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7 Wind

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Abdo Tito
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20 views31 pages

7 Wind

Uploaded by

Abdo Tito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aerodynamic Performance

• Assume tip speed ratio = 7, the airfoil has a lift coefficient of Cl=1,
Cd /Cl has a minimum at a angle of attack =7 ͦ, and, there are three
blades, for r/R = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ……,1 calculate c (as dimensionless),
Twist angle , Angle of rel. wind, Section pitch angle.
Strip Theory for a Generalized Rotor, Including
Wake Rotation
• Here we also consider the nonlinear range of the lift coefficient versus
angle of attack curve, i.e. stall. The analysis starts with the four
equations derived from momentum and blade element theories. In
this analysis, it is assumed that the chord and twist distributions of
the blade are known. The angle of attack is not known, but additional
relationships can be used to solve for the angle of attack and
performance of the blade.
• Momentum Theory
• Blade Element Theory
• Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation
• According to momentum theory wind energy cannot be converted
into electricity for 100%, because:
1. aerofoils that are used to create lift also have drag
2. the higher the energy conversion per mass flow, the lower the mass
flow through the rotor area
3. losses in the drive train have a component that is only a function of
the maximum power
4. None of the previous answers describes the principle of the Betz
limit
• the thrust on the rotor comes from

1. the drag of the rotor blades


2. the lift on the rotor blades
3. the drag and lift on the rotor blades of which the lift has the bigger
contribution
4. the drag and lift on the rotor blades of which the drag has the
bigger contribution
• According to momentum theory the maximum fraction of power in
the wind that can be converted equals

• A. 16/27
• B. 8/9
• C. 0.5
• D. 4a(1-a)
• According to momentum theory the maximum fraction of force in the
wind that can be converted equals

• A. 16/27
• B. 8/9
• C. 0.5
• D. 4a(1-a)
• Suppose we have the design of a blade, but we want to redesign it for
a lower design tip-speed ratio. To maintain the same power
coefficient, the
1. blade chords must be decreased
2. twist distribution will stay the same
3. lades can have thinner aerofoils, so that the lift-drag ratio of
the blade goes up
4. none of the above
• A wind turbine blade is twisted mainly to:

• A. reduce the aerodynamic loads along the blade


• B. increase the overall rotation speed of the rotor
• C. increase the optimal tip speed ratio along the blade
• D. keep the ideal angle of attack along the blade
Tip Speed Ratio
• The efficiency of a turbine can be increased with higher tip speeds, although the
increase is not significant when considering some penalties such as increased
noise, aerodynamic and centrifugal stress
• A higher tip speed demands reduced chord widths leading to narrow
blade profiles. This can lead to reduced material usage and lower
production costs. Although an increase in centrifugal and
aerodynamic forces is associated with higher tip speeds. The
increased forces signify that difficulties exist with maintaining
structural integrity and preventing blade failure.

• As the tip speed increases the aerodynamics of the blade design


become increasingly critical. A blade which is designed for high
relative wind speeds develops minimal torque at lower speeds.
Blade Plan Shape and Quantity
• The ideal plan form of a HAWT rotor blade is defined using the BEM
method by calculating the chord length according to Betz limit, local
air velocities and aerofoil lift
Blade Design Procedure
The primary aerodynamic factors affecting
blade design are
1. design rated power and rated wind speed;
2. design tip speed ratio;
3. solidity;
4. airfoil;
5. number of blades;
6. rotor power control (stall or variable pitch);
7. Rotor orientation (upwind or downwind of the tower)
summary
FL

FD
Free available software, such as
XFOIL software
WIND POWER
• < 100 W/m2 > Poor site
• = 400 W/m2 > Good site
• > 700 W/m2⇒ Great site

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