 to 1200 K. Given for copper: when T = 500 K, cp = 25.2 × 103 and when T = 1200 K,
cp = 30.1 × 103 J/k mol K.