Railway Reservation System - TutorialsDuniya

Rail Connect
CONTENTS
Acknowledgment
Certificate
Executive Summary
Objective
Problem Statement
Scope of Software
Project Management
Introduction
Process Model
Risk Management
Project Plan
Functional Point Analysis
Effort Estimation
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Requirements Gathering and Analysis

Introduction
Data Flow Diagram
ERD
Data Dictionary
Design
Introduction
Data Design
Architecture Design
Interface Design
Backend Code Overview
Software Testing
Introduction
Flow Graph
Cyclomatic Complexity
Independent Paths
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3
ACKNOWLEDGEMNET
It is with a sense of gratitude, we acknowledge the efforts of

entire hosts of well-wishers who have in some way or other
contributed in their own special ways to the success and
completion of this semester IV project
First of all, we express our sage sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to our College Prof. Mrs. abc - Computer
Science department Sggscc, from the bottom of my heart for
her immense support and guidance for this project which laid
the foundation for this project.
We would also like to thank different Professors at our
Computer Science department of Sggscc for their persistent
efforts and advice at the development.
Namely Mrs. Abc for helping us understand different
Software Engineering concepts, Mrs. Abc for her
help in Front-end development of our project by making us
understand how to use Php and Html and Mrs. Abc for her
deep understandings in Database Concepts without which it
wouldn’t have been possible.
We are highly indebted by advice, perceptive guidance and

constant encouragement offered at every point of time by all
the teachers and people at server room at Sggscc.
4
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sudhanshu Kumar & Gursimran Singh ,

students of B.Sc. Computer Science Semester IV have
submitted the
project entitled “Rail Connect” for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements of Software Engineering project.
It embodies the work done by them during semester IV of their
course under the due supervision of TutorialsDuniya.Com.
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5
Executive Summary
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6
OBJECTIVE
This report shows the case study of Railway Reservation

System. This System is basically concerned with the reservation
of railway tickets and Live Enquiries for the Passenger.
In this we are discussing that how the reservation is done and
What are the rules and regulations and procedure for
reservation.
This project aims to provide a mechanism for the railway
management to deal with number of tasks efficiently using this
system.
The database should be stored in computer rather than in
register/manually.
Features:
 Searching of data is easy
 Passenger don’t have to wait for a long time
 Information is accurate
 It is a fast process
 Data efficiency is more
 Immediate Response for Enquiries
 Complaints can be submitted
Cont.
7
To keep pace with time, to bring about the best result without
malfunctioning and greater efficiency so as to replace the
unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of
the computer. One has to use the data management software.
The need of this system arose because as is the known fact that
India has the largest railway network in the whole of the world
and to handle it manually is quite a tough job.
By computerizing it, we will be able to overcome many of its
limitations and will be able to make it more efficient. The
handling of data and records for such a vast system is a very
complex task if done manually but it can be made much easier
if the system is computerized.
To be more specific, our system is limited in such a way that a
train starting from a particular source will have a single
destination. The basic functions being performed by our system
are reservation and cancellation and different sets of Enquiries
including feedback and complaints are just for demo purposes.
Although some of the functions like Live train status, cancelled
trains and PNR are connected to official Indian Railway
database directly or indirectly.
8
PROBLEM STATMENT
Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings

who really want to stand against today’s merciless competition
where it is not too wise saying “to error is human” ,no longer
valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace
with time, to bring about the best result without
malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the
unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of
the computer. One has to use the data management software.
Software has been an ascent in atomization various
organizations. Many software products working are now in
markets, which have helped in making the organizations work
easier and efficiently. Data management initially had to
maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done
but now software product on this organization has made their
work faster and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded
on the computer and work can be done. This prevents a lot of
time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any
information regarding the organization can be obtained by
clicking the button. Moreover, now it’s an age of computers of
and automating such an organization gives the better look.
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9
SCOPE OF
SOFTWARE
 All the manual work should be converted in to
computerized, so the load of employees should
decrease.
 The database should be stored in computer rather than
in register/manually.
 Easy to store information rather and fast accessing
of information.
 Centralized management reporting and decision support.
 Accurate and timely control program.
 To make it easy for fast processing and modification
of different databases
 List of accounts of all customers is available and
easy manipulation
 Easy retrieval of accounts.
 To make the railway system interactive and has a
modern graphical responsive UI
 Quick feedback and complaint form including reviews
 Reduces the possibility for any mistakes
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PROJECT MANAGMENT
Rail Connect
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11
INTRODUCTION
Basics
Project management uses a systematic and disciplined
approach to develop software. It consists of all the umbrella
activities, which span throughout the software process.
It includes the following activities:
 Estimation
 Project Scheduling
 Risk Management
 Quality Management
 Change Management
Project management involves the planning, monitoring and
control of the people, process and events that occur as
software evolves from a preliminary concept to an operational
implementation. Effective software project management
focuses on the four principles: people, product, process and
project.
The People
Software engineering institute has developed a people
management capability
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Connect
12
maturity model (PM-CMM). The people management maturity

model defines the key practice areas for software people like:
recruiting, selection, performance management, training,
compensation, carrier development, organization and work
design and team/culture development.
The Product
Before a project can be planned, product objectives and scope
should be established, alternative solutions should be
considered and technical and management constraints should
be identified. Scope identifies the primary data, functions and
behaviors that characterize the product.
The Process
A software process provides the framework from which a
comprehensive plan for software development can be
established. Framework activities are populated with tasks,
milestones, work products and quality assurance points. These
activities characterize the software product and the project
team.
Umbrella activities i.e. software quality assurance, software
configuration management and measurement overlay the
process model.
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LIFE CYCLE MODELS
Software Development Life Cycle Models and Methodologies
Software development life cycle (SDLC) is a series of phases that

provide a common understanding of the software building
process. How the software will be realized and developed from
the business understanding and requirements elicitation phase
to convert these business ideas and requirements into
functions and features until its usage and operation to achieve
the business needs. The good software engineer should have
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14
enough knowledge on how to choose the SDLC model based on

the project context and the business requirements.
Therefore, it may be required to choose the right SDLC model

according to the specific concerns and requirements of the
project to ensure its success.
Types of Software developing life cycles (SDLC)

 Wat
 V-Shaped Model
 Evolutionary Prototyping Model
 Spiral Method (SDM)
 Iterative and Incremental Method
 Agile development
Model used in our application: Waterfall Model

The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced.
It is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is
very simple to understand and use.
In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed fully
before the next phase can begin. This type of software
development model is basically used for the for the project
which is small and there are no uncertain requirements. At the
end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the
project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or
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15
discard the project. In this model software testing starts only

after the development is complete. In waterfall model phases
do not overlap.
Advantages of waterfall model

 This model is simple and easy to understand and use
 It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model –
each phase has specific deliverables and a review process.
 In this model phases are processed and completed one at
a time. Phases do not overlap.
 Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where
requirements are very well understood.
Disadvantages of waterfall model
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 Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very

difficult to go back and change something that was not
well-thought out in the concept stage.
 No working software is produced until late during the life
cycle. High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
 Not a good model for complex and object-oriented
projects.
 Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
 Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a
moderate to high risk of changing.
Why did we use the waterfall model?

 We have used this model because the requirements are
very well known, clear and fixed.
 Product definition is stable.
 Technology is understood.
 There are no ambiguous requirements
 Ample resources with required expertise are available
freely
 The project is short (wasn’t that short anyway)
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17
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Analysis and Management are a series of steps that help a

software team to understand and manage uncertainty. Many
problems can plague a software project.
A risk is a potential problem- it might happen or it might not.
But regardless of the outcome, it’s a really good idea to identify
it, assess its probability of occurrence, estimate its impact, and
establish a contingency plan should the problem actually occur.
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18
Software is a difficult undertaking. Lots of things can go wrong,

and frankly many often do. It’s for this reason that being
prepared- understanding the risks and taking proactive
measures to avoid or manage them- is a key element of good
software project management.
Recognizing what can go wrong is the first step, called “Risk
Identification”. Next, each risk is analyzed to determine the
likelihood that it will occur and the damage that it will do if it
does occur. Once this information is established, risks are
ranked, by probability and impact. Finally, a plan is developed
to manage those risks with high probability and high impact.
The work product is “Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and
Management (RMMM) Plan” or a set of risk information sheets
is produced.
Risks I. P. Resul RMMM

t
The team may lose all Mitigation Plan:
the project artifacts Create backups
any time during the 4% Catastrophic of Project on regular
project and thus will be intervals to cloud
unable to deliver the and make sure every
application to the documentation is
customer. Such an up to date.
unlikely event may be Contingency Plan:
caused by a hard disk Talk to customer for
being wiped out by a project extension and
virus, hard if he agrees then tart
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19
disk failure, etc. the coding part

again on the basis of
documentation
created earlier
Customer requirements 20 Mitigation Plan:
might change, since our create SRS
software and system is % Critical properly during
made in a linear communication
fashion, changing of phase
requirements can be a Contingency Plan: Try
big problem. to convince him to
accept ongoing
project else ask for
project extension
You may not have 50 Critical
Mitigation Plan: Select
enough human the talented and
resource to finish the % experienced member
project at the deadline to join the Project
Team
Contingency Plan: Talk
to client for project
extension and
apologize to him
This website may 10 Mitigation Plan:
lack security features Medium You can request the
% development team
to check and add
these functions to
the website
Contingency Plan :
Negotiate with
the client
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20
PROJECT PLAN
Basics
Software project scheduling is an activity that distributes
estimated effort across the planned project by allocating the
effort to a specific software engineering tasks.
When you develop a schedule, compartmentalize the work,
represent the task interdependencies, allocate effort and time
to each task, define responsibilities for the work to be done,
and define outcomes and milestones.
In order to build a complex system, many software engineering
tasks occur in parallel and result of work performed during one
task may have a profound effect on work to be conducted in
another task.
These interdependencies are very difficult to understand
without a schedule. It’s also virtually impossible to progress on
a moderate or large software project without a detailed
schedule.
Assumptions
 A ticket can only be booked for whole journey of train
from start station to destination station
 No concessions or any discount available while booking
the ticket
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 There can be at most 3 admins for the management of

system
 Passengers are authentic users and no bots, agent
accompany as the interface for booking tickets
 Maximum of 5 tickets allowed per month per passenger
 No special Quotas provided, General exists by default
All these assumptions were either important or limited by our
project development skills. We have not allowed more than 5
tickets per passenger to avoid the abuse of system and
passengers can conveniently and efficiently book tickets on the
go.
3 Admins only since our system is small for current launched
version and to avoid confusions since different admins can
change different entities of system without being in sync which
can cause potential problems which maybe critical and can
cause system failure
Bots are everywhere, agents can use bots to abuse the system
for black marketing of tickets booked which can cause
inconvenience to fellow passengers. Ticket booking for whole
journey and no captcha was limited by our skills
Project Team
The type of project team we have perfectly fits to the sub-
category called Self-Managed Teams.
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Typically, members of self-managed teams are employees of

the same organization who work together, and even though
they have a wide array of objectives, their aim is to reach a
common goal. There is no manager nor authority figure, so it is
up to members to determine rules and expectations, to solve a
problem when they it arises, and to bare shared responsibility
for the results.
Timeline Chart
When creating a software project schedule, the planner begins
with a set of tasks. If automated tools are used, the work
breakdown is input as a task network or task outline. Effort,
duration and start date are then input for each task outline. In
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23
addition, tasks may be assigned to specific individuals.

As a consequence of this input a Timeline Chart also called a
Gantt chart is generated.
Rail Connect Timeline
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Management
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INPUT
Input Name Fields Tables Complexity

User SignUp 2 1 Low
Train Add 12 1 Medium
Station Add 3 1 Low
Complaint S 4 1 Low
Cancelled A 2 1 Low
Ticket Add 7 2 Low
Fare Add 2 1 Low
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Output
Output Name Fields Tables Complexity
Registered 2 1 Low
Profile
Fetch ticket 12 1 Medium
Fetch PNR 3 1 Low
Trains Table 4 1 Low
Stations 2 1 Low
Queries
Output Name Fields Tables Complexity
Registered 2 1 Low
Profile
Fetch ticket 12 1 Medium
Fetch PNR 3 1 Low
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Tables
Name Fields Complexity

Users 2 Low
Admins 2 Low
Trains 12 Medium
Stations 3 Low
Complaints 4 Low
Tickets 5 Low
Passengers 3 Low
Cancelled 3 Low
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FUNCTIONS POINTS
Function Points Calculation
Type Complexity of Components
Type Low Avg. High Total
Ext Inputs 6*3=18 1*4=4 0*6=0 22

Ext Output 4*4=16 1*5=5 0*6=0 21
Ext Enquiry 2*3=6 1*4=4 0*6=0 10
Tables 8*7=56 1*10=10 0*3=0 66
Total UAFP 22 30 32 109
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FUNCTION POINT ANALYSIS

FPA is a standard metric for the relative size and complexity of
a software system, originally developed by Alan Albrecht of IBM
in the late 1970s.
Function points (FPs) can be used to estimate the relative size
and complexity of software in the early stages of development -
analysis and design.
The size is determined by identifying the components of the
system as seen by the end-user: the inputs, outputs, inquiries,
interfaces to other systems, and logical internal files.
The components are classified as simple, average, or complex.
All of these values are then scored and the total is expressed in
Unadjusted FPs (UFPs).
Complexity factors described by 14 general systems
characteristics, such as reusability, performance, and
complexity of processing can be used to weight the UFP.
Factors are also weighed on a scale of 0 - not present, 1 - minor
influence, to 5 – strong influence.
The result of these computations is a number that correlates to
system size.
Although the FP metric doesn't correspond to any actual
physical attribute of a software system (such as lines of code or
the number of subroutines)
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30
TDI -VAFs
Questions VAFs
Does the system require reliable backup and 1
recovery?
Is performance critical? 4
Does the application have extensive logical or 2
mathematical processing?
How difficult is conversion and installation? 2
How effective and/or automated are start-up, back 1
up, and recovery procedures?
Was the application specifically designed, 4
developed, and supported to facilitate change?
How many ILF’s are updated by On-Line 4
transaction?
Was the application designed for end-user 2
efficiency?
What percentage of the information is entered On- 4
Line?
How frequently are transactions executed daily, 5
weekly, monthly, etc.?
Total Degree of Influence 29
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31
FPA Calculation
FP = [.65 + (.01 x TDI)] *UAFP

FP= [.65 + (.01 x 29)] * 109
FP = 102.46
Effort Estimation
In PHP it takes 11 hrs. to complete 1 FP by 1 person. Let’s say a

person works for 5-6 hrs. per day and 29 days a month. Then in
1 month one person will be able to complete 15 FP. Then in
almost 6 months one person will be able to complete 102.46 FP
Therefore, Efforts = 7 PM
To complete project in 3.5 months we need 2 persons. Let’s say
we pay 50,000 Rs per person per month.
Cost to be paid to
2 persons for 3 months = 2 * 3.5 * 50000=3,50,000 Rs
Therefore, Project costing = 3,50,000 Rs
Rail Connect

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32
REQUIREMENT
GATHERING AND ANALYSIS
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33
INTRODUCTION
Requirements Process is the sequence of activities that need to
be performed in the requirements phase and it culminates in
producing a high quality document containing the software
requirements specification (SRS).
The requirement process consists of three basic tasks:
 Problem or Requirements Analysis
 Requirements Specifications
 Requirements Validation
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Problem Analysis starts with a high-level problem statement.

During analysis the problem domain and the environment are
modeled in an effort to understand the system behavior,
constraints on the system, its inputs and outputs etc. The basic
purpose of this activity is to obtain a thorough understanding of
what the software needs to provide. The understanding
obtained by problem analysis forms the basis for requirements
specification.
Requirements Specification focuses on clearly specifying the
requirements in a document. Issues such as representation,
specification languages and tools are addressed during this
activity. As analysis produces large amounts of information and
knowledge with possible redundancies, properly organizing and
describing the requirements is an important goal of this
activity.
Requirements Validation focuses on ensuring that what has
been specified in the SRS are indeed all the requirements of the
software and making sure that the SRS is of good quality. The
requirements process terminates with the production of the
validated SRS
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DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the
"flow" of data through an information system, modelling its
process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to
create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborate
LEVEL 0 DFD/CONTEXT
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LVL1 DFD
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LVL 2 DFD Admin
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38
LVL 2 DFD User
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Data Dictionary
The data dictionary provides an organized approach for

representing the characteristics of each data object and control
item. It has been proposed for describing the content of objects
defined during structured analysis. A Data Dictionary is very
important in the software development process because of the
following reasons:
 A Data Dictionary lists standard terminology for use by an
engineer working on a project.
 The Dictionary provides the analyst with means to
determine the definition of different data structures in
terms of their component elements.
The format of Data Dictionary includes the following

information
 Name-the primary name of the data or control item, the
data store or an external entity.
 Alias-other names used for first entity.
 Description-a notion for representing content
 Type-type of the data.
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INPUT
Field Name Type Description
Username Char(50) User Login Email

Password Char(25) User Login Password
From_station_name Text Train start station
To_station_name Text Train Destination Station
To_station_code Text Train Start Station Code
From_station_code Text Destination Station Code
Train_name Text Train Name
Train_number Int(12) Train Number
Train_zone Text Train Zone
Arrival Time Train start station arr time
Departure Time departure time of train
Duration Int(12) Active Travel Duration
Distance Int(12) Total distance covered
Train_type Text Type of train (Pass,Exp)
Station_name Text Name of the station
Station_code Text Code name of the station
Station_state Text State in which station is
Email Text Email of the complaint user
Pnr_no Int(12) Pnr Number of ticket
Subject Text The complaint data
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41
Travel_Date Date Travel date on ticket

Passengers Int(5) Total passengers on ticket
Train_Number Int(12) Train Number on ticket
Ticket_Number Text Ticket Number
Pnr_Number Text Ticket Pnr Number
Passenger_name Text Name of passengers
Age Int(3) Age of passengers
Sex Char(1) Sex (M/F/T)
Admin_Email Text Email of the Admin -login
Admin_Password Text Admin Password for login
Train_name_cancel Text Cancelled Train Name
Train_number Int(12) Cancelled Train Number
Cancel_date Date Date on which cancelled
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42
Design
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43
INTRODCUTION
The design activity begins when the requirements document
for the software to be developed is available and the
architecture has been designed. During design we further refine
the architecture.
Software design is a process of problem solving and planning
for a software solution. After the purpose and specifications of
software are determined, software developers will design or
employ designers to develop a plan for a solution. It includes
low-level component and algorithm implementation issues as
well as the architectural view. The design of a system is a
blueprint or a plan for a solution for the system. Here we
consider a system to be a set of modules with clearly defined
behavior, which interact with each other in a defined manner
to produce some behavior or services for its environment.
A design should clearly be verifiable, complete (implements all
the specifications), and traceable (all design elements can be
traced to some requirements). However, the two most
important properties that concern designers are efficiency and
simplicity. Efficiency of any system is concerned with proper
use of scarce resources by the system. Simplicity is perhaps the
most important quality criteria for software systems.
Maintenance of the software is quite expensive. The simpler
the software, the more easily it can be maintained.
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44
The design activity mainly focuses on the following major areas

of concern
 COMPONENT LEVEL DESIGN: It establishes the algorithmic
detail required manipulating the data structures, effect
communication between software components via their
interfaces, and implement the processing algorithms
allocated to each component i.e. it transforms structural
elements of software architecture into a procedural
description of software components.
 INTERFACE DESIGN: It deals with the process of developing
a method for two or more modules in a system to connect
and communicate. It describes how the software
communicates with itself, with systems that interoperate
with it, and with the users who use it.
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: It defines the relationship among
the major structural elements. Here the main objective is
to develop a modular structure and represent the control
relationship between the modules
 DATA DESIGN: It is the first and most important Design
activity. It transforms the information domain model
created during analysis into the data structures that will be
required to implement the software. Hence, Data Design
focuses on the definition of data structures
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45
DATA DESIGN
User
Field Type Null Key Default
Username Char(50) NO Pri NULL
Password Char(25) NO NULL
Primary Key: UserName
Admin
Admin_Email Char(50) NO Pri NULL
Admin_Password Char(25) NO NULL
Primary Key: Admin_Email
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46
Trains
From_station_name Text NULL
To_station_name Text NULL
From_station_code Text NULL
To_station_code Text NULL
Train name Text NULL
Train number Int(12) No Pri NULL
Train zone Text NULL
Arrival Time NULL
Departure Time NULL
Duration Int(12) NULL
Distance Int(12) NULL
Train type Char(3) NULL
Primary Key: Train_number
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Stations

Station_Name Text NO Pri NULL
Station_code Char(3) NULL
Station_state Text NULL
Primary Key: Station_name
Complaints

Name Text NO NULL
Email Text NO NULL
Pnr Number NO Pri NULL
Subject Text NULL
Primary Key: Pnr(Number)
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48
Cancelled

Cancel_train_name Text NO NULL
Train_number Int(12) NO Pri NULL
Cancel_date Date NO NULL
Cancel_reason Text NULL
Primary Key: Train_number
Ticket

Ticket_number Text NO Pri NULL
Train_number Text NO NULL
Pnr_number Text NO NULL
Passengers Int(12) NO NULL
Travel_date Date NO NULL
Primary Key: Ticket Number
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Passengers

Passenger_name Text NO NULL
Passenger_age Int(12) NO NULL
Pnr_number Text NO Pri NULL
Primary Key: Pnr ber

Num
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50
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN


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Rail Connect

Requirements Gathering and Analysis

It is with a sense of gratitude, we acknowledge the efforts of

We are highly indebted by advice, perceptive guidance and

This is to certify that Sudhanshu Kumar & Gursimran Singh ,

This report shows the case study of Railway Reservation

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings

Download FREE Software Engineering Projects from TutorialsDuniya.com

maturity model (PM-CMM). The people management maturity

LIFE CYCLE MODELS

Software Development Life Cycle Models and Methodologies

Software development life cycle (SDLC) is a series of phases that

enough knowledge on how to choose the SDLC model based on

Therefore, it may be required to choose the right SDLC model

Types of Software developing life cycles (SDLC)

Model used in our application: Waterfall Model

discard the project. In this model software testing starts only

Advantages of waterfall model

Disadvantages of waterfall model

 Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very

Why did we use the waterfall model?

Risk Analysis and Management are a series of steps that help a

Download FREE Software Engineering Projects from TutorialsDuniya.com

Software is a difficult undertaking. Lots of things can go wrong,

Risks I. P. Resul RMMM

disk failure, etc. the coding part

Download FREE Software Engineering Projects from TutorialsDuniya.com

Download FREE Software Engineering Projects from TutorialsDuniya.com

 There can be at most 3 admins for the management of

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Typically, members of self-managed teams are employees of

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addition, tasks may be assigned to specific individuals.

Rail Connect Timeline

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Input Name Fields Tables Complexity

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Name Fields Complexity

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Type Complexity of Components

Type Low Avg. High Total

Ext Inputs 6*3=18 1*4=4 0*6=0 22

Ext Enquiry 2*3=6 1*4=4 0*6=0 10

Tables 8*7=56 1*10=10 0*3=0 66

Total UAFP 22 30 32 109

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FUNCTION POINT ANALYSIS

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FP = [.65 + (.01 x TDI)] *UAFP

In PHP it takes 11 hrs. to complete 1 FP by 1 person. Let’s say a

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 3 Level Authentication Airline Reservation System

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Ext Inputs 63=18 14=4 0*6=0 22

Ext Enquiry 23=6 14=4 0*6=0 10

Tables 87=56 110=10 0*3=0 66